浅谈前向纠错

在使用卫星数字接收机接收卫星数字电视信号时,要根据所接收卫星数字信号的传输参数,对卫星数字接收机进行必要的参数设置。在这些参数中,对前向纠错(FEC)一值,有些要设置为1/2,有些则需设置为2/3或3/4,个别的要设置为5/6或7/8。这是为什么呢?这要从传输系统的误码现象说起。     

高速光网络系统中的前向纠错技术

介绍了高速光网络系统中前向纠错(FEC)的重要性、基本功能、应用方式、应用分析及实现方案。     

Rateless Forward Error Correction for Topology-Transparent Scheduling

Topology-transparent scheduling for mobile wireless ad hoc networks has been treated as a theoretical curiosity. This paper makes two contributions towards its practical deployment: (1) We generalize the combinatorial requirement on the schedules and show that the solution is a cover-free family. As a result, a much wider number and variety of constructions for schedules exist to match network conditions. (2) In simulation, we closely match the theoretical bound on expected throughput. The bound was derived assuming acknowledgments are available immediately. We use rate less forward error correction (RFEC) as an acknowledgment scheme with minimal computational overhead. Since the wireless medium is inherently unreliable, RFEC also offers some measure of automatic adaptation to channel load. These contributions renew interest in topology-transparent scheduling when delay is a principal objective.     

针对前向纠错编码的脉冲干扰技术研究

数字通信系统通常采用前向纠错编码提高系统可靠性,传统干扰方法针对采用前向纠错编码通信系统的干扰效果较差,为了克服此缺点,提出了通过控制错误分布的脉冲干扰方法。分析了典型卷积码和RS码的纠错能力,根据2种纠错编码的特性分别探讨了干扰信号设计原则和方法。计算机仿真表明,针对不同的编码样式采用特定脉冲干扰参数,能够取得更好的干扰效果。     

Forward Error Correction for an ARQ Scheme

This paper examines the use of BCH error-correcting codes in improving the performance of a stop-and-wait automatic repeat-request (ARQ) scheme over random error and Rayleigh fading channels. Two models are analyzed. The first model considers the effect of forward error correction on the mean wasted time per message. The second model assumes a Poisson arrival process for the messages and examines the effect of forward error correction on the mean time between the arrival of a message and its successful transmission. In both models, our results indicate that the performance of the ARQ scheme can be substantially improved by the use of forward error correction.     

前向纠错技术中卷积交织器的FPGA实现

介绍了信道编码中所采用的前向纠错编码（FEC）方案中的重要技术——卷积交织器和解交织器的原理,并在此基础上提出了基于FPGA的卷积交织器的设计方案。丈中对卷积交织器设计的关键部分,即读写地址的产生方法进行了详细分析,给出了一种新的地址计算方法,并通过对FPGA内部EAB资源的双口RAM的存储单元的读写操作的合理控制,实现了卷积交织。该设计具有实现简单、占硬件资源少等优点。     

前向纠错技术及其在现代通信系统中的应用

对在数字通信系统中广泛使用的前向纠错（FEC）技术进行了较为详细的介绍,重点描述了不同的编码方法,分析了各种信道编码技术及其对系统性能的影响。     

前向纠错技术在高速PON中的应用研究

介绍了FEC（前向纠错）技术在PON（无源光网络）中的应用方式,分析了高速PON对FEC的要求,研究了适用于高速PON的FEC码型。通过分析常用RS和BCH等单码的误码率、码长和冗余度等性能,提出了适用于高速PON的FEC方案,并对实现原理和硬件复杂度进行了分析,用Verilog语言实现了该方案。仿真和分析结果表明,采用RS（255,223）码可以满足高速PON的应用需求,对其关键电路采用并行处理的方法完全可以实现10Gbit／s的速率。     

Forward Error Correction Coding for Fading Compensation in Mobile Satellite Channels

Fading in mobile satellite communications severely degrades the performance of data transmission. The channel is modeled with nonfrequency selective Rice and Rayleigh fading. Also, stored channel simulation is used for hardware data transmission. FEC coding with Viterbi decoding of convolutional codes, and Berlekamp-Massey decoding of Reed-Solomon codes, are used to compensate for the fading. In addition to interleaving, channel state and erasure information improve the performance of the decoder. The BER after decoding is calculated for specific codes on several channels and for different transmission schemes. Using very simple channel state and erasure information gives 2-7 dB additional coding gain. These gains have been verified by hardware data transmission on synthetic fading channels and stored mobile satellite channels.     

前向纠错改善高速光传送网性能分析研究

分析 FEC两种形式在高速光传送网络系统中的应用与对于系统 Q值改善。比较了两种 FEC在系统中的纠错性能。满足不同速率条件高速光传送网络系统的应用需要 ,可以采用相应的 FEC应用形式。     

Modeling multipath fading channel dynamics for packet data performance analysis

The multipath fading channel modeling traditionally focuses on physical level dynamics such as signal strength and bit error rate. In this paper we characterize multipath fading channel dynamics at the packet level and analyze the corresponding data queueing performance in various environments. The integration of wireless channel modeling and data queueing analysis provides us a unique way to capture important channel statistics with respect to various wireless network factors such as channel bandwidth, mobile speed and channel coding. The second order channel statistics, i.e. channel power spectrum, is found to play an important role in the modeling of multipath fading channels. The data queueing performance is largely dependent on the interaction between the channel power spectrum and the data arrival power spectrum; whichever has lower frequency power will have more impact on queueing performance. Note that the data arrival power spectrum provides a measure of burstiness and correlation behavior of data packet arrivals. Throughout the paper, we use the Markov chain modeling technique to match the measured important channel statistics for both channel modeling and queueing analysis. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

An Adaptive Packet and Block Length Forward Error Correction for Video Streaming Over Wireless Networks

Video streaming over wireless networks is a challenging task due to its high error rate. Forward error correction (FEC) is a popular mechanism to recover lost packets for video streaming. Conventional FEC mechanisms use a whole redundant packet to recover the error source packet, when the packet error occurs with only a few bit errors inside. In this paper, we propose an Adaptive packet and block length FEC (APB-FEC) control mechanism. In order to overcome the high bit error rate, a small packet length reduces the packet error rate and a large FEC block length will enhance the recovery performance. Our proposed APB-FEC can obtain better recovery performance than conventional FEC mechanisms. Hence, APB-FEC can also reduce retransmission overhead. Using extensive emulations, we validate the efficiency of APB-FEC mechanism for video streaming over wireless networks.     

突发信道下无线ATM的前向差错控制方案

在无线ATM网络中，无线信道的高误码率和突发特性要求对无线ATM信元进行较强的误码保护。本文提出了一种有效的前向差错控制（FEC）方案，对信元头采用较强的FEC，对信息域采用较弱的FEC，并针对信道特性和采用的前向差错控制编码的特点进行元头信元内交织，文中对无线ATM信元在突发信道下的信元丢失率和信元信息错误率进行了分析，仿真结果表明该方案在降低信元信息错误率的同时有效地降低了信元丢失率。     

8-QAM Software Defined Radio Based Approach for Channel Encoding and Decoding Using Forward Error Correction

The aim of this paper is to use a software defined radio (SDR) based approach in order to select channel encoding and decoding method accordingly using 8-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) in terms of bit error rate (BER). By selecting a higher order format of QAM, we are able to carry more bits of information per symbol; also the data rate can be increased thus achieving greater distance between adjacent points in the I–Q plane by distributing the points more evenly. Hence the constellation points are more distinct and data errors are reduced. In the present work 8-QAM is chosen as modulation scheme so that balance can be maintained between higher data rates while maintaining an acceptable bit error rate for SDR. Channel coding schemes forward error correction are used where the re-transmission of the data is not feasible, thus redundant bits are added along with the message bits and transmitted through the channel. On the receiver side, this channel coded signal is decoded in order to get back the original data even if the channel coded signal undergoes some interference from the noise in the transmission medium. The performance is then analyzed in terms of BER for Hamming and convolution coding algorithms at a particular value of SNR in LabVIEW graphical programming. With the help of LabVIEW we were able to design the systems in a block-based manner in shorter time as compared to the commonly used text-based programming languages.     

一种高效的前向纠错码桶分配DNA存储解码方法

与传统存储方式相比,脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)存储的难点是测序序列中的插入和删除错误给信息解码过程带来了巨大挑战。针对具有1位纠错能力的前向纠错编码DNA存储,该文提出一种桶式分配策略提高解码的精度和效率。首先,搜索每个分组中所有测序读长的可识别DNA码,根据1位纠错能力确定其对应的合法编码;其次,根据每个可识别DNA码在测序读长的位置确定相应编码的最佳编码位置(即桶);最后,按照众数投票确定每个桶中的最终编码。仿真结果表明在0.10和0.05错误率条件下,平均解码准确率在20X测序深度时可达94%以上;在0.15错误率条件下,平均解码准确率在60X测序深度时可达90%以上。     

量子位叠加态的防错纠错编码

提出用单个量子位的叠加态进行量子编码,采用分组纠错方法,设置纠错量子线路;用８个量子们编码时,建立同态量子位对模型,简化了量子编码。     

Fault tolerant encoders for Single Error Correction and Double Adjacent Error Correction codes

Error correction codes (ECCs) are commonly used to deal with soft errors in memory applications. Typically, Single Error Correction-Double Error Detection (SEC-DED) codes are widely used due to their simplicity. However, the phenomenon of more than one error in the memory cells has become more serious in advanced technologies. Single Error Correction-Double Adjacent Error Correction (SEC-DAEC) codes are a good choice to protect memories against double adjacent errors that are a major multiple error pattern. An important consideration is that the ECC encoder and decoder circuits can also be affected by soft errors, which will corrupt the memory data. In this paper, a method to design fault tolerant encoders for SEC-DAEC codes is proposed. It is based on the fact that soft errors in the encoder have a similar effect to soft errors in a memory word and achieved by using logic sharing blocks for every two adjacent parity bits. In the proposed scheme, one soft error in the encoder can cause at most two errors on adjacent parity bits, thus the correctness of memory data can be ensured because those errors are correctable by the SEC-DAEC code. The proposed scheme has been implemented and the results show that it requires less circuit area and power than the encoders protected by the existing methods.     

Eigenvalues and troposcatter multipath analysis

Performance predictions for troposcatter channels with multipath are developed using the eigenvalues in the Karhunen-Loeve representation of the tropo signal. Flat Rayleigh fading predictions, in the presence of jamming, are easily extended to multipath channels with this technique     

InSAR误差建模与误差估计方法

针对干涉合成孔径雷达(InSAR)系统的误差问题,对系统各种误差源按照误差特性进行分析和分类,通过误差传递分析,建立了InSAR测高误差的参数化模型.在此基础上,利用地面控制点,通过最小二乘法得到整个测绘带内的系统性高程误差分布,进而根据各类误差对测高误差的影响规律,分别将恒定误差、缓变误差和随机误差分类提取出来.仿真...     

Coherent网络中的纠错码

网络编码对网络中的传输错误或恶意攻击十分敏感,如果网络拓扑和网络码对于网络的收点和发点都是已知的,这种类型的网络称为Coherent网络。在Coherent网络中,网络汉明重量的概念拉近了网络纠错码和传统纠错码之间的距离,传统纠错码的一些理论和方法有望在将来应用于网络纠错码。类似于传统纠错码,极小距离反映了网络纠错码的纠错能力。利用陪集码理论去描述和研究网络纠错码是一个令人感兴趣的研究方向。