Embedded channel polyimide waveguide fabrication by direct electronbeam writing method

A new embedded channel polyimide waveguide fabrication process by a direct electron beam writing method (DEBWM) is described. The new technique uses an electron-beam induced effect to directly alter the refractive indices of the two-layer polyimide. Both the core and the lower cladding have been fabricated at the same time in two-layer polyimides using electron beam with 25 keV energy. The obtained embedded channel waveguide was made of two kinds of polyimides, one for lower cladding and one for core and other claddings. Guide losses are 0.3 dB/cm for both TE and TM polarized incident lights and guiding mode is single-mode for TE. The optical properties of the waveguide and a relationship between the doses of electron beam and optical losses or loss dependence on wavelength are also mentioned     

Variable Tunneling Excitation of Optical Surface Waves

A method for coupling an optical beam into thin films utilizing shaped tunneling regions is described. It is shown that in principle all of the power can be coupled into the film. For ease of fabrication, a uniform gradient structure is preferable, however, and yields coupling of over 90 percent for incident coherent Gaussian beams. Experimental coupling values with gradient tunneling regions are in excess of 50 percent. Good mode isolation and elimination of prism edge effects are major features of the coupler. The experimental coupling values are obtained from a transmission measurement utilizing two prisms.     

Effects of the Film Index on the Fields of Nonlinear-Cladding Optical Waveguides With Butt-Coupled Linear Waveguides

Effects of the film index of nonlinear-cladding optical waveguides on the evolution of fields at medium power levels are investigated numerically. The analysis method is based on mode matching of local normal modes of bounded waveguides. For waveguides with a film whose refractive index is greater than or nearly equal to the linear part of the index of the nonlinear cladding, the path of a beam winds between the film and the nonlinear cladding or in the film. In the case of a film index that is to some extent less than the linear part index of the nonlinear cladding, a beam is emitted to the nonlinear cladding, i.e., spatial soliton emission occurs. The lateral shift of a butt-coupled linear waveguide toward the substrate makes a beam emit to the nonlinear cladding with increased angles. Saturation and linear absorption weakens the winding of a path or decreases the angle of emission.     

Light propagation characteristics of straight single-line-defectwaveguides in photonic crystal slabs fabricated into asilicon-on-insulator substrate

Straight single-line defect optical waveguides in photonic crystal slabs are designed by the finite difference time-domain method and fabricated into a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer. By employing an airbridge structure, clear light propagation for both polarizations is observed without any leakage along the waveguide. This experimental result is well explained by photonic bands of pure guided modes. Minimum propagation loss is estimated to be 11 dB/mm. This value is lower than that reported so far for three-line-defect waveguides with an SOI slab structure and almost comparable to that for an index confinement waveguide with a rectangular Si core. This propagation loss is dominated by the scattering loss by some irregularities. However, photonic crystal waveguides have the possibility of an essential lower scattering loss than in the index confinement waveguide because of the inhibition of radiation modes by the photonic bandgap     

Gaussian Beam Summation Representation of a Two-Dimensional Gaussian Beam Diffraction by a Half Plane

A Gaussian beam summation (GBS) representation for half plane diffraction of an incident two dimensional Gaussian beam (GB) that hits arbitrarily close to the edge is presented. The scattered field is expanded into an angular spectrum of GBs that emerge from the edge. We derive asymptotic expressions for the diffracted beams amplitudes, that are valid uniformly as a function of the distance of the incident beam from the edge and of the scattering beams angles. In the limiting cases when the incident GB hits far from the edge, these expressions reduce uniformly to a geometrical optics model plus a weak edge diffractions due to the off-axis beam field that hits the edge. Applications to GBS modeling of indoor propagation are discussed.     

A Minimized SiO2 Waveguide With an Antiresonant Reflecting Structure for Large-Scale Optical Integrations

A minimized SiO₂ waveguide with an antiresonant reflecting buffer, a SiO₂ core, and an air cladding is presented. The buffer includes multiple periods of antiresonant reflecting structure to lower leakage loss to the substrate. Theoretically speaking, when there are three periods of etch-through antiresonant reflecting structures, one obtains a straight minimized SiO ₂ waveguide with a low leakage loss (<0.01 dB/cm) and a bending radius as small as 15 mum (because of the large index contrast between the core (SiO₂) and the air cladding in the lateral direction)     

Highly efficient, high-gain, short-length, and power-scalable incoherent diode slab-pumped fiber amplifier/laser

We propose a new geometry of a clad-pumped fiber amplifier/laser that includes at least one doped core which guides the signal wave and at least one clad region that guides the incoherent pump. Our proposed geometry enables the incoherent diode pump light to be efficiently absorbed by the doped glass core over very short lengths on the order of a few to tens of centimeters. The transparent cladding is realized as a narrow slab with refractive index higher than that of the core. The slab is designed to effectively capture all of the incoherent pump light and is tapered to force the highly moded incoherent guided light into the strongly absorbing core. Modes of this composite waveguide structure are analyzed. Criteria are established in terms of the refractive indices of the core, slab, and cladding that ensure efficient absorption of the pump light in the core while ensuring that only a single or few lowest order signal modes can propagate in the amplifying core. Numerical simulations with the beam propagation method and a modal expansion technique confirm that a significant enhancement of the absorption efficiency of the pump in the core can be realized by tapering the slab waveguide. Assuming a local absorption rate of 10 m/sup -1/ of the intensity of the pump in a core of radius 4.3 /spl mu/m and a realistic multimode diode pump distributed over a 100-/spl mu/m aperture, an absorption efficiency of 94% can be realized over an amplifier length of 2 cm. The geometry is scalable to longer lengths and multiple incoherent diode-pumped slab claddings.     

Two-dimensional mode size transformation by Δn-controlledpolymer waveguides

We report a new type of polymer waveguide for two-dimensional (2-D) mode size transformation in which Δn (refractive index difference between core and cladding) is properly controlled along the waveguide axis while the core cross section is kept uniform. The beam diameter in the Δn-controlled waveguide where the core diameter is 3.7 μm and Δn changes from 0.0027 to 0.0009 toward one end in the 5 mm-gradient Δn, region, is about twice as large as that in a normal waveguide where Δn is 0.0027. The optical loss accompanied by mode size transformation is calculated to be less than 2.5% based on beam propagation methods (BPM's)     

纯石英芯掺氟玻璃包层光纤的数值孔径

纯石英芯掺氟玻璃包层光纤是一种新结构的大芯径光纤,纤芯材料是纯石英玻璃,包层材料是掺氟石英玻璃,由于氟杂质可以降低石英玻璃的折射率,故纤芯材料与低折射率的包层材料可以组成传光波导。国外是采用POD（等离子体外相沉积）技术生产这种光纤,我们采用的是国内首创的管棒熔融套装法,制成了相同结构的光纤,为了提高光纤的性能,我们对该光纤进行了低、高折射率双层涂料涂覆,在测试中发现光纤的数值孔径参数随着光纤测试样品涂覆长度的变化而变化,变化范围为0.1889～0.3152。     

介质平面光波导TE0模模场分布的高斯近似

基于介质平面光波导端面无受限衍射场光束的光束传输因子的特点,阐明光波导TE0模模场分布采用高斯分布近似表达的合理性。基于场分布间的匹配效率计算公式,提出采用等效匹配效率方法确定用于高斯近似表达的等效模场半宽度,给出基于光波导芯层半宽度和归一化芯层驻波参量和归一化包层倏逝波参量表达的光波导等效模场半宽度的函数表达式,给出高斯近似分布与光波导本征场分布的匹配效率,阐明采用等效匹配效率方法确定等效模场半宽度的合理性。采用求解方程组的方法,给出基于光波导芯层半宽度和归一化频率表达的光波导等效模场半宽度的拟合函数表达式,并基于拟合引起的误差分析阐明了拟合函数表达式的精确性。     

A Short Polarization Converter Using a Triangular Waveguide

A novel polarization converter using a triangular waveguide is proposed and analyzed by the imaginary-distance beam-propagation method based on Yee's mesh and the finite-difference time-domain method. The polarization conversion length is investigated as a function of relative refractive index difference. It is found, for a silicon core embedded in a silica cladding, that the conversion length is 2 mum, while the insertion loss is 0.5 dB at a wavelength of 1.55 mum. The extinction ratio is more than 20 dB over a wide wavelength range of 1.25 to 1.65 mum. Using a geometrically expanded model, the polarization conversion behavior is verified in the experiment at a microwave frequency of 15 GHz. Finally, reasonable polarization conversion is obtained with a modified structure, in which the two corners of the triangular waveguide are cut and the cut plane is aligned with a square input (output) waveguide.     

Self-diffraction in Porous Silicon/PMMA-DR1 Composite Films

Two-layer structure consisting of PS/PMMA-DR1 composite film planar waveguide layer on porous silicon cladding layer was fabricated in our experiment. The induced grating based on the third nonlinear optical properties was formed by interaction of two Nd ： YAG laser beams at 1 064 nm in the porous silicon/PMMA-DR1 waveguide. The diffraction efficiency of the first order diffracted light is measured to be about 0.2% of the total output.     

微通道波导栅型复合探测信号提取方法与验证

为改善波导栅型薄膜复合探测器件位敏阳极读出光电信号质量,降低栅型薄膜引起的电子束多径展宽对阳极探测信号的影响,研究了微通道板波导栅型复合探测信号在阳极的直接耦合提取方法。根据低能电子束在多元介质中的散射模型,利用蒙特卡洛统计方法对入射到栅型薄膜中的低能电子束轨迹进行模拟,并分析均匀分布和高斯分布下波导栅极引入噪声和透射电子束径向偏移对阳极信号提取精度的影响。对透射过栅型薄膜到达阳极的微弱光电脉冲信号的前置放大和串联压控多级级联放大模式,给出适用于加性高斯分布噪声叠加下基于Sallen-Key拓扑结构的四阶切比雪夫低通滤波和峰值保持电路的专用提取方案,减小波导栅型薄膜对信号信噪比和频响特性的影响。搭建专用波导栅型复合探测位敏信号读出平台,结合系统并行单点接地的连接模式和楔条形阳极位敏电荷直接耦合提取方式,验证器件阳极信号提取方法,获得2 s脉宽,200 kHz频率的准高斯脉冲提取信号。     

Coupling of Organic Semiconductor Amplified Spontaneous Emission Into Polymeric Single-Mode Waveguides Patterned by Deep-UV Irradiation

Single-mode waveguides were fabricated by deep ultraviolet radiation in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Using a masking process, the radiation modifies the refractive index of the PMMA forming core and cladding regions for waveguiding. Following the fabrication of the waveguides, the small molecule material aluminum tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) doped with the laser dye DCM is deposited directly onto the waveguide structures. By optical pumping (lambda=355 nm) amplified spontaneous emission was observed at the end facets of the waveguides     

Analysis of optical properties of fundamental-mode in waveguide tapered fibers

An analysis of optical properties of fundamental-mode in waveguide tapered fibers is theoretically investigated and realized in this paper. The waveguide device is tapering an SMF-28 fiber to few tens of micrometers of diameter. For discussing the cladding size of waveguide structure affects the fundamental-mode cutoff (FMC) and the optical characteristics of the devices, to etch outer cladding to reduce the pure-silica cladding diameter proceeded and to compare optical properties of FMC with non-etched cladding tapered fibers. Numerical results show the cutoff wavelength of FMC is mainly dominated by the size of squeezed core and slope of FMC could be influenced by the size of pure-silica cladding.     

High-Power, Highly Efficient Second-Harmonic Generation in a Periodically Poled ${hbox {MgO}}{:}{hbox {LiNbO}}_{3}$ Planar Waveguide

We designed a single-pass quasi-phase-matched second-harmonic generation (SHG) device with a planar waveguide; the device comprised a Y-cut 5 mol% MgO-doped LiNbO₃ (MgO:LiNbO₃)crystal core that was 3 mum thick and SiO₂ cladding. The waveguide provided a high coupling efficiency of 95% between an incident Gaussian beam and the fundamental guided mode of a fundamental wave; it also provided high electric-field confinement in the case of both the fundamental and SHG waves in the core. Thus, a high overlap between nonlinear polarization and an SHG-guided mode was attained. The bonding of the device with the waveguide side positioned downward to a heat sink provided a large heat radiation area when pumping with a near-collimated Gaussian beam, which reduced the temperature rise and its gradient along the waveguide to minimize the phase mismatch. We demonstrated the green light generation of 1.6 W with 40% conversion efficiency using a 7-mm-long sample and 1.2-W SHG with 60% efficiency using an 18-mm-long sample.     

Planar silica-glass optical waveguides with thermally inducedlateral mode confinement

A new type of planar silica-glass optical waveguide is proposed utilizing the thermo-optic effect of glass. The vertical mode-field confinement is defined by the core slab sandwiched between the upper and lower claddings while the lateral confinement is achieved due to localized increase of refractive index induced by the thin-film heater placed on the upper cladding. An analytical expression of the steady-state temperature distribution across the waveguide cross-section is derived and the induced mode-field characteristics are analyzed by solving the vector-wave equation using the mode-matching method. Mode propagation losses due to the metallic heater and the leakage into the silicon substrate are both calculated. The bending loss of this thermally induced waveguide is also analyzed for future device implementation using this waveguide     

Realistic Design of Large-Hollow-Core Photonic Band-Gap Fibers With Suppressed Higher Order Modes and Surface Modes

This paper theoretically describes effective suppression of higher order modes (HOMs) in realistic large-hollow-core photonic band-gap fibers (PBGFs) and utilizes the use of this class of waveguides for low-loss data-transmission applications and high-power beam delivery systems. The proposed design strategy is based on the resonant-coupling mechanism of central air-core modes with defected outer core modes. By incorporating six 7-unit-cell air cores in the cladding of the PBGF with sixfold symmetry, it is possible by resonantly coupling the light corresponding to the HOMs in a central 19-unit-cell core into the outer 7-unit-cell core, thus significantly increasing the leakage losses of the HOMs in comparison to those of fundamental mode. We consider a realistic PBGF structure with hexagonal airholes having rounded corners and derive a surface-mode-free condition of a silica-ring thickness surrounding the hollow core for both 7-unit-cell and 19-unit-cell cores. Verification regarding the propagation properties of the proposed design is ensured with a PBGF analysis based on a finite element modal solver. Numerical results show that the leakage losses of the HOMs can be enhanced in a level of at least three orders of magnitude over 200-nm wavelength range in comparison to those of the fundamental mode, while in addition, we show that the incorporation of a realistic air core with optimized silica-ring thickness can eliminate surface modes and achieve strong confinement into the central core and very low eta-factor for the fundamental mode.     

Dispersion Properties of TIRPCF under Compton Scattering

The dispersion properties in the short wavelength region of total internal reflective photonic crystal fiber（TIRPCF） in Compton scattering have been studied by using the model of the equivalent twin waveguide soliton coupling, dispersion management solitons and effective refractive index. It is shown that the positive dispersion of the cladding waveguide of TIRPCF and the negative dispersion of its core waveguide are quickly increased by the square of the collision non-elastic composition between the electron and photons, and they are lessened by the increase of the electron absorption photon number. Under the one-photon nonlinear Compton scattering, the method of the compensated probing laser diffraction by the phase hole induced by the stationary pumping laser in the cladding waveguide enables the average dispersion value of TIRPCF to be close to zero, and the zero dispersion point quickly shifts to the short wavelength region.     

Chasi-Guided Modes and Related Radiation Losses in Optical Dielectric Waveguides with External Higher Index Surroundings

Mode filter actions are found theoretically in an optical dielectric waveguide consisting of a core and a thin cladding layer which is further surrounded by an external higher index region. The propagating waves, which are usually considered to be cutoff modes, can be guided with a small amount of loss under a certain condition. These waves are defined here as quasi-guided modes. These modes tend to the guided modes of the guide when the cladding thickness increases infinitely. A method is given to estimate the losses. As an example, the radiation losses are formulated for a symmetric slab waveguide, and are found to be approximately proportional to the cube of the mode number of the quasi-guided mode. Therefore, losses of the quasi-guided modes depend strongly on the mode number. It is suggested that fibers with large core diameters can be used as quasi-single mode fibers by covering the clad-type multimode fibers with external higher index surroundings and choosing the parameters properly.