青海门源县中部地区表层土壤养分地球化学评价

门源是青海省主要的农业县,也是南祁连地区最大的油菜籽和青稞产出县,土壤肥沃,工业污染水平低,是国家重点绿色农业示范基地,但暂未开展过系统的土壤养分调查评价工作。为了进一步了解门源县中部表层土壤养分元素丰缺及分布特点,对3972个表层土壤样品进行pH、有机质、氮、磷、钾和土壤中微量养分元素含量分析测试,开展土壤养分地球化学单指标及养分综合评价。结果表明：门源县中部地区土壤以碱性为主,土壤大量养分元素有机质、氮、磷、钾及微量元素锰、硼、钼、锌、铜、钴、钒含量等级均以丰富、较丰富为主,分布规律较一致,根据表层土壤养分地球化学综合等级划分,在门源县中部地区表层土壤养分丰富和较丰富地区占97.9%,中等—较缺乏地区占2.1%,无养分缺乏地区。研究成果可为门源县中部土地利用规划和保护提供科学依据。     

沈阳市耕地肥力质量现状报告

以土壤有效养分及有机质丰缺指标为依据分析不同地区的土壤养分现状,结果说明监测土壤有机质、氮素、钾素含量缺乏,磷素含量中等;与二次土壤普查对比土壤养分20年的变化趋势是有机质、全氮含量呈平稳状态,速效磷含量增加,速效钾含量下降。     

广灵县平川区土壤养分变化及施肥建议

基于测土配方施肥2009-2010年耕地土壤主要养分状况进行分析,广灵县平川区耕地土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾处于中等缺乏水平,有效磷处于缺乏水平。相对于1980年全国第二次土壤普查有机质、氮、磷、钾(变化),根据分析提出在增施有机肥基础上平衡施肥的建议。     

山西省梨主产区梨园土壤养分和叶片营养的调查研究

了解山西省梨主产区梨园土壤和叶片营养状况,以期为梨园合理施肥提供科学依据。对山西省梨主产区59个梨园土壤养分状况和叶片营养成分进行测定,分析梨园叶片营养元素与土壤养分之间的相关性。结果表明,山西省调查的大多数梨园土壤pH值略高,有机质含量普遍低,有效磷、速效钾、有效锰含量相对适宜,有效铁含量较低;50%的梨园土壤全氮含量和有效铜含量偏低;少数梨园土壤有效锌含量较低。大多数梨园叶片氮、铁、锰元素较丰富,磷和铜元素相对适宜,钾和锌元素缺乏。梨园叶片中的氮、磷、钾、铁、锰、铜、锌与土壤中相对应的元素含量存在一定的正负相关性,但相关性都不显著。在山西省梨主产区应增施有机肥,并采用叶片诊断为主、土壤测定为辅的方法制定施肥方案。     

南谯区茶园土壤肥力现状及提升措施

通过对安徽省滁州市南谯区茶园土壤养分调查和分析，结果表明，南谯区茶园土壤pH值适宜，有机质含量丰富，全氮含量优良，有效磷含量中等，速效钾含量缺乏，提出了今后提升茶园土壤肥力的技术措施，主要包括增施有机肥、测土配方施肥和推广茶园铺草等，为做好茶园耕地质量保护与提升工作，指导茶农合理施肥，为茶产业可持续发展提供了技术支撑。     

安阳市1982-2011年耕层养分变化研究

<正>土壤养分是土壤肥力的四大指标之一,包括有机质、全量和有效态的氮、磷、钾以及各种微量元素,土壤养分对农作物的生长具有极其重要的作用。通过对安阳市2005-2011年测土配方施肥项目所采集的耕层土壤样品测定结果与1982年第二次土壤普查数据比较分析,结果表明,耕层土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷含量分别较1982年上升了31%、54%、123%,速效钾含量下降了20%,耕层土壤养分含量虽有上升,但还处于较低水平,必须提高     

河北坝上高原如意河流域上游地区土壤养分调查与评价

土壤养分调查与评价对能否充分利用土壤生产资源、促进生态环境保护和农业增产增效有重要意义。本文以河北坝上高原如意河流域上游地区为研究区,依据土地质量地球化学评价规范,采用地统计学方法和相关性分析对研究区土壤中的酸碱度、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾空间分布特征及其影响因素进行了研究。研究结果表明:研究区土壤酸化较重,土壤中SOM、TN含量属于丰富级别;TK含量属于较丰富级别;TP含量属于较缺乏级别;土壤养分的综合评价等级为三等,土壤养分总体处于中等状况。土壤养分含量较高地区零星分布,在研究区西部的部分地区土壤养分含量相对较低,需要额外补充养分元素。研究区土壤中SOM、TN、TP元素之间存在着显著的正相关关系,而土壤中SOM、TN、TP与TK之间却存在着显著的负相关关系。因此,研究区应适当控制氮磷肥的投入,确保钾肥的施用量,使得研究区各养分元素均匀且较丰富的分布。     

浅析土壤养分失衡及地力退化的原因及危害

<正>由于农民大量施用化肥,有机肥施入不足,施肥结构不合理,肥料施用不科学,造成土壤有机质含量下降,碱解氮、效磷含量上升,速效钾含量下降,土壤呈酸化趋势,各土壤类型的土壤容重普遍增加。导致耕地土壤养分失衡、养分含量下降,土壤板结,地力退化现象非常普遍。1养分失衡、地力退化的原因1.1对土地缺乏保养意识。耕地开垦年限比较长,农民只注重即得利益,缺乏长远规划,重化肥轻农肥,有机肥投入少、甚至几十年不施有机肥,只用不养,进行掠夺性生产,     

蓝莓种植技术与施肥管理

<正>蓝莓对肥料的需求水平相对较低,在土壤较肥沃、有机质含量高的情况下一般不施肥或少施肥,或根据土壤分析及叶片分析结果追施所缺少的某些元素。如土壤贫瘠,则需施有机肥和氮、磷、钾等矿质肥料。1施肥种类施用完全肥料比单一肥料提高产量40%。因此,蓝莓施肥中提倡氮、磷、钾配比使用。肥料比例大多趋向于1∶1∶1。在有机质含量高的土壤上,氮肥用量减少,氮磷钾比例以1∶2∶3为宜;而在矿质土壤上,磷钾含量高,氮、磷、钾比     

浅谈大棚黄瓜化肥减量增效技术模式

<正>1技术原理1.1测土配方,精准施肥在开展测土配方的基础上,实施精准施肥,根据土壤养分状况、结合黄瓜产量和养分综合管理要求,制定合理施肥标准,避免盲目施肥。1.2调优结构,减肥增效通过调整化肥使用比例,优化氮、磷、钾配比,控氮、减磷、稳钾,补充铁、锌、硼、钼等微量元素,改善大元素与中微量元素的配合,促进大量元素与中微量元素的增     

BENEFITS OF BIOSOLIDS TO SOIL QUALITY AND FERTILITY

Research in the UK on the beneficial aspects of biosolids additions to land has primarily concentrated on nitrogen and phosphorus supply. Biosolids have other beneficial effects on soil through the addition of organic matter and other plant nutrients such as sulphur, magnesium and sodium. This study evaluates the effects of biosolids additions on soil quality and fertility at seven established field experimental sites where biosolids have been applied for at least four years. These additions influenced several physical properties of the soil, increasing topsoil water-infiltration rates, plant-available water supply on a light sandy soil, soil porosity and bearing strength. There were also increases in the level of plant-available sulphur, magnesium, copper and boron. Liquid digested biosolids applications also increased the concentrations of major nutrients in grass.     

Effects of fungicide residues on the physico-chemical characteristics of soils of a major cocoa-producing area of Nigeria

The effects of copper-based fungicide residues on some physico-chemical properties of soils in some cocoa-producing areas of Nigeria were investigated. The results show that the fungicide residues cause significant increases in the soil pH, organic matter and copper concentrations while lowering the concentrations of inorganic nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium and sodium. Slight increases were also observed for the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ but there are no significant changes in the Zn, Fe and Mn concentrations with fungicide treatment. It is concluded that the copper-based fungicide residues predispose the soils to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N, P and K) deficiencies and perhaps copper toxicity if not properly managed.     

Faecal separation for nutrient management––evaluation of different separation techniques

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of different separation techniques for local recovery of faecal nutrients. Separation by Aquatron, filtration, flotation and sedimentation was tested in the laboratory. Only the separation of faecal matter from flushwater was investigated. For efficient nutrient capture, the system has to be combined with urine-diverting toilets.In this study we found that the extraction of nutrients from the faeces to the liquid occurred rapidly. Therefore, to effectively separate the faecal nutrients and particles from the flushwater, the separation has to be performed locally, preferably at house level.The Aquatron and the filtration gave a fraction of separated solids with 10% dry matter, which contained 70–80% of the incoming plant nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The other two methods investigated did not prove effective for local separation of faeces.Using urine-diverting toilets, where all the urine is diverted, and collected and 70% of the faecal nutrients are separated locally, the potential for local nutrient recovery from the household wastewater is 88% for nitrogen, 75% for phosphorus and 55% for potassium, mainly in the form of directly plant available nutrients.     

复合微生物菌剂对污泥堆肥营养学指标的影响

为了研究外源微生物对营养土堆制过程的影响,选择复合微生物菌剂(HBH-Ⅱ)开展了污泥堆制营养土的试验。结果表明:①复合微生物制剂的添加增加了总氮的损失,但大幅度提高了碱解氮、有效磷含量及发芽指数,而对总磷、钾含量的增加率贡献较小。②总氮与所有指标均呈负相关,其他指标之间都为正相关;在0.05的水平下,HBH-Ⅱ的添加量与总氮呈显著负相关、与有效磷及发芽指数呈显著正相关;在0.01的水平下,总氮与碱解氮、有效磷呈极显著负相关,而HBH-Ⅱ投量与碱解氮、碱解氮与有效磷呈极显著正相关。③菌剂中存在对氮、磷元素转化非常活跃的微生物种群,能够将非碱解氮成分转化为碱解氮、固态氮转化为气态氮,还能提高非有效磷转化为有效磷的效率。④HBH-Ⅱ对污泥堆制营养土过程中营养学指标及发芽指数的影响次序为碱解氮发芽指数(总氮=有效磷)钾总磷。     

多功能复合微生物菌剂对污泥堆制营养土的影响

为了研究外源微生物对营养土堆制过程的影响程度,选择多功能复合微生物菌剂(MCMP-Ⅱ)开展污泥堆制营养土的试验.试验结果表明:MCMP-Ⅱ的添加增加了总氮的损失,降低了碱解氮的转化效率,大幅度提高了有效磷含量及发芽指数增加率,但对总磷、钾含量的增加率提高较小.总氮、碱解氮与MCMP-Ⅱ、其他营养指标及发芽指数均呈负相关,其他各指标之间呈正相关;在0.05水平下菌剂与总氮呈显著负相关,发芽指数与总磷、有效磷呈显著正相关;而在0.01水平下,菌剂与碱解氮呈极显著负相关.MCMP-Ⅱ能够加快总氮中氮元素状态的转化,同时对磷元素转化的影响亦较大,其中存在反硝化及提高有效磷转化效率的菌种.MCMP-Ⅱ对污泥堆制营养土过程中营养物质及发芽指数的影响排序为碱解氮>总氮>发芽指数>总磷>有效磷>钾.     

Impact of Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantation on an alluvial soil in south eastern Botswana

This paper examines the impact of a 33‐year plantation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on an alluvial soil in Gaborone, south eastern Botswana, by comparing the soil under the plantation with similar soil under an adjoining native savanna woodland dominated by Acacia karoo. Soil clay content was significantly higher in the plantation soil in both the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers. There were no significant differences between soil under the two ecosystems with respect to the levels of organic matter, exchangeable potassium and available phosphorus. Despite the higher clay contents of the plantation soil, exchangeable calcium and magnesium and pH were higher in soil under the native woodland. This suggests that E. camaldulensis immobilizes soil nutrients faster and that plantation nutrient cycles are less efficient than in the native Acacia woodland. Consequently, soil nutrient deficiency will limit plantation productivity after the first few rotations. It is important to adopt tree harvesting techniques that reduce drain on soil nutrients at the end of a plantation rotation.     

The value of sewage sludge to agriculture and effects of the agricultural use of sludges contaminated with toxic elements: A review

The effects of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and toxic elements in sewage sludges applied to agricultural land are reviewed. Organic matter may improve the structure and water holding capacity of poor soils and the nitrogen and phosphorus in sludge have fertiliser value. However, an important consideration in applying sludge to land is the limitation of addition of toxic elements and any beneficial effects are secondary to this. Crops can accumulate toxic elements from sludge-amended soils and where heavily contaminated sludges and excessive rates of application are used plants may accumulate concentrations which are phytotoxic. The extent of accumulation varies considerably with plant species and cultivar; cereals and legumes accumulating lower concentrations than leafy plants such as lettuce and spinach. Although guidelines limit the addition of toxic elements in sludges and soils, thus reducing the quantities of these elements accumulated by plants, total concentrations of toxic elements in soil provide no indication of their availability to plants. The procedures applied to the determination of the forms of elements in sludges and soils and attempts to relate forms extractable in a variety of reagents to their availability to plants have been discussed. The factors which influence the forms of nutrient and toxic elements, their long term availability and hence their accumulation by crops are also reviewed.     

Nutrient and sediment removal by stormwater biofilters: a large-scale design optimisation study

A large-scale column study was conducted in Melbourne, Australia, to test the performance of stormwater biofilters for the removal of sediment, nitrogen and phosphorus. The aim of the study was to provide guidance on the optimal design for reliable treatment performance. A variety of factors were tested, using 125 large columns: plant species, filter media, filter depth, filter area and pollutant inflow concentration. The results demonstrate that vegetation selection is critical to performance for nitrogen removal (e.g. Carex appressa and Melaleuca ericifolia performed significantly better than other tested species). Whilst phosphorus removal was consistently very high (typically around 85%), biofilter soil media with added organic matter reduced the phosphorus treatment effectiveness. Biofilters built according to observed 'optimal specifications' can reliably remove both nutrients (up to 70% for nitrogen and 85% for phosphorus) and suspended solids (consistently over 95%). The optimally designed biofilter is at least 2% of its catchment area and possesses a sandy loam filter media, planted with C. appressa or M. ericifolia. Further trials will be required to test a wider range of vegetation, and to examine performance over the longer term. Future work will also examine biofilter effectiveness for treatment of heavy metals and pathogens.     

The Use of Biosolids and Other Organic Substances in the Creation of Soil-Forming Materials

This paper describes an experiment which was carried out at a landfill site in north Lincolnshire to investigate the use of biosolids and other organic materials in soil formation. The following organic amendments were incorporated into the surface of the on-site geological clay to form 'topsoil'treatments: (i) nil, (ii) biosolids (digested cake), (iii) waste peat/compost, and (iv) composted green waste. The biosolids were applied at a rate of 70 tDS/ha and all the organic materials were incorporated to a depth of 150 mm. The organic amendments reduced the topsoil bulk density and increased plant available water supply and soil water infiltration rates. Topsoil organic matter, total nitrogen and extractable phosphorus concentrations, biomass nitrogen, readily mineralisable organic nitrogen and soil respiration rates were also increased. Additionally, the biosolids application increased topsoil aggregate stability and soil surface strength.