采出液和采出水处理设施内污油的杂质成分、结构和分离特性

通过采出液和采出水处理设施内污油的杂质成分、显微结构和相分离特性的研究,揭示了采出液和采出水处理设施内污油的主要特性：成分复杂,含有大量机械杂质,部分污油中还含有大量微生物;油水界面上吸附有杂质微粒;破乳困难,重力沉降和离心沉降后均残留有未破乳的油水乳状液。采出液和采出水处理设施内污油中的杂质主要为油藏中采出的岩石碎屑和粘土颗粒、钻完井过程中进入油藏的的污染物、以及井场和漏油场地回收落地污油中的粘土颗粒、垢沉积物、腐蚀产物、微生物以及采出水处理中应用的絮凝剂、混凝剂及其作用产物。污油中的碳酸钙和硫化亚铁多为尺寸不大于1μm的小颗粒聚集体,且多附着在石英和粘土颗粒的表面上。     

超疏水膜油水分离器的设计与实验

为将超疏水/超亲油网膜应用到油水分离领域中,设计了一套油水分离装置.通过实验现象分析以及采用将实验装置倾斜一定角度放置的方式解决了该装置存在的问题.分析了倾斜对分离效果影响的原因,考察了倾斜角度对分离效果的影响.通过改变出口水柱高度、流量大小以及初始含油率大小等影响因素对该装置进行了实验,结果表明:分离装置出口水中油含量随流量和初始含油率的增大而增大,并且流量越大,这种影响越显著;通过合理控制这三者大小,该装置可实现处理大流量或较宽初始含油率范围的油水混合物.     

疏水性油水分离膜及其过程研究进展

油水分离是治理含油废水和含水油液的重要工业过程。本文概括了疏水性油水分离膜的类型与制备方法,包括常规分离膜和高度疏水/超亲油分离膜。前者为常规微滤、超滤及纳滤过程用膜;后者由构筑高度疏水（水滴接触角≥120°）表面方法得到,形式有金属网膜、纤维膜、滤纸、复合膜及不对称膜,其为制备耐污染的疏水性油水分离膜提供了新思路。指出了疏水性膜用于油水分离的过程原理及应用现状：含油废水除油中,疏水性膜可实现O/W乳液的破乳、粗粒化油滴、滤除油滴及吸附油分子几方面的功能;含水油液除水中,膜被用来截留水滴,可直接得到净化的油品。最后,指出了其过程规模化应用前尚需解决的重要问题,特别是高度疏水/超亲油分离膜的制备、相关过程研究的深入及其规模化试验等方面需着力加强。     

Excellent oil/water separation performance of poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride)/fluorocarbon surfactant membrane filter with functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Polymer/fluorocarbon surfactant membranes have been reported to display excellent oleophobic/hydrophilic behavior and outstanding oil/water separation properties. In this work, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) enhanced poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride)/fluorocarbon surfactant (PSMA/MWNTs/FS) membrane filters were prepared by dip-coating PSMA/MWNTs/FS on stainless steel meshes for efficient oil/water separation. The microstructure, thermal properties, wettability, oil/water separation ability, and recyclability were investigated. The results revealed that the MWNTs are suitably dispersed in the membrane, further increasing the thermal stability, oil/water separation efficiency, and recyclability. The oil/water separation efficiency of the complex membrane filter containing MWNTs was 99% initially and 97% after 20 cycles. This work provides a simple, low-cost, and environmentally friendly approach for efficient oil/water separation.     

高浓度超稠油乳化废水预处理工艺与实践

超稠油在加工过程中产生大量高浓度乳化废水,常规炼油污水处理场难以处理并导致外排水严重超标.以某稠油加工企业高浓度超稠油乳化废水为研究对象,对其物理化学性质,沉降、破乳、絮凝条件进行了系统研究,并在大量试验的基础上开发出预处理工艺.相应装置建成后运行平稳高效,废水得到高效的处理与污油资源回收.     

石墨烯基气凝胶的制备及油吸附性能研究进展

海上漏油的频繁发生以及采油废水、工业含油污水的大量排放造成水资源大片污染和生态系统平衡的严重破坏。目前，从水体中分离油品和有机污染物已受到越来越多的商业和学术的关注。石墨烯基气凝胶是由二维石墨烯片层组装成的三维宏观材料，因其孔隙率高、比表面积大、密度低、机械性能强等特点在油水分离领域具有广阔的应用前景，已成为当今的研究热点之一。本文结合最新研究进展系统地总结了石墨烯基气凝胶的结构设计、组装及干燥方法，归纳了近年来其在油水分离中的应用进展，并对石墨烯基气凝胶在油水分离领域的研究现状和未来研究方向做了简要评述，以期为该领域的深入探索提供新的视角。     

油水分离膜表面结构可控合成及性能研究

石油开采过程中会产生大量的油水混合物,每天生产生活中也会产生大量含油废水,如何处理这些油水混合物,是环境保护和可持续发展的重大需求。针对含油量较高的油水混合物,本工作制备了疏水-超亲油分离膜。以机械性能较好的泡沫镍为过滤基体,采用电沉积方法,在泡沫镍表面沉积铜颗粒,构筑亲油疏水表面。研究了沉积电位和沉积时间对表面结构的影响,并测试了分离膜表面结构、表面粗糙度及水滴在膜表面的接触角,并对所制备的分离膜进行油水分离性能测试和多次循环的稳定性测试。结果表明,所制备的分离膜具有良好的循环分离性能,对于油水混合物循环十次后分离效率仍在90%以上。本研究为高效油水分离膜材料开发提供了新思路,并拓展了电化学表面改性的应用领域。     

Superhydrophobic and Superlipophilic Low Density Polyethylene/Styrene–Butadiene Rubber Thermoplastic Vulcanizate Film for Pressure-Responsive Continuous Oil–Water Separation

In recent years, with the continuous discharge of wastewater, which has caused serious environmental pollution, it is a task to separate oil or water from wastewater. Therefore, an efficient and low-cost oil–water separation method is needed to separate the oil–water mixture. Here, a superhydrophobic/superoleophilic low density polyethylene/styrene-butadiene rubber (LDPE/SBR) thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) film (oil contact angle of 0° and water contact angle of 161.1° ± 1.7°) is prepared using an etched aluminum foil as a template and applied to a laboratory-assembled oil–water separation device, which is a new method for oil–water separation via a pressure response valve. The LDPE/SBR TPV film is rolled up and stuffed into the through-valve, and the gap between the films is used as the pressure response channel for oil and water separation, thus achieving oil and water separation. When the film gap is 25 or 50 µm, the separation efficiency of TPV film is greater than 99% with the variation of external pumping force, indicating that this method can achieve complete oil–water separation under a suitable external pumping force. This functional TPV film has good recyclability, environmental stability, chemical stability, mechanical durability, as well as thermal stability, which makes it have great application potential.     

仰角式油水分离器概述

对于大多数高含水率油田研发的仰角式游离水脱除器,具有处理量大、结构简单和分离效率高等优点。介绍了仰角式游离水脱除器的结构,分离原理,分离效率,总结出仰角式油水脱除器的优点,仰角式分离器处理效率高,脱除效果好,单位处理量造价低,主要适用于含水90%以上的油井采出液。     

油水分离技术在甲醇制烯烃装置的应用

甲醇制烯烃工艺在生成轻烯烃产品的同时副产大量的水,同时有少量油类物质产生,这部分油类物质和水一起冷凝,不仅影响净化水的COD指标,在水系统中凝固还会导致系统换热器、空冷器堵塞,效率下降,影响装置长周期运行。本文介绍了油水分离技术在甲醇制烯烃装置的应用情况。     

Electrospun nanofibrous polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene membranes for oil–water separation

Effective separation of oil from water is of significant importance globally for various applications such as wastewater treatment, oil spill cleanup, and oil purification. Among the numerous approaches for oil removal, membrane separation is considered one of the most promising approaches due to its selectivity and ease of operation. Electrospinning is a promising technique for producing polymeric membranes with tunable structures with interconnected pores, large surface area, and high porosity. In this study, hydrophobic poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) nanofibrous membranes were electrospun and used for this purpose. The effects of various parameters (e.g., polymer concentration, applied voltage, tip to collector distance, and feed rate) were investigated to find the optimum electrospinning conditions. Further, the electrospun membranes were characterized according to average fiber diameter, morphology, average pore size, and wettability to identify the combinations most likely to succeed in oil–water filtration. The physical–chemical properties of the membranes (i.e., thickness, areal density, porosity, average pore size, water/oil contact angle, hydrostatic pressure head, and oil filtration flux) were studied based on standard test methods. The separation efficiency of eight electrospun membranes with various pore sizes and average fiber diameters were tested for diesel/water mixtures. A linear relation was found between the initial oil flux and the average pore size of the membranes. The maximum oil filtration flux of about 224 L/m²/h, achieving over 75% oil recovery in 10 min, was obtained for the electrospun membrane with the average pore size of 4.5 μm. The membranes were successfully used for eight consecutive oil–water separation cycles without noticeable loss of flux.     

Polymeric materials with switchable superwettability for controllable oil/water separation: A comprehensive review

Oily water treatment has become an urgent need in our daily life because of its harmful potential to the ecological system. In recent years, functional materials with superwetting or superantiwetting property have experienced a rocketing development due to their applications in various areas, including self-cleaning, anti-icing, printing, water collection, liquid transfer, oil/water separation, and so on. In this regard, recent advances in polymer science hold the promise of fine-tuning the composition and morphology for a targeted design to meet the requirements in specific application fields. This review focused on polymeric materials, especially smart polymers, for controllable oil/water separations. Starting from the fundamental theories and criteria related to the separation mechanisms, different stimuli including pH, solvent, ions, chemicals, temperature, photo, electric, pressure, and dual stimuli for triggering smart oil/water separation processes were summarized. Highlights on polymer types, polymer synthesis approaches, separation materials fabrication method, as well as separation performances were present. Current limitations and future perspective were also given. This review aims to offer deep insights into polymer-based interfacial science and provide guidance for the fabrication of smart polymeric surfaces for oily water separation.     

超疏水-超亲油材料在油水分离中的研究进展

综述了超疏水-超亲油油水分离材料的研究进展及其在油水分离中的应用。首先介绍了油水分离材料的特殊润湿性的基本理论和设计理念,主要包括Young方程、Wenzel模型、Cassie模型以及制备油水分离材料的两种途径。然后全面介绍了金属网膜类、纺织品类、合成膜类等二维结构的油水分离材料,以及海绵、泡沫、气凝胶等三维网络状类油水分离材料和智能型油水分离材料。最后总结了目前在油水分离这一领域存在的一些问题,主要是油水分离的基本机制和理论研究不够完善,并指出开发和研究能够分离特殊油品的材料以及智能响应性可控的油水分离材料仍然是一大挑战。     

An oil-contamination-resistant PVP/PAN electrospinning membrane for high-efficient oil–water mixture and emulsion separation

Oil–water separation is an urgent issue due to the frequently occurred oil leakages and increasing discharge of oily wastewater. The pollutional and wastewater can not only damage the environment, but endanger human health. Owing to the small particle size of the oil contamination, it is still a challenge for the separation of oil–water emulsion. In this study, we developed a facile strategy to prepare a hydrophilic polyvinylpyrrolidone/polyacrylonitrile (PVP/PAN) nanofibrous membrane for oil–water mixture and emulsion separation. The lowest water contact angle on the membrane surface can achieve 16.7°, thus the membranes can effectively resist the oil contamination on them. Moreover, the membrane can efficiently separate oil–water mixtures and emulsion by gravity. In addition, it can separate oil–water mixtures in harsh conditions (pH = 1 and 14). Membranes prepared in this work would hold a great potential in the practical use of water treatment and environmental industry.     

不同温度下超滤对中药含油水体物理化学参数影响的初步研究

通过考察不同温度下3万相对分子质量的PES膜超滤对中药油水复杂体系物理化学性质的影响,探索中药油水复杂体系在有机膜分离过程中的微观表现。以某中药制药企业采用水蒸气蒸馏工艺所收集的含油水体为实验体系,测定不同温度下膜分离前后各药液的pH值、电导率、盐度、浊度、粘度等指标。研究发现膜分离前后各药液的pH值、电导率、浊度、粘度等表现出不同的变化,温度对物化参数有明显影响。结果表明,3万相对分子质量的PES膜可改变中药油水体系物理化学参数,膜分离技术用于中药的油水分离显示出良好趋势。     

Preparation and oil–water separation evaluations of polypropylene/low‐melt‐point polyester composites reinforced by thermal bonding and one‐step solution immersion

Nonwoven fabrics have been fabricated for oil–water separation, but simplifying the manufacturing processes is still a challenge. In this work, a facile and easily scaled up approach based on thermal bonding and one‐step solution immersion has been successfully developed to prepare nonwoven fabrics with high separation efficiency and flux of oil. Here, polypropylene (PP) and low‐melt‐point polyester (LPET) fibers with a unique sheath–core structure are employed to form PP/LPET nonwoven fabrics. Thermal bonding by hot press and hydrophobic treatment with 1H,1H,2H,2H‐perfluorodecyl‐1‐thiol (PFDT) are used to manufacture oil–water separation nonwoven fabrics. Effects of the ratio of LPET fibers and the concentration of PFDT are discussed in terms of mechanical properties, morphology, surface chemical composition, water contact angle and performance of oil–water separation and flux of the nonwoven fabrics. The results show that the strength of the nonwoven fabrics gradually increases with increasing ratio of LPET fibers. After immersion in PFDT, the nonwoven fabrics show high hydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 143°. They can be used to separate oil–water mixtures. The separation efficiency is 97–99% and the oil flux is 62 364.92 L m^?2 h^?1. This study provides a new prospect for simple introduction of a hydrophobic agent on a nonwoven fabric to achieve various functional oil–water separation materials. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

玻璃纤维聚结器脱除油中乳化水

随着油水分离技术的进步及新材料的开发,聚结法脱除油中乳化水的技术得以实现。本文采用亲水性玻璃纤维作为聚结元件,脱除白油中的乳化水（d₉₅=10μm）。通过实验考察聚结器中进料的表观流速（5~30m/h）、油品初始含水量（500~4000μL/L）、聚结器床层厚度（100~400mm）和玻璃纤维的孔隙率（0.80~0.95）对聚结分离效率的影响,并应用响应面法对各变量之间的协同效应进行分析,确定最佳操作条件,分析该条件下的粒级分离效率。实验结果显示,当表观流速为14m/h、初始含水量为1278μL/L、床层厚度为275mm和孔隙率为0.85时,分离效率最高,为95.18%。结果与响应面预测值（95.02%）相比,相对误差仅为0.17%,表明回归模型的可靠性高和实验的重现性较好。进出口粒径的分析表明聚结器的分离效果随水滴粒径的增加而提高,有效分离粒径>5μm。本文研究结果对采用玻璃纤维为聚结元件,分离密度差较大的成品油中乳化水的聚结器选型及操作参数设计具有实际应用价值。     

超亲水/水下超疏油膜的制备及油水分离性能

工业生产和频繁的溢油事故产生大量的含油废水,其高效分离依然面临全球性的挑战。具有仿生浸润特性的膜可以选择性透过水或油,分离效率高且操作简单而广泛应用于油水分离。本文通过一步浸渍法将TiO₂纳米颗粒和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）原位固化到不锈钢网上制备了具有微/纳米层级结构的超亲水/水下超疏油油水分离膜。重点考察了TiO₂/PVP涂覆液浓度（质量分数1%、3%、5%、7%、9%）对膜的浸润特性和油水分离性能的影响。实验结果表明,不同TiO₂/PVP浓度改性的膜具有超亲水/水下超疏油特性,水的接触角均为0°,在水中油的接触角达160°,油水分离效率大于99.5%。膜通量随浓度的增大先减小后增加,当质量分数为3%时膜通量最大为8422.5L/（m²·h）。经过30次连续油水分离后,其分离效率仍大于99.5%,表明TiO₂/PVP-SS （stainless steel）膜有良好的耐久性和稳定性。因此,TiO₂/PVP-SS仿生特殊浸润膜材料在油水分离领域具有经济、高效、环境友好的潜在优势。     

聚乳酸基油水分离材料研究进展

介绍了具有超疏水⁃超亲油和可生物降解特性的新型聚乳酸（PLA）油水分离材料,并对比分析了纯PLA和PLA基油水分离材料材料的研究和应用现状,得出利用PLA作为主原料或基体材料制备油水分离薄膜,不仅可以达到理想的油水分离效果,并且经过后处理后还可以多次循环使用,是目前理想的油水分离材料之一。最后,对PLA在油水分离应用领域的发展方向提出了建议。     

Preparation of cellulose triacetate aerogel via non-solvent impacted thermally induced phase separation for oil absorption

The oil spill has caused significant attention on a global scale due to its damage to the environment and the economy. The development of economically and ecologically friendly oil sorbent materials has important meaning for the oil spill concern. In this work, we explored the non-solvent impacted thermally induced phase separation (NITIPS) method to prepare the cellulose triacetate aerogel (CA) with low density (6.4–40.5 mg/cm³), high porosity (96.9–99.5%), large water contact angle (>129°) and high specific surface area (193–573 m²/g) as the oil sorbent material. The oil absorption capacity of CA with vegetable oil and vacuum pump oil reached 80.8 g/g and 38.9 g/g, respectively, consistent with Fick's law of diffusion. Moreover, the NITIPS method provided simpler process and controlled the shape of CA compared with the traditional thermally induced phase separation method. This study proved that the CA prepared by NITIPS methods played an important role as a potential oil absorption solids in the field of oil spill and organic chemical leakage.