独角雪冰鱼和伯氏肩孔南极鱼骨骼中的元素分析

为探究缺失血红蛋白的南极独角雪冰鱼Chionodraco hamatus(CH)和具有血红蛋白的伯氏肩孔南极鱼Trematomus bernacchii(TB)骨骼中元素含量的差异,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法对两种南极鱼的脊椎骨与头盖骨中Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、56Fe、Zn等常量元素,以及V、Cr、Mn、As、Se、206Pb等微量元素含量进行了测定与分析。结果表明:两种南极鱼脊椎骨中Al、K、56Fe、Mn、Se含量有显著性差异(P<0.05),头盖骨中Mg、K、Ca、56Fe、V、Mn等元素含量有显著性差异(P<0.05),推测此差异可能与南极冰鱼缺失功能性血红细胞有关;将两种南极鱼脊椎骨骨骼中的元素含量与7种非南极海水鱼和3种淡水鱼相比,发现两种南极鱼骨骼中K、Na、Mg、56Fe、Zn、Ca等常量元素含量较少,且Mn、V、Cr、206Pb等微量元素含量明显低于非南极鱼,这可能与南极海域存在较低污染相关。本研究中首次测定了两种南极鱼骨骼中的元素含量,为后续拟通过体内组织元素分析探索南极鱼类的生理差异提供了科学依据。     

独角雪冰鱼和伯氏肩孔南极鱼骨骼中的元素分析

为探究缺失血红蛋白的南极独角雪冰鱼Chionodraco hamatus(CH)和具有血红蛋白的伯氏肩孔南极鱼Trematomus bernacchii(TB)骨骼中元素含量的差异,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法对两种南极鱼的脊椎骨与头盖骨中Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、56Fe、Zn等常量元素,以及V、Cr、Mn、As、Se、206Pb等微量元素含量进行了测定与分析。结果表明:两种南极鱼脊椎骨中Al、K、56Fe、Mn、Se含量有显著性差异(P<0.05),头盖骨中Mg、K、Ca、56Fe、V、Mn等元素含量有显著性差异(P<0.05),推测此差异可能与南极冰鱼缺失功能性血红细胞有关;将两种南极鱼脊椎骨骨骼中的元素含量与7种非南极海水鱼和3种淡水鱼相比,发现两种南极鱼骨骼中K、Na、Mg、56Fe、Zn、Ca等常量元素含量较少,且Mn、V、Cr、206Pb等微量元素含量明显低于非南极鱼,这可能与南极海域存在较低污染相关。本研究中首次测定了两种南极鱼骨骼中的元素含量,为后续拟通过体内组织元素分析探索南极鱼类的生理差异提供了科学依据。     

不同产地葡萄干中金属元素含量的对比分析

吐鲁番葡萄干和张掖红提葡萄干在常压微沸(90℃~95℃)条件下采用V(硝酸):V(高氯酸)=4:1消解,应用火焰原子吸收法测定样品中的金属元素Na、K、Mg、Ca、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn含量,运用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法检测样品中金属元素Pb和Cd的含量。通过仪器最佳工作条件和试验方法研究从而确定出不同元素的含量。结果表明:样品中K、Na、Mg、Ca含量较大,Mn、Zn、Fe、Cu、Pb含量较少,Cd未检出。方法的相对标准偏差为0.57%~2.12%。     

ICP-AES法测定7种高原野生蜂蜜的矿质元素含量

为探明不同种类高原野生蜂蜜的矿质元素组成,促进高原蜂蜜资源开发利用及品质评价,本研究采用湿法消解、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)对包括野花蜜、野生枸杞蜂蜜、野生香草蜜、野生油菜花蜜、野党参蜜、野藿香蜜、珍品雪山花蜜等7个品种高原野生蜂蜜的20种元素——Ca、K、Mg、Na、P、S、Ba、Cu、Fe、Li、Mn、Mo、Ni、Sr、Ti、Zn、Al、As、Cr和P进行测定,并应用聚类分析方法对测定结果进行分析。结果表明:在选定的条件下,各元素间相互干扰小,对测定结果无明显影响;该方法回收率在94.9%～101.3%之间,具有较好的准确度与精密度;不同品种高原蜂蜜中各种元素含量存在一定的差异,其中元素K、P、Ca、Fe、Mg、Na、Mn、Zn含量较高。从聚类树状图上可知,7种蜂蜜可聚类为2类。野党参蜜和野藿香蜜表现出较高的相似性,都可聚为一类,这显示其品质的稳定性。     

土壤中重金属元素含量的检测方法研究

对微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定土壤中重金属元素含量进行研究,确定了最佳的恒压时间和压力、酸体系等条件。采用该方法测定土壤中Pb、Cr、Ni、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、K、Na、Ca、Mg元素含量,准确度良好,精密度较高,具有用时少、可同时进行多元素分析等优点,值得推广应用。     

不同生长年限泰山参中元素含量分析

为研究不同生长年限泰山参中元素含量的变化规律,选用硝酸作为消解剂进行微波消解,分别用原子吸收光谱法和电感耦合方法对泰山参中的K、Ca、Na、Mg等4种常量元素以及Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe、Ni、Co、Cr、Cd、Pb、V、Sn等11种微量元素含量测定,对不同生长年限泰山参中的常量元素和微量元素进行比较分析。结果显示,大量元素Ca和Mg含量随着生长年限的延长不断增加,Na含量随着生长年限的延长先增加后减少,K含量随着生长年限的延长无明显变化规律,2年生中含量最高,达到20.94 g/kg。微量元素Cu、Cd、Sn的含量随着生长年限的延长表现出先增加后减少的变化规律;Zn、Mn、Ni的含量随着生长年限的延长表现出逐渐减少的变化趋势;Fe、Cr的含量随着生长年限的延长表现出先减少后增加的变化趋势;Co、Pb、V的含量随着生长年限的延长呈出"低—高—低—高"波浪状的变化规律。     

系舟山南段张夏组鲕粒灰岩特征

通过对鲕粒灰岩中主量元素分析,总结了Ca,Mg,Al,Mn,Si,Na,Fe等元素及其比值与海平面变化关系,指出亲陆性元素Si,Al,K,Ti和Fe与海平面呈负相关关系,而亲海性元素Na,Mg和Ca与海平面变化呈正相关关系。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定茄子中矿物元素含量

采用微波消解HNO_3+H_2O_2湿法制取样品溶液,全谱直读电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICPOES)法同时测定茄子中K、Na、Mg、Al、Ca、B、Ba、Cr、Cu、Fe、Sn、Mn、P、Sr、Zn 15种矿物元素,实际样品测定结果显示,Al元素含量超过国家规定标准(≤100mg/kg),微量元素Ca含量相对较高。各元素的检出限为1.0~440μg/L,标准样品的加标回收率93.5%~109%,相对标准偏差在2.1%~6.5%(n=6)。实验方法简单、重现性好,可用于测定茄子样品中各矿物元素含量。测定结果为茄子的深入研究提供基础数据。     

西双版纳南坡铜矿区土壤—植物系统元素的分布与迁移

在西双版纳南坡铜矿,对矿区和背景区不同土层及其附近生长的几种植物不同器官的样品进行了测试和研究.该区成土过程中存在的富铝化作用,使铁、铝氧化物在土壤中聚集和Si、Ca、Mg、Na等多数微量元素发生不同程度的淋溶.土壤异常元素组合为Ag、Cu、As、Pb、W、Hg( Zn、Bi);植物异常元素组合为Ag、Pb、Cu、As、Hg、Bi、( Zn、W、Mo、B).无论是矿区还是背景区,植物中Si、Ti、Al、Fe、P、(Cl)及Cu、Pb、Ag、Co、Ni、Cr、As、Hg、Cd、Bi主要分配于根部特别是细根,Mg、Mn、S、K、Na及B、V、Mo、Zn主要分配于叶及细枝.高衬度土壤异常的毒性元素(Ag、Cu、As、Pb、W、Hg等)其生物吸收系数比背景区减小,植物对其吸收是“有障的”;而矿区土壤中含量较低的元素(Fe、Mn、Ca、K、Na等)以及一些仅形成低衬度植物异常的营养性元素(B、Mo、Zn等),其吸收系数比背景区增大,植物对其吸收是“无障的”或“半无障的”.植物中的营养元素具有强烈的向地上器官的转移倾向;而多数毒性元素向地上器官转移倾向较弱.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法同时测定苦荞叶中13种元素

建立了电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)同时测定苦荞叶中的Si、Sn、Al、Na、P、K、Ca、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Mg、Fe 13种无机元素含量的分析方法。优化了分析谱线,在优化仪器条件下各元素的加标回收率为94.1%~103%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为0.90%~2.6%,检出限(3S/N)为0.21~14.1μg/L。实验结果表明,苦荞叶中含有丰富的常量元素钙、镁、磷与人体必需的微量元素铁、锰、钾、锡。方法快速、简便、准确、可靠。     

Species of dissolved metals derived from oligotrophic hard water

By fractioning of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and of associated metals Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn according to the molecular sizes by means of gel chromatography in several stages, it could be shown that all metals, even the alkaline and alkaline earth metals, are, to a measurable degree, present in chelated form. This type of association covers 97.3% with Pb, 94.6% with Al, 91.5% with Cr, 82.2% with Fe of the total concentrations of each metal mentioned. About 69% of all metal chelates are represented by Mg-compounds. This may be caused by pre-treatment procedures, nevertheless the Mg-concentrations of the different DOC-fractions indicating to be one regulating factor for the uptake of other metals in the studied hard water. The chelated form was also obtained with Mn, Cd, Zn, and Mg, while with Cu, Ni, Na, Ca, and K there is an abundance of ionic forms.The metal distribution within the different molecular size fractions of the DOC proves the existence of specific distribution pattern for Pb and Mn: Pb is preferably chelated by macromolecular substances, whereas Mn combines mainly with minor ones. Cr seems to behave similar as Pb. Regulation' mechanisms for the different metal distribution patterns within the DOC-fractions as well as ecophysiological aspects of the results are discussed.     

Assessment of nutritional status and trace element contamination of holm oak woodlands through analyses of leaves and surrounding soils

The nutritional status and trace element contamination of holm oak woodlands in Vesuvius National Park were assessed by analyses of Quercus ilex L. leaves and surrounding soils. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, V and Zn were measured in 1-year-old leaves, and in the soils at 0-5 and 15-20 cm depths. The potentially available concentrations were also measured for the soils. The leaf element concentrations were similar to the Q. ilex chemical fingerprint, thus indicating a good nutritional status and the absence of short-term trace element depositions. Total K and V were more abundant in the deep soil layers than in the surface ones, whereas Cd and Pb showed higher values in the surface soils. This suggests that long-term soil accumulations of Cd and Pb are due to atmospheric input. The soil availabilities of Cd, Pb and Zn were high, and Cr availability was very low. A correlation between the available concentrations in the deep soil layers and leaf concentrations was found only for Zn.     

Sex- and age-related variation in elemental concentrations of contemporary Japanese ribs

Twenty elements (Al, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, Ti, V, Zn, C and N) in 42 Japanese ribs (forensic medical autopsy cases) were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and carbon and nitrogen analysis to examine sex- and age-related variation in the concentrations of these elements. Bone Fe and Pb concentrations were significantly higher, while P concentrations were lower in males. Elements which showed age-related variation were Ca, P, Al, Fe, Mg, Na, Pb and Zn. Of these, Al, Fe, Pb and Zn linearly accumulate in bone with advancing age. The elements Na and Mg showed the lowest and highest concentrations in the youngest age group (0-19 years), respectively, and reached plateau levels in older age groups. The Ca and P concentrations were highest in the 20-39-year age group, gradually decreasing throughout older age groups, indicating that osteoporotic bone loss occurs in the older subjects. In addition, the results of correlation analysis indicated that the organic matter content of the bone, represented by C or N concentration, was a factor which contributed to the elemental variation of the bone.     

Kidney and liver levels of some major, minor and trace elements in two Ontario communities

The contents of Ag, As, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Se, Sr, Th, Ti and Zn in 143 autopsied liver and kidney specimens from two Ontario communities (Kingston and Ottawa) were determined using the techniques of inductively-coupled plasma--atomic emission spectrometry, and electrothermal atomization--atomic absorption spectrometry coupled with hydride evolution (As, Se), reduction--aeration (Hg), or solvent extraction (Pb). The majority of samples came from individuals older than 50 y. In general, the data for the various elements were independent of age or sex but showed some dependence on location for elements such as Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Se and Zn. Despite these differences the elemental values of the liver and kidney samples from both the communities were within the normal range.     

Assessment of metal mobility in dredged harbour sediments from Barcelona, Spain

In order to assess heavy metal mobility in dredged harbour sediments, six superficial sediment samples covering a range of pollution levels and environments were collected in Barcelona Harbour. Samples were characterised in terms of major compounds (Al, Ca, Fe, Mn, Si, Ti, Mg, K and Na); total C, N and S contents; organic matter; and water content. Pseudo-total trace metal contents were assessed after aqua regia digestion (ISO 11466:1995). The modified BCR three-step sequential extraction procedure (BCR-SEP) was applied, and both major compounds (Al, Ca, Fe and Mn) and trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined in the different extracts. Both the pseudo-total digestion method and the BCR-SEP were validated using two sediment certified materials from lakes (BCR CRM 701 and BCR CRM 601). The highest metal concentrations were observed in one of the sampling points which receives an urban discharge. The observed mobility order (percentage of metal extracted in the first step) of the six trace metals studied was Cd>Zn>Pb>Cu>Ni>Cr. The good agreement observed with the results obtained as the sum of the four steps (extractable+residue) and the pseudo-total content shows that laboratory working conditions were under control.     

Elemental composition of ancient Japanese bones

Excavated bones (rib) obtained from 50 sites in Japan were measured by ICP atomic emission spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry for concentration of 19 elements, including Al, B, Ca, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, Ti, V and Zn. One hundred and forty-one specimens were classified into five groups according to Japanese prehistoric and historic eras (Jomon, Yayoi, Kofun, Kamakura and Muromachi, and Edo). The elements, with concentrations which showed no significant change with era were Al, B and Cr. Average concentrations of Ca were in the range 2-2.5 X 10(-1) g g-1 and those of P ranged from 1.1 to 1.3 X 10(-1) g g-1, indicating a well-preserved bone mineral matrix. The Ca/P ratio (mol/mol) was lowest in the Edo group--1.48 as compared with 1.54-1.66 in the other groups. Among the elements which showed changes with era were Pb, Fe, Co and Mn, all of which showed remarkably elevated concentrations in the Edo group. In addition to this unique elemental composition of Edo bones, samples from the Kofun era showed a completely different composition from those of other periods, i.e. they had the highest concentrations of Cd, Zn and Mg, and the lowest concentrations of Cu, K, Ni and Sr. The cause of the elevated Pb concentration in Edo bones is discussed in relation to human activities which may have led to environmental Pb pollution.     

Concentrations of heavy metals and plant nutrients in water, sediments and aquatic macrophytes of anthropogenic lakes (former open cut brown coal mines) differing in stage of acidification.

Concentration of heavy metals (Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V and Zn) as well as macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) were measured in water, bottom sediments and plants from anthropogenic lakes in West Poland. The collected plants were: Phragmites australis, Potamogeton natans, Iris pseudoacorus, Juncus effusus, Drepanocladus aduncus, Juncus bulbosus, Phalaris arundinacea, Carex remota and Calamagrostis epigeios. Two reference lakes were sampled for Nymphaea alba, Phragmites australis, Schoenoplectus lacustris, Typha angustifolia and Polygonum hydropiper. These plants contained elevated levels of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu and Mn, and part of the plants contained in addition elevated levels of Mn, Fe, Pb, Ni and Zn. Analyses of water indicated pollution with sulfates, Cd, Co, Ni. Zn, Pb and Cu, and bottom sediments indicated that some of the examined lakes were polluted with Cd, Co and Cr. Strong positive correlations were found between concentrations of Co in water and in plants and between Zn in sediments and plants, indicating the potential of plants for pollution monitoring for this metal. Heavy metal accumulation seemed to be directly associated with the exclusion of Ca and Mg.     

Elemental contamination of Japanese women's hair from historical samples

Japanese women's hair, which had been cut in the past and preserved was examined for the presence of 12 elements (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Hg, Pb and P). Elevated levels of Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb and Hg (inorganic mercury) were conspicuous in the samples cut in the period 1880-1929 and used as hair pieces (kamoji). The effects of washing on element concentration depended on both the method of washing and the type of element. The least effective was washing with acetone and water, compared with two other methods involving anionic or non-ionic surface active agents. The most resistant elements to washing were Pb, Hg, Cu and Zn. From the intercorrelation of element content and factor analysis, by examining the diminution of contents by washing and by comparing the detected levels with the values measured on contemporary Japanese women's hair, the contribution of exogenous contamination to hair levels was found to be very strong for Fe, Mn, Cu, Hg (inorganic mercury), and Pb, moderate for Na and Zn, and negligible for Ca, Mg, Sr, K, Hg (organic mercury), and P.     

A comparison of native and transplanted Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw. as biomonitors of water polluted with heavy metals

Native and transplanted mosses of the species Fontinalis antipyretica were studied to assess their capacity as biomonitors of heavy metals. Assays were carried out with transplanted mosses (sampled from an unpolluted control stream) exposed for 60 days to five streams polluted with heavy metals. At the same time, native mosses were collected from the exposure sites. Concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn were determined in the mosses (native and transplants), stream waters, and sediments of both exposure and control sites. The results showed that the transplanted mosses accumulated significantly more Al, Cr, Cu, Pb, V, and Zn than the native mosses. The concentrations of Co and Mn in all streams were significantly higher in the native mosses.     

Trace metals and water chemistry of forest lakes in northern Sweden

To study the influence of airborne pollutants on water quality, water samples were taken from 59 forest lakes in northern Sweden along a section of about 1000 km in length. Determinations were made of pH, water colour, conductivity, major ions, nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as the metals Fe, Mn, Al, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Co, As and V.The lake waters were generally soft, with low levels of electrolytes. The pH values increased and the sulphate concentrations decreased from south to north. The lakes in the southern parts of the area showed evidence of increased deposition of acidifying substances, shown by higher Ca + Mg/alkalinity ratio.A geographical distribution pattern was observed from Zn and to some extent also for Pb and Cd, with the highest concentrations in the south. However, pH and water colour were of major importance for the distribution of trace metals. Mn, Al and Zn were negatively correlated to pH and Fe, Mn, Al, Pb and As were positively correlated to water colour. A multiple regression analysis showed that the distribution of Fe was influenced mainly by water colour, Zn mainly by pH, while Mn and Al were influenced both by pH and colour. Some of the lakes were sampled both in winter and summer and the concentration of metals was found to be around two-fold higher in winter than in summer.