Karanja oil with an iodine value of 89 g/100 g was epoxidised in situ with aqueous hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid in the presence of Amberlite IR‐120 acidic ion exchange resin as catalyst. The effect of the operating variables on the oxirane oxygen content, as well as on the oxirane ring stability and the iodine value of the epoxidised karanja oil, were determined. The variables studied were stirring speed, hydrogen peroxide‐to‐ethylenic unsaturation molar ratio, acetic acid‐to‐ethylenic unsaturation molar ratio, temperature, and catalyst loading. The effects of these parameters on the conversion to the epoxidised oil were studied and the optimum conditions for the maximum oxirane content were established. The proposed kinetic model takes into consideration the two side reactions, namely, epoxy ring opening involving the formation of hydroxy acetate and hydroxyl groups, and the reaction between the peroxyacid and the epoxy group. The kinetic and adsorption constants of the rate equations were estimated by the best fit using Marquardt's algorithm. Good agreement between experimental and predicted data validates the proposed kinetic model. From the estimated kinetic constants, the apparent activation energy for the epoxidation reaction was found to be 11 kcal/mol. 相似文献
A ring-opened product (EPO-HOAc) was prepared using epoxidized palm oil (EPO) and acetic acid (HOAc). The kinetics of the
oxirane cleavage of EPO were investigated at 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 °C, respectively, in the presence of HOAc. The rate equation
of oxirane cleavage was as follows: r = k[Ep][CH3COOH]1.6 ([Ep] is the molar concentration of oxiranes, [CH3COOH] is the molar concentration of HOAc), and the activation energy of oxirane cleavage was 40.28 kJ mol−1. The structure of EPO-HOAc was confirmed by FT-IR and 1H NMR. The oxidative stability of EPO-HOAc was better than that of palm oil (PO), and the pour point of EPO-HOAc was lower
than that of PO and EPO, which made EPO-HOAc more suitable for biodegradable lubricant materials than PO and EPO. 相似文献
Canola oil with an iodine value of 112/100 g, and containing 60% oleic acid and 20% linoleic acid, was epoxidised using a
peroxyacid generated in situ from hydrogen peroxide and a carboxylic acid (acetic or formic acid) in the presence of an acidic
ion exchange resin (AIER), Amberlite IR 120H. Acetic acid was found to be a better oxygen carrier than formic acid, as it
produced about 10% more conversion of ethylenic unsaturation to oxirane than that produced by formic acid under otherwise
identical conditions. A detailed process developmental study was then performed with the acetic acid/AIER combination. The
parameters optimised were temperature (65 °C), acetic acid to ethylenic unsaturation molar ratio (0.5), hydrogen peroxide
to ethylenic unsaturation molar ratio (1.5), and AIER loading (22%). An iodine conversion of 88.4% and a relative conversion
to oxirane of 90% were obtained at the optimum reaction conditions. The heterogeneous catalyst, AIER, was found to be reusable
and exhibited a negligible loss in activity. 相似文献
The kinetics of the oxirane cleavage of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) by methanol (Me) without a catalyst was studied at 50,
60, 65, 70 °C. The rate of oxirane ring opening is given by k[Ep][Me]2, where [Ep] and [Me] are the concentrations of oxiranes in ESO and methanol, respectively and k is a rate constant. From the temperature dependence of the kinetics thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy (ΔH), entropy (ΔS), free energy of activation (ΔF) and activation energy (ΔEa) were found to be 76.08 (±1.06) kJ mol−1, −118.42 (±3.12) J mol−1 k−1, 111.39 (±2.86) kJ mol−1, and 78.56 (±1.63) kJ mol−1, respectively. The methoxylated polyols formed from the oxirane cleavage reaction , were liquid at room temperature and had
three low temperature melting peaks. The results of chemical analysis via titration for residual oxiranes in the reaction
system showed good agreement with IR spectroscopy especially the disappearance of epoxy groups at 825, 843 cm−1 and the emergence of hydroxy groups at the OH characteristic absorption peak from 3,100 to 3,800 cm−1. 相似文献
Summary: Novel multifunctional formaldehyde resins bearing diaminodiphenylmethane groups are synthesized by the polymerization of a mixture of diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM), o‐cresol (o‐Cz), and cyclohexanone (CHx) with formaldehyde (FA) (at a molar ratio of monomers/formaldehyde, 1/1), in the presence of acid catalyst (HCl). The obtained resins are epoxidated with a large excess of epichlorohydrin and transformed into multifunctional epoxy resins. The multifunctional epoxy maleimide resins are obtained by reaction of the epoxy resins with carboxy phenyl maleimide in the presence of triethylamine as a catalyst. The resultant resins are characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy, elemental, and thermal analysis. The curing and thermal behavior of these epoxy maleimide resin/DDM systems are investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG) techniques. The activation energies of the curing reactions are situated in the range of 53–90 kJ · mol?1. The cured products have good thermal properties, and activation energies of degradation reactions have values between 42–74 kJ · mol?1.
The curing reaction of multifunctional epoxy maleimide resins with DDM. 相似文献
Saturated vapor pressure over cyanuric triazide melt was measured in the temperature range 393.15–453.15 K using glass membrane Bourdon pressure gauges. Measured evaporation heat and evaporation entropy are equal to 61.1±3.3 kJ mol–1 and 111.3±6.1 J mol–1 K–1, respectively. According to DSC data, melting heat and melting entropy of cyanuric triazide are 22.2±1.3 kJ mol–1 and 60.5±3.5 J mol–1 K–1, respectively. Based on the results obtained, the following dependence was found for the saturated vapor pressure over solid cyanuric triazide: P s [Pa]=1014.0 ⋅ exp[(–83300±3300)/RT ]. Concequently, sublimation heat and sublimation entropy of cyanuric triazide are equal to 83.3±3.3 kJ mol–1 and 171.8±9.6 J mol–1 K–1, respectively. Saturated vapor pressure over solid cyanuric triazide at room temperature is equal to 0.25 Pa (1.9×10−3 Torr). It is concluded that high volatility of cyanuric triazide is caused by its low sublimation heat. 相似文献
The elimination process which occurs during the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl acetate) has been studied using thermal analysis-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It was found that elimination of acetate groups initially began slowly, but increased as degradation proceeded due to an additional process. The increase in rate was found to depend on the concentration of unsaturated groups in the polymer chain. The activation energy for the initial step was found to be 190 kJ mol−1, while that for the additional process was 130 kJ mol−1. The additional process of elimination was considered to be due to a four-membered transition state, activated by double bonds adjacent to the acetate unit. 相似文献
The titled complex has been synthesized according to the template method from the prepared intermediate of 2,3-dicyano-5-methyl-1,4-dithiin in the presence of iron(II)sulfate heptahydrate and characterized by UV–vis, FT-IR , 1H NMR, XPS and elemental analysis. The complex was supported on an Amberlite CG-400 resin to form a biomimetic catalyst, the ability of which for activating molecular oxygen was estimated from the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light irradiation in an aerated suspension. About 78% of the RhB was degraded in 27 h with a rate constant of 1.84 × 10−10 mol L−1 s−1. Aggregation between the dimer and monomer for the titled complex in DMSO or in DMF solution was observed from the concentration dependence in the UV–vis spectra. The effect of the aggregation was also demonstrated by the diffuse reflectance spectral measurement for the catalyst supported on the resin in saturated and supersaturated adsorption conditions. The monomer of catalyst has a higher capability to activate molecular oxygen for the degradation of organic pollutants than that of an aggregation form. 相似文献
Epoxidation of karanja oil (KO), a nondrying vegetable oil, was carried out with peroxyacetic acid that was generated in situ from aqueous hydrogen peroxide and glacial acetic acid. KO contained 61.65% oleic acid and 18.52% linoleic acid, respectively,
and had an iodine value of 89 g/100 g. Unsaturated bonds in the oil were converted to oxirane by epoxidation. Almost complete
epoxidation of ethylenic unsaturation was achieved. For example, the iodine value of the oil could be reduced from 89 to 19
by epoxidation at 30°C. The effects of temperature, hydrogen peroxide-to-ethylenic unsaturation ratio, acetic acid-to-ethylenic
unsaturation ratio, and stirring speed on the epoxidation rate and on oxirane ring stability were studied. The rate constant
and activation energy for epoxidation of KO were 10−6 L·mol−1·s−1 and 14.9 kcal·mol−1, respectively. Enthalpy, entropy, and free energy of activation were 14.2 kcal·mol−1, −51.2 cal·mol−1·K−1, and 31.1 kcal·mol−1, respectively. The present study revealed that epoxides can be developed from locally available natural renewable resources
such as KO. 相似文献
The kinetics of epoxidation of jatropha oil by peroxyacetic/peroxyformic acid, formed in situ by the reaction of aqueous hydrogen peroxide and acetic/formic acid, in the presence of an acidic ion exchange resin as catalyst in or without toluene, was studied. The presence of an inert solvent in the reaction mixture appeared to stabilise the epoxidation product and minimise the side reaction such as the opening of the oxirane ring. The effect of several reaction parameters such as stirring speed, hydrogen peroxide-to-ethylenic unsaturation molar ratio, acetic/formic acid-to-ethylenic unsaturation molar ratio, temperature, and catalyst loading on the epoxidation rate as well as on the oxirane ring stability and iodine value of the epoxidised jatropha oil were examined. The multiphase process consists of a consecutive reaction, acidic ion exchange resin catalysed peroxyacid formation followed by epoxidation. The catalytic reaction of peroxyacetic/peroxyformic acid formation was found to be characterised by adsorption of only acetic (or formic) acid and peroxyacetic/peroxyformic acid on the active catalyst sites, and the irreversible surface reaction was the overall rate determining step. The proposed kinetic model takes into consideration two side reactions, namely, epoxy ring opening involving the formation of hydroxy acetate and hydroxyl groups and the reaction of the peroxyacid and epoxy group. The kinetic and adsorption constants of the rate equations were estimated by the best fit using nonlinear regression method. Good agreement between experimental and predicted data validated the proposed kinetic model. From the estimated kinetic constants, the apparent activation energy for epoxidation reaction was found to be 53.6 kJ/mol. This value compares well with those reported by other investigators for the same reaction over similar catalysts. 相似文献
The [2+3] cycloaddition of nitriles (RCN) with 2,2‐dimethyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyrrole 1‐oxide, in the presence of palladium dichloride (PdCl2) gives the corresponding 2,3‐dihydro[1.2.4]oxadiazole (Δ4‐1,2,4‐oxadiazoline) palladium(II) complexes 1 – 4 in good yields. However, the Pd(II)‐assisted reaction of pentafluorobenzonitrile with the same pyrroline N‐oxide gives a mixture of oxadiazoline 5 , ketoimine 6 and pyrrolylbenzamide‐ketoimine 7 Pd(II) complexes, which affords upon heating in refluxing acetone the unprecedented fused tricyclic ketoimine complex 8 as the exclusive product. Under heating, compounds 5 and 7 transform to 6 , the latter undergoing intramolecular cyclization by nucleophilic attack of the amino moiety to the ortho carbon of the pentafluorophenyl ring leading ultimately to 8 . The compounds were characterized by IR, 1H and 13C NMR, ESI+‐MS, elemental analyses and, in the cases of 3 , 6 , 7 and 8 , also by X‐ray diffraction analyses. The catalytic properties of the Pd complexes were evaluated in Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions, using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as a green solvent. Cross‐couplings of aryl halides with phenylboronic acid give the desired biaryl products in quantitative yields, in a short reaction time, for substrate‐to‐catalyst molar ratios as high as 4.0⋅104. 相似文献
Batch sorption experiments were carried out to remove a cationic dye, methylene blue (MB), from its aqueous solutions using a commercial activated carbon as an adsorbent. Operating variables studied were pH, stirring speed, initial methylene blue concentration and temperature. Adsorption process was attained to the equilibrium within 5 min. The adsorbed amount MB dye on activated carbon slightly changed with increasing pH, and temperature, indicating an endothermic process. The adsorption capacity of methylene blue did not significantly change with increasing stirring speed. The experimental data were analyzed by various isotherm models, and found that the isotherm data were reasonably well correlated by Langmuir isotherm. Adsorption measurements showed that the process was very fast and physical in nature. Thermodynamic parameters such as the adsorption entropy (ΔSo) and adsorption enthalpy (ΔHo) were also calculated as 0.165 kJ mol−1 K−1 and 49.195 kJ mol−1, respectively. The ΔGo values varied in range with the mean values showing a gradual increase from −0.256 to −0.780 to −2.764 and −7.914 kJ mol−1 for 293, 313, 323 and 333 K, respectively, in accordance with the positive adsorption entropy value of the adsorption process. 相似文献
The atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of n-butyl acrylate (nBA) using initiators for continuous activator regeneration
(ICAR) was successfully carried out in ionic liquid in the presence of a catalyst system of FeCl3·6H2O/succinic acid using 2-bromoisobutyrate as the initiator and 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile as the reducing agent. The ICAR
ATRP of nBA was proved a ‘living’/controlled polymerization such as a linear increase of molecular weights of polymers with
monomer conversion and relatively narrow polydispersities (<1.25) when the conversion was beyond 30% and its kinetics in this
system was investigated. The polymerization rate increased with temperature and the apparent activation energy was calculated
to be 32.84 kJ mol−1. The chain extension experiment was carried out to confirm the controlled manner of the polymerization system. The resultant
was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and gel permeation chromatography. 相似文献
Cyclic voltammetry, quasi-steady-state polarization curves and potentiostatic step method were applied to study the regeneration of FeIIEDTA in the wet process of NO removal. The results showed that the FeIIIEDTA reduction was a fast reversible process with one electron transferred on Pt electrode surface. Standard rate constant k0 of FeIIIEDTA reduction at 298 K was found to be 0.0263 cm s−1. According to the calculated diffusion activation energy of 24.93 kJ mol−1, apparent activation energy of 25.74 kJ mol−1 and the electron transfer activation energy of 16.56 kJ mol−1, the rate-determining step for FeIIIEDTA reduction was diffusion step. Potentiostatic electrolysis tests revealed that direct electrochemical regeneration of FeIIEDTA in the wet process of NO removal was a promising method because of its high efficiency. 相似文献
Catalytic oxidative polymerization of 2,2′-dihydroxybiphenyl (DHBP) was performed by using Schiff base polymer-Cu (II) complex
and hydrogen peroxide as catalyst and oxidant, respectively. According to size exclusion chromatography (SEC) analysis, the
number-average molecular weight (Mn), weight-average molecular weight (Mw) and polydispersity index (PDI) values of poly (2,2′-dihydroxybiphenyl) (PDHBP) were found to be 37,500, 90,000 g mol−1 and 2.4, respectively. The thermal degradation kinetics was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis in dynamic nitrogen
atmosphere at four different heating rates: 5, 10, 15 and 20 °C min−1. The derivative thermogravimetry curves of PDHBP showed that its thermal degradation process had one weight-loss step. The
apparent activation energies of thermal decomposition for PDHBP as determined by Tang, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO), Kissenger–Akahira–Sunose
(KAS), Coats–Redfern (CR) and Invariant kinetic parameter (IKP) methods were 109.1, 109.0, 110.0, 108.4 and 109.8 kJ mol−1, respectively. The mechanism function and pre-exponential factor were determined by master plots and Criado–Malek–Ortega
method. The most likely decomposition process was a Dn Deceleration type in terms of the CR, master plots and Criado–Malek–Ortega results. 相似文献