Cu-Cr-Zr合金高温热变形行为研究

在Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机上,采用高温等温压缩试验,对Cu-Cr-Zr合金在变形温度为600~800℃、应变速率为0.01~5 s~(-1)和总压缩应变量约50%条件下的热变形行为进行了研究。利用光学显微镜观察Cu-Cr-Zr合金在不同变形温度、不同应变速率下的显微组织,分析其组织演变规律。结果表明:应变速率和变形温度的变化强烈地影响合金流变应力的大小;Cu-Cr-Zr合金在热变形过程中发生了动态再结晶,且流变应力随变形温度升高而降低,随应变速率提高而增大;在应变温度为800℃时,合金热压缩变形流变应力出现了明显的峰值应力,表现为连续动态再结晶特征。从流变应力、应变速率和温度的相关性,得出了该合金热压缩变形时的热变形激活能Q和流变应力方程。     

Cu-Cr-Zr-Ag合金高温热变形及组织演变

对Cu-Cr-Zr-Ag合金在Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机上进行热压缩实验,对合金在应变速率为0.001~10 s-1、变形温度为650~950℃的高温变形过程中的流变应力行为、热变形过程中的组织演变和动态再结晶机制进行了研究。结果表明,流变应力随变形温度升高而减小,随应变速率提高而增大。Cu-Cr-Zr-Ag合金在热变形过程中的动态再结晶机制受变形温度和应变速率控制。当温度达到950℃,应变速率为0.001 s-1时,Cu-Cr-Zr-Ag合金发生完全的动态再结晶。该合金高温热压缩变形时的热变形激活能Q为343.23 k J/mol,同时利用逐步回归法建立了该合金的流变应力方程。     

Cu-Ni-Si-P合金的动态再结晶

在Gleeble-1500D热模拟实验机上,在应变速率为0.01～5 /s、变形温度为600～800 ℃条件下,采用高温等温压缩实验对Cu-2.0Ni-0.5Si-0.03P合金的流变应力行为进行研究。结果表明：热模拟实验中,应变速率和变形温度的变化强烈地影响合金流变应力的大小,流变应力随变形温度升高而降低,随应变速率提高而增大;在应变温度为750和800 ℃时,合金热压缩变形流变应力出现明显的峰值应力,表现为连续动态再结晶特征。从流变应力、应变速率和温度的相关性,得出该合金热压缩变形时的热变形激活能和本构方程。     

Cu-Ni-Si-P-Cr合金高温热变形行为及动态再结晶

在Gleeble 1500D热模拟试验机上,采用高温等温压缩试验对Cu-Ni-Si-P-Cr合金在应变速率为0.01~5 s 1、变形温度为600~800℃条件下的流变应力行为进行研究,利用光学显微镜分析合金在热压缩过程中的组织演变及动态再结晶机制。结果表明:Cu-Ni-Si-P-Cr合金在热变形过程中发生了动态再结晶,且根据变形温度的不同,真应力—真应变曲线的特征有所不同。流变应力随变形温度升高而降低,随应变速率提高而增大。从流变应力、应变速率和温度的相关性得出该合金热压缩变形时的热变形激活能Q和本构方程。     

CuCrSnZnY合金的动态再结晶行为

在Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机上,对Cu-Cr0.5-Sn0.31-Zn0.15-Y0.054合金进行高温等温压缩试验。变形条件是应变速率0.01、0.1、1、5 s-1,变形温度600、700、800℃,最大变形程度为真实应变0.6。结果表明:随变形温度升高,合金的流变应力下降,随应变速率提高,流变应力增大;在变形温度为700、800℃并且应变速率较低时,合金热压缩流变应力出现了明显的峰值;从流变应力、应变速率和温度的相关性,求得了热变形激活能(Q)和流变应力方程;合金动态再结晶的显微组织强烈受到变形条件的影响;变形条件对冷却后合金的硬度和导电率产生了明显的影响。     

Cu-Ni-Si-Ag合金动态再结晶及组织演变

在Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机上,采用高温等温压缩试验,对Cu-2.0Ni-0.5Si-0.15Ag合金在应变速率为0.01～5s-1、变形温度为600～800℃、最大变形程度为60%条件下的流变应力行为进行了研究.分析了实验合金在高温变形时的流变应力和应变速率及变形温度之间的关系.并研究了在热压缩过程中组织的变化.结果表明:热模拟实验中,应变速率和变形温度的变化强烈地影响合金流变应力的大小,流变应力随变形温度升高而降低,随应变速率提高而增大.从流变应力、应变速率和温度的相关性,得出了该合金高温热压缩变形时的应力指数n,应力参数α,结构因子A,热变形激活能Q和流变应力方程.合金动态再结晶的显微组织强烈受到变形温度的影响.     

Cu-Cr-Zr-Nd合金高温热变形及组织演变

在Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机上对Cu-Cr-Zr-Nd合金进行热压缩实验,对合金在应变速率分别为0.001、0.01、0.1、1、10 s-1,变形温度分别为650、750、850、900、950℃的高温变形过程中的流变应力行为、热变形过程中的组织演变和动态再结晶机制进行研究。结果表明:流变应力随变形温度的升高而减小,随应变速率的提高而增大。Cu-Cr-Zr-Nd合金在热变形过程中的动态再结晶机制受变形温度和应变速率的影响。当温度为900℃、应变速率为10 s-1时,Cu-Cr-Zr-Nd合金发生完全的动态再结晶。从流变应力、应变速率和温度的相关性,得出该合金高温热压缩变形时的热变形激活能Q为404.84 k J/mol,同时利用逐步回归的方法建立该合金的流变应力方程。     

6061铝合金热变形动态再结晶行为研究

利用Gleeble-3500试验机对6061铝合金进行单道次等温恒应变速率压缩试验,研究合金在应变速率为0.001～1s~(-1),温度为350～500℃热变形条件下的动态再结晶行为。统计试验所得流变应力曲线峰值应力数据,确定合金热变形激活能Q为307.528kJ·mol~(-1),建立合金在不同热变形条件下的流变应力方程,动态再结晶峰值和临界应变模型;依据流变应力曲线特征,计算合金在不同变形条件下的动态再结晶体积分数,据此建立动态再结晶动力学模型。分析流变应力曲线可知铸态6061铝合金在350～500℃下变形,应变速率较低时(0.01s~(-1)),合金组织更容易发生动态再结晶,应力软化现象更明显。     

Cu-0.4Zr合金的动态再结晶行为及组织演变

通过在Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机上进行高温等温压缩试验,对Cu-0.4Zr合金在应变速率为0.001~10 s~(-1)、变形温度为550~900℃、最大变形程度为55%条件下的流变应力行为进行探讨。分析了该合金在高温变形时的流变应力和应变速率及变形温度之间的关系,并对其在热压缩过程中的组织演变进行观察。结果表明:热模拟试验中,应变速率和变形温度的变化强烈地影响合金流变应力的大小,流变应力随变形温度升高而下降,随应变速率提高而增大。结合流变应力、应变速率和变形温度的相关性,计算得出了该合金高温热压缩变形时的应力指数(n)、应力参数(α)、结构因子(A)、热变形激活能(Q)和本构方程。合金动态再结晶的显微组织强烈受到应变速率的影响。     

基于热加工图的Cu-Ni-Si-P合金的高温热变形行为

在Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机上,通过高温等温压缩试验,对Cu-2.0Ni-0.5Si-0.03P合金在应变速率为0.01～5 s-1、变形温度为600～800℃的动态再结晶行为以及组织转变进行了研究。结果表明:在应变温度为750、800℃时,合金热压缩变形流变应力出现了明显的峰值应力,表现为连续动态再结晶特征。同时从流变应力、应变速率和温度的相关性,得出了该合金高温热压缩变形时的热变形激活能(Q)为485.6 kJ/mol和热变形本构方程。根据动态材料模型计算并分析了该合金的热加工图,利用热加工图确定热变形的流变失稳区,并且获得了试验参数范围内热变形过程的最佳工艺参数,温度为750～800℃,应变速率范围为0.01～0.1 s-1,并利用热加工图分析了该合金不同区域的高温变性特征以及组织变化。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。