CMOS工艺X射线图像传感器设计

本文设计了一种不需闪烁体或增感屏,直接对X射线进行探测成像的线阵图像传感器,对其电荷收集进行了理论分析,设计了辐射加固的光敏元结构。采用0.5 μm DPTM CMOS工艺,针对单个像元内含不同个数光敏元的结构进行了流片和X射线实验测试。测试结果表明：该图像传感器暗信号电压约为1 V,随像元内光敏元个数的增加暗信号电压增大;饱和输出电压为2.4 V;随光敏元个数的增加,电荷收集总量增加,总寄生电容也同时增加,所设计的单个像元含3个光敏元的结构能得到相对更大的有效输出电压。     

Some aspects of statistical distribution of trace element concentrations in biomedical samples

Concentrations of trace elements in biomedical samples were studied using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TRXRF) and particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) methods. Used analytical methods were compared in terms of their detection limits and applicability for studying the trace elements in large populations of biomedical samples. In a result, the XRF and TRXRF methods were selected to be used for the trace element concentration measurements in the urine and woman full-term placenta samples. The measured trace element concentration distributions were found to be strongly asymmetric and described by the logarithmic–normal distribution. Such a distribution is expected for the random sequential process, which realistically models a level of trace elements in studied biomedical samples. The importance and consequences of this finding are discussed, especially in the context of comparison of the concentration measurements in different populations of biomedical samples.     

基于X射线相干衍射成像的元素分布成像

基于上海光源软X射线谱学显微线站的特点和相干X射线衍射成像(CDI)技术,对软X射线相干衍射成像方法的一个重要应用:元素分布成像及含量分析进行了模拟研究。推导了CDI相比双能分析算法并进行了理论模拟,估算了能够分辨的最小物质含量,并分析了CDI实验噪声等因素对元素分布成像的影响。所得结果可对软X射线CDI的实际应用提供理论指导。     

A review of geometric calibration for different 3-D X-ray imaging systems

A precise knowledge of geometry is always pivotal to a 3-D X-ray imaging system,such as computed tomography(CT),digital X-ray tomosynthesis,and computed laminography.To get an accurate and reliable reconstruction image,exact knowledge of geometry is indispensable.Nowadays,geometric calibration has become a necessary step after completing CT system installation.Various geometric calibration methods have been reported with the fast development of 3-D X-ray imaging techniques.In these methods,different measuring methods,calibration phantoms or markers,and calculation algorithms were involved with their respective advantages and disadvantages.This paper reviews the history and current state of geometric calibration methods for different3-D X-ray imaging systems.Various calibration algorithms are presented and summarized,followed by our discussion and outlook.     

Forensic analysis of tempered sheet glass by particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE)

The elemental concentrations of five trace elements in tempered sheet glass fragments were determined using particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) spectrometry. The trace element concentrations for calcium, iron, manganese, strontium, and titanium are compared to those obtained by inductively-coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) following complete digestion by hydrofluoric acid. For these five elements, the absolute concentrations obtained by both methods are shown to agree well over a wide range of concentrations. The limits of detection for trace elements are typically lower for the ICP-AES method. However, we show that the concentrations of these five elements can be accurately measured by the PIXE method. Since PIXE is an entirely non-destructive method, there exists a niche for this technique to be used as a complement to the more sensitive ICP-AES technique in the forensic analysis of sheet glass.     

Accurate quantitative CF-LIBS analysis of both major and minor elements in alloys via iterative correction of plasma temperature and spectral intensity

The chemical composition of alloys directly determines their mechanical behaviors and application fields.Accurate and rapid analysis of both major and minor elements in alloys plays a key role in metallurgy quality control and material classification processes.A quantitative calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) analysis method,which carries out combined correction of plasma temperature and spectral intensity by using a secondorder iterative algorithm and two boundary standard samples,is proposed to realize accurate composition measurements.Experimental results show that,compared to conventional CF-LIBS analysis,the relative errors for major elements Cu and Zn and minor element Pb in the copperlead alloys has been reduced from 12％,26％ and 32％ to 1.8％,2.7％ and 13.4％,respectively.The measurement accuracy for all elements has been improved substantially.     

BSRF高灵敏度衍射增强成像系统搭建

作为一种重要的相位衬度成像方法,衍射增强成像(Diffraction Enhanced Imaging,DEI)是利用晶体的角度选择特性探测样品引起的X射线角度变化来获得样品衬度图像。晶体摇摆曲线是衍射增强成像装置的重要特征,理论上晶体的摇摆曲线越窄,则衍射增强成像灵敏度越高,所获得的图像衬度也会越好。在北京同步辐射装置(Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility,BSRF)4W1A成像实验站现有Si(111)晶体DEI装置的基础上,通过选用高精度转台并对晶体采取减少加工应力残余和降低安装夹持应力的措施,设计研制了基于Si(400)和Si(333)晶体的高灵敏度DEI实验装置,并利用标准样品和实际生物样品进行了实验验证。系统摇摆曲线测试及成像结果表明,所研制的成像装置可以开展二维和三维成像实验且具有更高的成像灵敏度。     

X射线源针孔成像系统优化设计研究

为提高X射线源针孔成像系统的性能,对成像能区为10~100 keV的X射线源针孔成像系统进行了优化设计研究。综合应用了理论分析和蒙特卡罗模拟的方法,首先根据X射线波长、准直器角响应和X射线穿透效应对针孔成像的不同影响结果设计了可有效控制成像分辨率和成像面积变化的船底型准直器,随后用蒙特卡罗方法对使用该准直器的针孔成像系统进行了模拟验证。结果表明,对于100 keV以下的X射线,经船底型准直器后,成像的空间分辨率和亮斑亮度较稳定,能得到相对准确的X射线源定位、定量信息。     

Corrosion studies in support of lead-bismuth cooled FBRs

The performance of structural materials in lead or lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) systems is evaluated. The materials evaluated included several US steels (austenitic steel [316L], carbon steels [F-22, Fe-Si], ferritic/martensitic steels [HT-9 and 410]), and several experimental Fe-Si-Cr alloys that were expected to demonstrate corrosion resistance. The materials were exposed in either a dynamic corrosion cell for periods from 100 to 1,000 h at temperatures of 400, 500, 600 and 700°C, depending on material and exposure location. Weight change and optical SEM or X-ray analysis of the specimen were used to characterize oxide film thickness, corrosion depth, microstructure, and composition changes. The tests conducted with stainless steels (410, 316L and HT-9) produced mass transfer of elements (e.g., Ni and Cr) into the LBE, resulting in degradation of the material. With Fe-Si alloys a Si rich layer (as SiO₂) is formed on the surface during exposure to LBE from the selective dissolution of Fe.     

X-ray imaging sensor using CdTe crystals for dual energy X-rayabsorptiometry

The authors have designed and built a multi-channel cadmium telluride detector array to test its suitability as an X-ray imaging sensor for dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The X-ray imaging sensor was constructed of 64 CdTe detector elements with high frequency current amplifiers, discriminators, and counters. The detector elements were operated in the photon counting mode and output pulses induced by the X-ray photons were separated into two energy levels according to their height. The energy resolution of the detector elements was 18.7% to 59.54 keV gamma-rays. In combination with a K-edge filter to produce dual energy X-rays, the X-ray imaging sensor was able to generate two energy X-ray images simultaneously over a short time. By applying a simple energy subtraction method to these images, bone phantoms were distinguished from the overlying tissue phantoms and their densities could be successfully measured. It was clearly demonstrated that this X-ray imaging sensor using CdTe crystals has good potential for high speed bone densitometry     

X-ray energy separation method using a CdTe semiconductor X-rayimaging sensor and photon counting method

A multichannel X-ray imaging sensor using a CdTe compound semiconductor radiation detector in photon counting mode was developed and tested for digital X-ray imaging and an X-ray energy separation capability. The X-ray imaging sensor was constructed of CdTe detector elements at a pitch of 0.25 mm. High band amplifiers, discriminators, and counters attached to each element formed the pulse counting circuit. Charge pulses generated by absorbed X-ray photons were directly counted and separated into two energy regions. Digitized X-ray images containing energy information were thus obtained. Using this sensor two separate X-ray images of different energy can be obtained simultaneously. A 256-channel X-ray imaging sensor was prepared and used to provide spatial resolution measurement for an X-ray charge. Low and high energy images of a hand phantom were thus obtained and both a soft tissue image and a bone image were produced using an energy subtraction method     

X射线光栅相衬成像中保留源光栅的探测器校正方法

本文提出了一种X射线光栅相衬成像探测器校正方法,该方法无需移除靠近光源的源光栅,而是将其与光源作为一个整体参与增益校正。在基于几何投影的光栅相衬成像系统上,开展了利用传统的探测器校正与本文提出的探测器校正方法的对比实验,两种方法获得了一致的结果。实验结果表明,本文方法大幅简化了实验操作流程,提高了系统的稳定性,对于实现X射线相衬成像的临床应用有一定的推进意义。     

X射线成像系统的非线性特性

通过理论分析和实验研究，探讨了X射线成像系统的非线性特性及其成因，这对于提高X射线成影像的质量具有重要意义。     

In-line X-ray phase-contrast imaging of murine liver microvasculature ex vivo

Imaging blood vessels is of importance for determining the vascular distribution of organs and tumors.Phase-contrast X-ray imaging can reveal the vessels in much more detail than conventional X-ray absorption method.Visualizing murine liver microvasculature ex vivo with phase-contrast X-ray imaging was performed at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility.Barium sulfate and physiological saline were used as contrast agents for the blood vessels.Blood vessels of <Φ20μm could be detected by replacing resident blood with physiological saline or barium sulfate.An entire branch of the portal vein (from the main axial portal vein to the ninth generation of branching) could be captured in a single phase-contrast image.It is demonstrated that selective angiography based on phase contrast X-ray imaging,with a physiological material of low Z elements (such as saline) being the contrast agent,is a viable imaging strategy.Further efforts will be focused on using the technique to image tumor angiogenesis.     

The Sn–Ti–Zr system: equilibrium phases at 900°C

Sn–Ti–Zr alloys were obtained by melting pure elements in an arc furnace. The compositions of the alloys were selected in order to establish the equilibria and domains of the stable phases. Isothermal heat treatments at 900°C were made in two time intervals of 750 h, each one performed in order to reach the stable equilibria of the phases. The characterization of the phases and the determination of their compositions were made by metallographic observations, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy and electron microprobe analysis. The isothermal section of the Sn–Ti–Zr system at 900°C was drawn in a Gibbs phase diagram.     

新型硫掺杂聚苯乙烯的制备与表征

本工作研究一类新型硫掺杂聚苯乙烯的制备方法。以对氯甲基苯乙烯和苯乙烯为原料,在偶氮二异丁腈（AIBN）引发下,制备对氯甲基苯乙烯的均聚物和与不同比例苯乙烯共聚的共聚物,此氯甲基化聚苯乙烯与乙基磺原酸钾反应,即可以高产率制备不同硫掺杂聚苯乙烯。该方法操作简单,条件温和。聚合物结构经红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱表征,聚合物相对分子质量经凝胶渗透色谱分析检测。同时还对硫掺杂聚合物的成膜性能进行了初步研究,结果表明,该聚合物成膜性能良好。     

Review of accelerator gadgets for art and archaeology

For 30 years analytical methods based on ion beams have been progressively adapted to art and archaeological issues. By allowing the analysis of artefacts in a non-invasive and non-destructive way, the external beam represents the cornerstone of this evolution. In order to reach in air specifications usually obtained under vacuum, improvements in various directions have been necessary. A large panel of gadgets and experimental arrangements have been designed such as a multi-detector set-up operating in helium atmosphere to extend the range of measured elements, a nuclear microprobe at atmospheric pressure for the study of microscopic details or a reliable beam monitoring system. In addition, specific procedures have been developed to characterise multi-layered samples (easel paintings, alteration layers) by varying either the beam energy or the impinging angle. To improve the sensitivity to trace elements in high-Z materials like metals or for analysing targets too sensitive to stand direct exposure to charged particles, a specific X-ray fluorescence set-up (PIXE-XRF) based on the production of quasi-monochromatic X-rays has been developed. Eventually, the ion beam methods usually restricted for external beams to those based on photon detection (PIXE, PIGE) have been recently extended to methods based on charged particle detection (RBS, NRA and even ERDA), opening new perspectives for determination of light elements and depth profiling. This paper makes an historical review of the adaptation of IBA methods to the study of cultural heritage.     

评价衍射增强成像空间分辨率的方法

衍射增强成像是X射线成像领域的前沿科技。相比于传统的吸收成像,衍射增强成像能大幅提高图像的衬度,尤其是对于由C、H、O、N等低原子序数元素构成的物体,这一特性使得衍射增强成像在医学诊断方面具有突出的应用价值。目前还没有系统评价衍射增强成像空间分辨率的方法。本文通过构建成像系统的调制传递函数模型,推导出衍射增强成像的空间分辨率计算公式,从而对衍射增强实验平台的整体性能进行综合评价。调制传递函数综合考虑了摇摆曲线几何、CCD像素尺寸、闪烁体荧光弥散效应对系统空间分辨率的固有影响,并详细分析了系统调制传递函数各因素对空间分辨率的影响规律,为衍射增强实验平台的物理设计及设备选型提供理论依据。     

太阳X射线成像望远镜低噪声信号采集系统

太阳X射线成像望远镜是我国正在研制的第一台观测太阳10nm以下X射线活动的空间仪器,采用背照射式全耗尽型短波敏感CCD作为成像传感器,利用低噪声信号采集系统采集X射线CCD中的电荷信号,生成图像数据.文章在详细介绍X射线CCD输出结构的基础上,分析了CCD输出信号产生的过程,复位噪声产生原因和CCD输出信号的特点,引出了对信号采集系统性能指标和电路结构的要求.继而介绍了信号采集系统的各组成部分,包括前置放大电路,相关双采样电路,主放大器和AD转换电路,重点分析了相关双采样电路的原理,文中给出了各部分的设计参考和测试结果,最后总结了空间相机低噪声信号采集系统的设计原则.测试结果表明该系统成功抑制了噪声,满足太阳X射线观测的要求.     

衍射增强成像的若干基础问题研究Ⅰ.衍射增强成像的衬度与X射线能量的关系

为了探讨X射线衍射增强成像的衬度与X射线能量的关系,利用北京同步辐射光源4W1A光束线引出的硬X射线对大块正常和癌变的乳腺组织进行成像研究.在摇摆曲线顶部位置获得的图像(峰位图像)和表观吸收图像的衬度随X射线能量的变化关系是相似的,说明峰位图像和表观吸收图像包含的主要衬度相似,即吸收衬度,而折射图像的衬度随X射线能量的增大总体上呈现下降趋势.综合来看,对于乳腺类的软组织来说,DEI成像在低能量端有很好的衬度,反映了衍射增强成像更适合于主要由轻元素组成的物体的成像.