电镀制备WC@W-Cu复合材料与性能研究

W-Cu复合材料因具有低膨胀系数、高强度及导电导热性能而广泛用作电子封装、电极、电触头和炮弹的罩壳等材料。W-Cu复合材料传统制备方法在致密化、微观组织的均匀性等方面难以兼顾,导致材料的导电导热性能不足,难以满足现代电子工业的要求。以W粉及W粉表面碳化得到的WC@W粉为原料,采用复合电镀技术成功制备了W-Cu和WC@W-Cu复合材料。结果表明,W-Cu复合材料表面粗糙,微观组织存在孔洞,而WC@W-Cu复合材料晶粒细化,微观结构组织均匀、致密。WC@W-Cu复合材料的W含量为43.6wt.%,硬度达205HV,相对密度为99.3%,电导率可达54.6MS/m。采用WC@W纳米粉,电镀制备出的WC@W-Cu复合材料不仅增加了W含量,明显提高了硬度,而且在相对密度和导电性方面也优于W-Cu复合材料。     

W-Cu材料的应用进展和制备技术

W-Cu材料具有高密度、高强度、低膨胀性、良好导电性、良好的加工性等特点而被广泛应用于高压电器、电子封装、航天、武器装备等领域。近年来,面向等离子体抗热冲击的W-Cu功能梯度材料成为一个研究的热点。制备W-Cu材料有传统的液相烧结法、热压法、熔渗法。传统的制备方法生产的W-Cu材料致密度低、导电性差,而且生产成本高,效率低。采用超细或纳米钨铜混合粉可以在较低温度下直接烧制得到接近完全致密的W-Cu材料,这已成为钨铜材料制取工艺的重点研究方向。由超细W-Cu粉末制备的W-Cu材料具有非常高的导热、导电性能,具有传统方法制备的W-Cu复合材料所无法比拟的优点。因此,超细纳米W-Cu复合技术是最具广阔前景的制备方法。     

活化烧结制备W-Cu复合材料及其性能

研究添加元素Ni对W-Cu复合材料组织和性能的影响.利用预混粉、机械球磨和活化液相烧结法制备不同Ni含量W-Cu复合材料,采用电子扫描显微镜、X射线衍射仪、激光导热仪等对复合材料的显微组织、物相、热导率、热膨胀系数和硬度进行检测与分析.结果表明:当W-Cu复合材料中不添加Ni元素时,W颗粒团聚形成闭合孔隙,液相Cu无法...     

纳米W-Cu复合粉末制备技术的研究现状

纳米W-Cu复合粉末具有大的比表面积和高的烧结活性,可制备各种致密度高、性能优良的W-Cu复合材料,因而在电子封装和微电子信息工业中越来越受到重视。本文综述了近几年国内外纳米W-Cu复合粉末的发展现状,详细介绍和评价了几种纳米W-Cu复合粉末的制备方法。     

复合电镀制备WC@W-Cu复合材料的组织与性能

W-Cu复合材料因具有低膨胀系数、高强度及较好的导电导热性能而广泛用作电子封装、电极、电触头和炮弹的罩壳等材料。W-Cu复合材料传统制备方法在致密化、微观组织的均匀性等方面难以兼顾,导致材料的导电导热性能不足,难以满足现代电子工业的要求。本研究以W粉及W粉表面碳化得到的WC@W粉为原料,采用复合电镀技术制备了W-Cu和WC@W-Cu复合材料。结果表明,W-Cu复合材料表面粗糙,微观组织存在孔洞,而WC@W-Cu复合材料晶粒细化,微观结构组织均匀、致密。WC@W-Cu复合材料的W含量(质量分数)为43.6%,硬度(HV)达2050 MPa,相对密度为99.3%,电导率可达54.6MS/m。采用WC@W纳米粉,电镀制备的WC@W-Cu复合材料不仅增加了W含量,明显提高了硬度,而且在相对密度和导电性方面也优于W-Cu复合材料。     

W-Cu复合材料制备新技术与发展前景

W-Cu复合材料具有热膨胀系数低、导电性好、导热性好、高熔点、高硬度以及良好的抗电弧烧蚀性能,在机械加工、电气工程以及电子信息领域被广泛用作电极材料、电接触材料、电子封装材料及靶材等越来越受到国内外的关注。传统粉末冶金方法制备的W-Cu复合材料致密度低、组织结构粗大且均匀性差,严重影响材料性能。采用纳米复合新技术制备的W-Cu复合材料具有很大的技术优势:粉末纳米化使得粉末的烧结活化能大大降低,其烧结活化能在1 420℃时仅为42.1 kJ/mol和29.1 kJ/mol,远低于纯W相同温度范围内的587.9 kJ/mol,同时纳米复合使得W与Cu发生了固溶,从而使得复合粉末表现出良好的烧结活性。采用纳米复合制备的细晶W-Cu复合材料具有非常优异的综合性能,其原因在于经烧结后获得高的致密度和组织结构均匀细小。     

纳米W-Cu复合粉体制备工艺的研究进展

由纳米W-Cu复合粉末制备的W-Cu复合材料具有优异的综合性能,从而受到国内外学者的广泛关注。本文对纳米W-Cu复合粉末的制备工艺进行了总结,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

AlN覆钨对AlN/W-Cu复合材料组织和性能的影响

采用溶胶凝胶法对AlN粉体进行表面覆W后，将其与适量W粉混合，经压制、预烧结，制得多孔AlN/W骨架，再熔渗Cu后制备出不同AlN含量(0～8%)的AlN/W-Cu复合材料。考察了AlN含量对于烧结体微观组织、力学性能和热学性能的影响，并与由未覆钨AlN粉体制备的AlN/W-Cu复合材料进行对比。结果表明，采用溶胶凝胶法可在AlN颗粒表面均匀制备覆W层，其界面结合良好。覆钨AlN/W-Cu复合材料的相对密度、硬度、抗拉强度以及热导率均优于未覆钨AlN/W-Cu复合材料的。AlN/W-Cu复合材料的相对密度、抗拉强度及热导率随AlN含量的增加而降低，而硬度随AlN含量的增加而上升。当AlN含量为2%时，覆钨AlN/W-Cu复合材料的综合性能最佳，相对密度达到97.69%，显微硬度达到277HV，热导率达到205.54 W/(m·K)。     

钨系合金的粉末冶金

1 W-Cu合金 高能量密度微电子与光电子用复合材料 在激光、二极管等方面所用的复合材料，需要较高的耐热性能，W-Cu复合材料提供了导热性和热膨胀性的良好匹配。W-Cu复合材料的热膨胀性与Al2O3、BeO、SiN和GaAs等标准电子基板的热膨胀率基本一致。 为达到特定的要求，采用功     

轧制变形对W-Cu组织性能的影响

将熔浸好的W-Cu复合材料加工成3mm厚的薄板进行热轧,轧制成lmm厚,变形率为67%;通过拉伸试验比较轧制前后材料的抗拉强度;用扫描电镜观察断口形貌,金相显微镜观察、对比变形前后材料的显微组织.结果表明,变形后W-Cu材料的抗拉强度显著提高;轧制后材料明显致密化.并且钨颗粒被拉长.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。