热循环下梯度热障涂层热氧化物生长的应力分析

建立了一种预测多层复合梯度热障涂层热应力的理论模型,并通过有限元方法分析了梯度涂层分布指数n、热循环过程中热氧化物的生长对涂层热应力大小及分布的影响。结果表明,通过控制梯度涂层的成分分布指数可以显著降低热应力和改善应力分布。当n=1时,涂层热应力较小且变化平缓,结合性能优异。与双层非梯度涂层的热应力对比可知,功能梯度涂层能显著地缓和涂层系统的热应力和消除应力集中。另外,热循环过程中梯度热障涂层与基体界面附近生长的热氧化物急剧地提升了界面附近的热应力,复杂而又集中的热应力对梯度涂层有很大的破坏。同时采用了一种方法来抑制热氧化物的生长,结果显示该方法能较好地优化涂层的热应力和改善涂层质量。     

Microstructure and Thermal Behavior of Thermal Barrier Coatings

Yttria stabilized zirconia thick coatings were thermally sprayed from two different feedstock powders. Coating characteristics such as density, crystalline phase composition, and microstructure were evaluated. The thermal expansion coefficient and thermal diffusivity were measured as a function of temperature up to 800 °C and analyzed in terms of the microstructural features. The ability of available models to relate the measured thermal properties to the microstructural features as characterized by readily available methods was assessed. The importance of pore shape and orientation on the thermal conductivity was evidenced. The thermal contact resistance between the substrate and the coating in these samples was estimated from the thermal diffusivity data, and found to change during cooling from 800 °C.     

Thermal Performance of Low-Melting-Temperature Alloy Thermal Interface Materials

Thermal resistance of low-melting-temperature alloy(LMTA) thermal interface materials(TIMs) was measured by laser flash method before and after different stages of heating.The results showed that the thermal performance of the LMTA TIMs was degraded during the heating process.It is suggested that the degradation may mainly be attributed to the interfacial reaction between the Cu and the molten LMTAs.Due to the fast growth rate of intermetallic compound(IMC) at the solid–liquid interface,a thick brittle IMC is layer formed at the interface,which makes cracks easy to initiate and expand.Otherwise,the losses of indium and tin contents in the LMTA during the interfacial reaction will make the melting point of the TIM layer increase,and so,the TIM layer will not melt at the operating temperature.     

绝热材料的显微结构及绝热性能

着重分析了材料的显微结构对材料导热系数的影响:高孔隙率减弱固相传热作用从而使材料的导热系数减小,但是,高孔隙的也增大辐射传热作用.适当降低孔隙可减少辐射传热作用,这在高温时特别明显.尺寸<1 mm的孔隙中对流传热被制止,不再对传热起作用.在保持孔隙总量不变的前提下减小孔径可使孔隙数量增大,从而减小导热系数.小于100 nm的孔隙可以消除气体本身的热传导,从而极大地减小材料的导热系数.展示了几种不同显微结构的材料及其绝热性能.     

等离子工艺热障涂层的热疲劳分析

热障涂层作为先进的热防护技术,在航空发动机热端部件上有重要的应用,它与先进气膜冷却技术、先进单晶合金材料技术并称为航空发动机涡轮叶片三大关键技术。为了保证发动机安全可靠地工作,研究并测试热障涂层的力学参数和热疲劳特性是其工程应用的前提与基础。本文以等离子喷涂工艺制备的热障涂层为研究对象,利用共振原理和复合梁理论,获得了热障涂层表层一陶瓷层从常温到1150℃高温条件下的杨氏模量。同时,鉴于热障涂层的热疲劳失效模式为剥落,着重对热障涂层的热疲劳特性进行研究。以带热障涂层的圆管试样为模拟件进行了热疲劳试验,试验载荷选择50℃／1050℃的梯形波。利用所测试的材料参数和有限元方法进行了热变形分析,提取了热疲劳寿命控制参量,对模拟试样的热疲劳寿命进行了预测,结果显示,预测结果较为精确。     

Self-Enhancing Thermal Insulation Performance of Bimodal-Structured Thermal Barrier Coating

Nanostructured thermal barrier coatings (nano-TBCs) are being extensively studied because of their excellent thermal barrier properties. The occurrence of sintering in TBCs is inevitable in service; however, accelerated sintering of the nano-TBCs may cause premature failure. This study focuses on the changes of microstructure and thermal conductivity of bimodal nano-TBCs during thermal exposure. Results show that there are two stages in the sintering process. It was found that the thermal conductivity increased rapidly in the first stage (from 0 to 20 h), with the rate of increase in normalized thermal conductivity equal to 140% of bimodal coating. The continuous healing of the pores was the main structural change. During the following stage (20 to 100 h), the thermal conductivity decreased with the rate of increase in normalized thermal conductivity equal to ??8% of bimodal coating. The change of structure was the opening of pores. Furthermore, self-enhancing behavior of bimodal composite coatings was discovered. The phenomenon of inevitable sintering in thermodynamics can be used to introduce large-aspect-ratio pores in the in-depth direction, which can greatly slow down the increase in thermal conductivity in service and ultimately increase the lifetime of the thermal insulation. Based on a full study of the sintering mechanism of composite coatings, the present study sheds light on the structural adjustments that lead to a lower thermal conductivity and longer service life in the advanced TBC during high-temperature service.     

红外热波检测热激励源的优化

为解决热激励信号的选取问题,从热波检测的原理出发,建立了求解试件温度分布的偏微分方程组。通过分析方程组,发现热激励信号强度与温度升高值成正比关系。先从理论上对其进行推导,并使用ANSYS软件对试件内热传导过程进行数值计算。结果表明,增强热激励信号在脉冲热像法中可以成正比增大最大温差,在阶梯热像法中可以成正比增大各时刻的温差,在锁相热像法中可以成正比增大幅值差,为热激励信号强度的定量选取提供了理论依据和具体尺度。     

Failure Mechanism for Thermal Fatigue of Thermal Barrier Coating Systems

Thick thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), consisting of a CoNiCrAlY bond coat and yttria-partially stabilized zirconia top coat with different porosity values, were produced by air plasma spray (APS). The thermal fatigue resistance limit of the TBCs was tested by furnace cycling tests (FCT) according to the specifications of an original equipment manufacturer (OEM). The morphology, residual stresses, and micromechanical properties (microhardness, indentation fracture toughness) of the TBC systems before and after FCT were analyzed. The thermal fatigue resistance increases with the amount of porosity in the top coat. The compressive in-plane stresses increase in the TBC systems after thermal cycling; nevertheless the increasing rate has a trend contrary to the porosity level of top coat. The data suggest that the spallation happens at the TGO/top coat interface. The failure mechanism of thick TBCs was found to be similar to that of conventional thin TBC systems made by APS.     

热障涂层高温氧化生长应力预测

基于Clark氧化生长应变率理论和Wagner氧化模型给出了涂层高温生长应力公式,计算预测了热障涂层中氧化生长应力随时间的演化规律;利用光致发光分析技术对氧化层的应力进行了实验测试,并对两种结果进行了比较和分析。结果表明,本文给出的热障涂层高温氧化生长应力模型预测与实验结果符合     

提高等离子喷涂热障涂层隔热性能的方法

为进一步提高等离子喷涂热障涂层的隔热性能,对陶瓷材料的导热理论及热障涂层的热导率进行了研究.提出了包括寻求新型热障涂层陶瓷材料、添加掺杂剂、制备纳米涂层及双陶瓷层热障涂层等能够改善等离子喷涂涂层隔热性能的方法;并指出,采用等离子喷涂技术制备带颜色的稀土锆酸盐纳米双陶瓷层热障涂层,将会进一步改善热障涂层的隔热性能.     

EB-PVD热障涂层热循环性能评价方法研究

制备8批次EB-PVD双层结构热障涂层试样,采用循环加热快速冷却实验装置模拟热障涂层服役环境,开展了热障涂层试样在不同热循环保温时间条件下的热循环性能评价实验,采用指数下降的数学模型对热循环实验数据进行拟合分析,获得了表征热障涂层试样静态氧化性能和热疲劳性能的物理量.结果表明,在本实验工艺条件下制备的不同批次热障涂层试样的静态氧化性能和热疲劳性能具有不同的匹配关系,热障涂层试样静态氧化性能总体估计值为(677±194)h,热疲劳性能总体估计值为(6789±1818)次.     

多层结构热障涂层抗热震性能的研究

本文采用电子束物理气相沉积技术(EB-PVD)在镍基单晶合金N5基体上制备了双层热障涂层(粘结层+陶瓷层)和三层热障涂层(粘结层+混合层+陶瓷层),并对两组涂层体系的热循环性能进行1100℃保温5min 水冷的热震实验,对其微观组织结构采用扫描电镜、能谱仪以及X射线衍射进行了分析。研究发现,在粘结层和陶瓷层之间添加的混合层(NiCrAlY+YSZ)能够延缓TGO层的生长,并具有缓解内应力的作用,两者的共同作用使得三层结构的热障涂层表现出更为优异的热匹配性。     

Improved Thermal Cycling Durability of Thermal Barrier Coatings Manufactured by PS-PVD

The plasma spray-physical vapor deposition (PS-PVD) process is a promising method to manufacture thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). It fills the gap between traditional thermal spray processes and electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD). The durability of PS-PVD manufactured columnar TBCs is strongly influenced by the compatibility of the metallic bondcoat (BC) and the ceramic TBC. Earlier investigations have shown that a smooth BC surface is beneficial for the durability during thermal cycling. Further improvements of the bonding between BC and TBC could be achieved by optimizing the formation of the thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer. In the present study, the parameters of pre-heating and deposition of the first coating layer were investigated in order to adjust the growth of the TGO. Finally, the durability of the PS-PVD coatings was improved while the main advantage of PS-PVD, i.e., much higher deposition rate in comparison to EB-PVD, could be maintained. For such coatings, improved thermal cycling lifetimes more than two times higher than conventionally sprayed TBCs, were measured in burner rigs at ~1250 °C/1050 °C surface/substrate exposure temperatures.     

Thermal Fatigue Behavior of Thick and Porous Thermal Barrier Coatings Systems

High-temperature thermal fatigue causes the failure of thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems. This paper addresses the development of thick TBCs, focusing on the microstructure and the porosity of the yttria partially stabilized zirconia (YPSZ) coating, regarding its resistance to thermal fatigue. Thick TBCs, with different porosity levels, were produced by means of a CoNiCrAlY bond coat and YPSZ top coat, both had been sprayed by air plasma spray. The thermal fatigue resistance of new TBC systems and the evolution of the coatings before and after thermal cycling was then evaluated. The limit of thermal fatigue resistance increases depending on the amount of porosity in the top coat. Raman analysis shows that the compressive in-plane stress increases in the TBC systems after thermal cycling, nevertheless the increasing rate has a trend which is contrary to the porosity level of top coat. This article is an invited paper selected from presentations at the 2007 International Thermal Spray Conference and has been expanded from the original presentation. It is simultaneously published in Global Coating Solutions, Proceedings of the 2007 International Thermal Spray Conference, Beijing, China, May 14-16, 2007, Basil R. Marple, Margaret M. Hyland, Yuk-Chiu Lau, Chang-Jiu Li, Rogerio S. Lima, and Ghislain Montavon, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2007.     

热喷涂纳米结构热障涂层的最新研究

分析列举了近些年来热喷涂纳米结构热障涂层（TBCs）的最新研究进展和成果。重点比较了热喷涂纳米结构TBCs与传统TBCs之间的性能差异。最后对热喷涂TBCs的研究前景作了展望。     

热障涂层热疲劳寿命预测模型研究

目的 建立热障涂层寿命预测模型,并研究涂层寿命预测与各种应力应变信息的相关性。方法 首先利用带热障涂层圆管试验结果,将涂层界面简化为余弦曲线,建立了相应的二维轴对称有限元模型;然后根据热障涂层疲劳试验结果,结合线性疲劳累积理论和Manson–Coffin低周疲劳模型,建立了热障涂层的寿命预测模型,并将拟合问题转化为寻优问题,使用遗传算法确定寿命预测模型中的系数;最后基于热障涂层试验的微观照片确定出危险点位置,选取正向、剪切、等效和通过二向应力应变分析方法提取垂直于余弦曲面形貌的11种应力应变信息进行寿命预测,并分析了寿命预测的最大误差和平均误差,对分析的结果进行了验证。结果 采用等效应变范围进行涂层寿命预测的最大误差和平均误差最小,分别为50%和21%,涂层寿命与等效应力的相关性最大。采用等效应变进行寿命预测的结果与文献中的结果相比,最大误差降低了169.1%,整体的寿命预测值从±2倍分散带之内缩小到了±1.5倍分散带之内。采用等效应变范围进行不同工况下的涂层寿命预测,预测结果为130次循环,试验结果为160次循环,寿命预测的结果较好。结论 证明了所建立模型的正确性与准确性,为涂层寿命...     

Thermal stability of polyaniline

The thermal stability of conductive polyaniline prepared by the chemical oxidation of aniline with ammonium persulfate in hydrochloric acid was investigated by a heat-aging test at 150 °C. The stability in terms of electrical conductivity was found to depend upon the sample form as well as on the environment. The extent of deterioration in electrical conductivity decreased in the order of the powder in air, the disk in air and the powder in vacuo. From the elemental analysis, infrared and Raman spectroscopies, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron probe micro-analysis, the deterioration in the presence of air was assumed to be based on the chemical change involving the elimination of hydrochloric acid on the amino group and the simultaneous chlorination of the aromatic ring.     

Thermal spraying of biomaterials

Osteoconductive hydroxyapatite coatings for metallic endoprostheses for hip and knee joint replacement provide a state-of-the-art template for enhanced in-growth of bone cells. However, the high temperature of the plasma jet leads to large scale dehydroxylation and decomposition of the starting powder. A model is being developed to explain the formation of chemically and mechanically inhomogeneous porous calcium phosphate coatings deposited by atmospheric plasma spraying onto titanium alloy substrates. In addition the biofunctionality is being discussed of titania bond coats and their influence on the in vivo performance of hydroxyapatite-titania duplex coating systems.     

Thermal stability of polyaniline

Thermal stability data for neutral (emeraldine base) and doped polyaniline with various counter anions are reported. The emeraldine base is a highly heat-stable polymer, with thermal stability up to 420 °C. The thermal stability of doped polyaniline is dependent on the counter anion. The methane sulfonic acid doped polyaniline is stable up to 250 °C. The decomposition of the doped polyaniline is seen as a two-step process. The first step is the loss of the dopant and the second step corresponds to the decomposition of the backbone.