The Structure Stability of Carbide-Free Bainite Wheel Steel

Metallographic structures of carbide-free bainite steel wheel rim are mainly composed of supersaturated lath ferrite and retained austenite film among bainitic ferrite laths. It is suspected that supersaturated ferrite and retained austenite are likely to decompose under the influence of temperature change and mechanical stress. Stability of wheel rim structure is studied by means of x-ray diffraction, dye microscopy, and micro-hardness test. When the samples are tempered in the range of 150-350 °C, the retained austenite films are at the state of relative stability. Fifty percent of retained austenite is decomposed when the sample is tempered at 400 °C. Microhardness increases when the sample is tempered at 150 °C. The decrease in hardness is mild when the samples are tempered from 200 to 500 °C. The mechanical stability of retained austenite film is studied with tensile sample under the effect of tensile stress. The retained austenite appears to be stable in low and middle degree of deformation, and decomposition occurs at great amount of deformation. Diffraction peak of carbide is not found in all above experiments. The steel enriched silicon prevents the carbide precipitation during the transformation. It indicates the carbide-free bainite wheel steels have an excellent thermal and mechanical stability.     

贝氏体-马氏体钢板的组织与性能

研究了贝氏体-马氏体耐磨钢板的组织及力学性能。结果表明，在低碳贝氏体钢基础上，通过加入一定量的硅元素，利用其在贝氏体组织转变过程中抑制碳化物析出的作用，得到由非等轴铁素体加马氏体和残留奥氏体(M-A)岛或由板条状铁素体及其板条间残留奥氏体(Ar)膜组成的贝氏体一马氏体组织，因此其性能既具有高强度、高硬度，又具有较高的低温冲击韧度。     

关于60Si2MnA钢奥氏体中温转变的研究

60Si2MnA钢过冷奥氏体的中温转变产物为贝氏体铁素体和残余奥氏体,贝氏体铁索体的形成与自催化效应密切相关。在回火过程中,贝氏体中的奥氏体以扩散转变方式分解为铁素体和渗碳体。从而说明奥氏体的等温转变与回火转变是本质不同的转变。     

低温回火态新型贝氏体钢的组织性能

研究了回火工艺对新型低合金贝氏体钢组织和性能的影响,了解了该材料的回火特性.结果表明:正火和低于400℃回火后的组织由贝氏体、铁素体和残余奥氏体组成,具有较好的力学性能、回火抗性、良好的焊接性和机械加工性;在高于500℃回火后出现回火脆性,由新型贝氏体组织转变为典型贝氏体组织,其原因与回火过程中残余奥氏体和贝氏体铁素体的分解、碳化物析出有关.通过研究回火后的组织转变、残余奥氏体热稳定性、机械稳定性的变化,探讨了无碳贝氏体韧化及脆化机理,提出了适于该钢的最佳回火工艺.     

Effect of Retained Austenite on Properties of Austempered Ductile Iron

Austempered ductile iron (ADI) exhibits a favourable combination of strength and toughness, and has been used as a substitute for quench-tempered or carburise-quenched steel. A characteristic feature of bainite transformation of cast iron, as opposed to carbon steel, is that precipitation of carbide is suppressed by the high concentration of silicon. Thus, a favourable structure, consisting of bainitic ferrite and retained austenite without carbide, can be provided by the optimum austempering treatment. Such microstructure and the mechanical properties of the iron are significantly affected by the conditions of the austempering treatment and the chemical composition. In this study, several grades of ductile iron were austempered under various conditions. The relationship between the impact strength, the quantity of retained austenite and the isothermal transformation curve was investigated. The stability of the retained austenite is considered important, because ADI contains a large amount of retained austenite which contributes to the improvement of ductility and toughness and which may transform to martensite when held at low temperature or subjected to stress. In this study, the stability of the retained austenite at low temperatures was examined by holding or stressing to establish the relations between transformation and temperature, stress and strain.

When the austempering time is short, the untransformed austenite partially transforms to martensite during air cooling, due to the lower carbon content, resulting in lower impact strength. As the austempering time increases, the untransformed austenite is stabilised by carbon-enrichment and there is little transformation to martensite, resulting in a large amount of retained austenite and higher impact strength. When the austempering time becomes much longer, the carbon-enriched austenite decomposes, presumably to bainitic ferrite and carbide, decreasing impact strength. In increasing the silicon content, precipitation of carbide in bainite is suppressed and both the maximum impact value and the content of retained austenite increase. The decreasing rates after the maxima through an additional isothermal holding becomes smaller.

By holding at temperatures down to –40°C, the decrease in retained austenite and the increase in hardness are both small. The retained austenite is stable under stress lower than that required to cause plastic deformation. Compressive stress hinders the martensitic transformation, because the transformation is accompanied by volume expansion.     

新型准贝氏体钢的开发与应用

准贝氏体钢是在贝氏体钢合金化的基础上添加适量的硅而组成的。准贝氏体是含碳过饱和的贝氏体铁素体板条和以不同形式分布的富碳奥氏体的复合组织。应用实践证明 ,准贝氏体钢具有高强、高韧、耐磨等特性 ,而且工艺性能良好 ,在许多工业部门有广阔的应用前景。准贝氏体是高强度超级钢的一种理想的基体组织。     

不同碳含量贝氏体合金钢等温淬火后的组织与性能

研究了3种碳含量(0.22C、0.34C、0.45C)的贝氏体钢在960℃奥氏体化+Ms点以上10～50℃等温淬火工艺下碳含量对贝氏体组织转变和力学性能的影响。结果表明,3种试验钢经过等温淬火处理后均获得由贝氏体铁素体和残留奥氏体相间分布组成的无碳化物贝氏体组织;随着碳含量的降低,贝氏体相变时间显著缩短,贝氏体铁素体板条变厚,硬度和抗拉强度呈下降趋势,但冲击性能显著提高,这主要是与低碳钢贝氏体转变温度更高,贝氏体铁素体板条粗大但高碳含量的大块状残留奥氏体减少有关。     

Isothermal Transformation of a Commercial Super-Bainitic Steel: Part I Microstructural Characterization and Hardness

The effects of isothermal treatment on the microstructure and hardness of commercial super-bainitic steel were investigated. A series of isothermal treatments were carried out at temperatures of 210-250 °C for different time periods. The results indicate that the bainitic reaction and hardness were very sensitive to the isothermal transformation temperature. The fine super-bainitic microstructure, containing the carbide-free bainitic ferrite lath and the carbon-enriched retained austenite film, can be produced by heating to 210 °C for 30 h, resulting in a hardness of 662 HV. By increasing the isothermal transformation temperature, the bainitic transformation kinetic is accelerated; however, this is at the expense of coarsening bainitic ferrite laths and decreasing the bainitic ferrite quantity. The relationship between hardness and microstructures obtained under different isothermal treatments, which is correlated with the carbon concentration, dislocation density, bainitic amount and super-bainite size, is discussed in detail.     

贝氏体转变过程的阶段性及类调幅分解

含有阻碍碳化物析出的合金元素的钢，贝氏体转变过程可以分为二个阶段：准贝氏体阶段和典型贝氏体阶段，准贝氏体阶段组织为贝氏体铁素体和残余奥氏体，典型贝氏体阶段组织为贝氏体铁素体和碳化物。用透射电子显微镜分析表明间隙型65Si2MnMo合金及置换型Ni28Mn合金贝氏体转变过程存在间隙原子(C)和置换原子(Ni)的类调幅分解现象。典型贝氏体转变过程中碳化物的析出源来自过饱和的贝氏体铁素体及残余奥氏体。     

低碳钢中晶界铁素体/原奥氏体界面对贝氏体转变的影响

采用电子背散射衍射 (EBSD) 研究了低碳Fe--C--Mn--Si钢中晶界铁素体/原奥氏体界面对贝氏体形核的影响. 通过两阶段等温热 处理, 获得了晶界铁素体和贝氏体的混合组织. 结合金相观察和取向测量, 发现晶界铁素体与贝氏铁素体之间的界面分为两种, 一种界面不清晰, 一种界面清晰. 分析表明, 在晶界铁素体/贝氏体界面不清晰一侧, 晶界铁素体与原奥氏体保持取向关系, 贝氏体在这类界面形 核生长, 且取向与晶界铁素体保持一致; 在晶界铁素体/贝氏体界面清晰一侧, 晶界铁素体与原奥氏体无取向关系, 且贝氏体与晶界铁素体之间取向差较大.     

预相变马氏体对超级贝氏体钢组织热稳定性的影响

为明确超级贝氏体组织失稳机制以及探索提高超级贝氏体钢中残余奥氏体热稳定性的方法,通过预相变马氏体工艺,即在等温贝氏体相变前引入预相变马氏体,制备了中碳超级贝氏体钢。对比分析了回火前后中碳超级贝氏体钢显微组织和力学性能的变化,研究了预相变马氏体对中碳超级贝氏体钢中贝氏体组织及残余奥氏体热稳定性的影响。结果表明：预相变马氏体的存在能够细化贝氏体铁素体板条,提高残余奥氏体含量和热稳定性。预相变马氏体的引入及其对超级贝氏体组织的细化作用使得试验钢的屈服强度超过1 000 MPa,伸长率大于20%;300～600℃回火1 h后,高碳薄膜状残余奥氏体首先发生分解,形成细小的碳化物,然后贝氏体铁素体板条发生回复和再结晶,形成沿原板条方向的铁素体晶粒;600℃回火后试验钢的屈服强度仍与回火前相当,主要是预相变马氏体周围的薄膜状残余奥氏体未发生明显分解,能够抑制相邻贝氏体铁素体板条的回复。     

硅合金钢淬火组织中残留奥氏体的力学稳定性与力学性能

对含Si合金钢两相(马氏体-M,贝氏体-B)区系列等温淬火显微组织中残留奥氏体稳定性进行了研究。结果表明,在下贝氏体区等温淬火可获得准(无碳化物)贝氏体(BF AB)组织,合理的回火工艺可使显微组织中残留奥氏体减少到适量,增加残留奥氏体中的C含量,降低Ms、Md点温度和提高其力学稳定性,从而达到最佳强韧性配合。     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Austempered Medium-Carbon Spring Steel

Changes in microstructure and mechanical properties of medium-carbon spring steel during austempering were investigated. After austempering for 1 h at 290 °C or 330 °C, the bainite transformation stabilized austenite, and microstructure consisting of bainitic ferrite and austenite could be obtained after final cooling; the retained austenite fraction was smaller in the alloy austempered at 290 °C because carbon redistribution between bainitic ferrite and austenite slowed as the temperature decreased, and thereby gave persistent driving force for the bainite transformation. The products of tensile strength and reduction of area in the austempered alloy were much larger in the austempered steel than in quenched and tempered alloy, mainly because of significant increase in reduction of area in austempered alloy.     

多元微合金化空冷贝氏体钢

中碳和中高碳Ｍｎ－Ｓｉ－８系多元微合金化贝氏体钢，锻后空冷可获得以贝氏体或贝氏体／马氏体为主，含碳化物和少量残留奥氏体的组织。加入微量元素，使奥氏体晶粒和显微组织细化，形成的高硬度碳化物弥散分布，提高硬度，韧性和耐磨性。     

硅对中碳低温贝氏体钢组织与性能的影响

对Si含量分别为0.3%和1.5%(质量分数)的中碳试验钢进行低温贝氏体热处理,研究了Si对贝氏体钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明:不同Si含量的试验钢的微观组织有较大的差别,其中0.3%Si试样的显微组织主要为贝氏体铁素体束,M/A岛以及大量的渗碳体析出,1.5%Si试样的显微组织主要为贝氏体铁素体束和M/A岛。1.5%Si试样的硬度和冲击性能较0.3%Si试样高,高的硬度主要是固溶强化和细晶强化的作用;高的冲击韧性主要是添加的适量Si可以抑制渗碳体的析出,从而提高残留奥氏体的体积分数及其碳含量,进而产生较为明显的TRIP效应。     

Atomic scale effects of alloying,partitioning, solute drag and austempering on the mechanical properties of high-carbon bainitic–austenitic TRIP steels

Understanding alloying and thermal processing at an atomic scale is essential for the optimal design of high-carbon (0.71 wt.%) bainitic–austenitic transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels. We investigate the influence of the austempering temperature, chemical composition (especially the Si:Al ratio) and partitioning on the nanostructure and mechanical behavior of these steels by atom probe tomography. The effects of the austempering temperature and of Si and Al on the compositional gradients across the phase boundaries between retained austenite and bainitic ferrite are studied. We observe that controlling these parameters (i.e. Si, Al content and austempering temperature) can be used to tune the stability of the retained austenite and hence the mechanical behavior of these steels. We also study the atomic scale redistribution of Mn and Si at the bainitic ferrite/austenite interface. The observations suggest that either para-equilibrium or local equilibrium-negligible partitioning conditions prevail depending on the Si:Al ratio during bainite transformation.     

高硅铸钢的强韧化机理

采用X射线衍射，计算了高硅铸钢等温淬火热处理后的贝氏体铁素体含碳量，采用TEM分析了贝氏体铁素体中的错位，研究了贝氏体铁素体板条尺寸与高硅铸钢屈服强度、硬度间的关系。在此基础上分析了高硅铸钢的强化以及韧化机理，高硅铸钢的强化是固溶强化，位错强化和细晶强化综合作用的合理；而高硅铸钢的韧化是存在于贝氏体铁素体板条之间富碳的薄膜状残余奥氏体，细小的贝氏体铁素体板条共同作用的结果。合适的Si含量也是影响高硅铸钢韧性重要因素。     

Characterization of a New Fe-C-Mn-Si-Cr Bearing Alloy: Tempered Martensite Embrittlement Susceptibility

Bearing steels containing 1% C and 1.5% Cr have been the usual material of choice for machine components submitted to rolling and contact fatigue, for more than a century. As a rule these steels are quenched from the intercritical gamma + carbide region and tempered at low temperatures (less than 250 °C), in order to retain the high hardness of the martensite matrix and avoid the tempered martensite embrittlement (TME) phenomena, which compromise the toughness of steels tempered at higher temperatures. A new high Si alloy was developed for bearing applications. The inhibiting and/or retarding effect of Si on the kinetics of cementite precipitation leads to a higher temperature of TME occurrence, allowing the tempering of the components at a higher temperature, thus increasing the toughness, without sacrificing the high hardness. The purpose of this work was to confirm the TME resistance of the new alloy. In this work, impact tests result for commercial SAE/AISI 52100 (0.25% Si) and for a modified 52100 containing 1.74% Si, were compared. No evidence of TME was detected on the Si-modified steel.     

Dependency of Deformation Behavior of Retained Austenite in TRIP Steels on Microstructural and Chemical Homogeneity

The room-temperature stability of the retained austenite against strain-induced martensitic transformation, its deformation behavior, the response to the bainitic isothermal treatment, the appearance of yield point elongation and other peculiarities of plastic flow, and the mechanical properties of transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP) steel were tailored based on the chemical homogeneity and the relative distribution of the retained austenite, bainite, and ferrite in the microstructure. The presence of ferritic-pearlitic banded structure in the initial microstructure resulted in an inhomogeneous TRIP microstructure, in which the retained austenite and bainite were confined to some bands and it was found to be responsible for the resultant inferior mechanical properties. The appearance of discontinuous yielding for the chemically inhomogeneous material was related to the martensitic transformation of unstable retained austenite at the initial stage of tensile deformation. These results are essential for better understanding of the behavior of advanced high-strength steels and their applications.     

一种高强韧性钢的纳米结构及其性能

以Cr—Mn—Si为主,添加其它微量元素和稀土元素,研制了一种新型的中碳低合金耐磨钢。试验结果表明,这种新型的低合金高强韧性耐磨钢,其铸态和锻态试样经淬火回火处理后均可得到回火马氏体及少量贝氏体、残留奥氏体及碳化物组织。铸态淬火回火处理的U型缺口试样的冲击韧度αk=37～55J／cm^2,无缺口试样的冲击韧度αk=210～300J／cm^2,其硬度为53～56HRC;锻后淬火回火处理的u型缺口试样的冲击韧度αk=48～70J／cm^2,其硬度为52～54HRC,抗拉强度叽=1850～2000MPa。采用高分辨电镜,对研制钢的纳米结构原子像进行了观察,确定了贝氏体铁素体亚片条的尺寸。