Cold Gas-Sprayed Deposition of Metallic Coatings onto Ceramic Substrates Using Laser Surface Texturing Pre-treatment

Cold spraying enables a variety of metals dense coatings onto metal surfaces. Supersonic gas jet accelerates particles which undergo with the substrate plastic deformation. Different bonding mechanisms can be created depending on the materials. The particle–substrate contact time, contact temperature and contact area upon impact are the parameters influencing physicochemical and mechanical bonds. The resultant bonding arose from plastic deformation of the particle and substrate and temperature increasing at the interface. The objective was to create specific topography to enable metallic particle adhesion onto ceramic substrates. Ceramic did not demonstrate deformation during the impact which minimized the intimate bonds. Laser surface texturing was hence used as prior surface treatment to create specific topography and to enable mechanical anchoring. Particle compressive states were necessary to build up coating. The coating deposition efficiency and adhesion strength were evaluated. Textured surface is required to obtain strong adhesion of metallic coatings onto ceramic substrates. Consequently, cold spray coating parameters depend on the target material and a methodology was established with particle parameters (diameters, velocities, temperatures) and particle/substrate properties to adapt the surface topography. Laser surface texturing is a promising tool to increase the cold spraying applications.     

Effect of the Cold-Sprayed Aluminum Coating-Substrate Interface Morphology on Bond Strength for Aircraft Repair Application

This article is dealing with the effects of surface preparation of the substrate on aluminum cold-sprayed coating bond strength. Different sets of AA2024-T3 specimens have been coated with pure Al 1050 feedstock powder, using a conventional cold spray coating technique. The sets were grit-blasted (GB) before coating. The study focuses on substrate surface topography evolution before coating and coating-substrate interface morphology after coating. To study coating adhesion by LASAT^® technique for each set, specimens with and without preceding GB treatment were tested in load-controlled conditions. Then, several techniques were used to evaluate the effects of substrate surface treatment on the final coating mechanical properties. Irregularities induced by the GB treatment modify significantly the interface morphology. Results showed that particle anchoring was improved dramatically by the presence of craters. The substrate surface was characterized by numerous anchors. Numerical simulation results exhibited the increasing deformation of particle onto the grit-blasted surface. In addition, results showed a strong relationship between the coating-substrate bond strength on the deposited material and surface preparation.     

Laser texturing as an alternative to grit blasting for improved coating adhesion on AZ91D magnesium alloy

Substrate preparation plays an important role in the performance of thermal spray coating, especially on softer materials like magnesium and aluminium alloys. Conventional substrate preparation methods such as grit blasting may not be the most suitable choice due to grit embedding, lower coating adhesion strength and environmental concerns. Laser texturing can be an attractive alternative to the grit blasting method for such materials. AZ91D substrate was prepared for thermal spray coating using grit blasting and laser texturing techniques. WC-12Co powder was thermally sprayed on AZ91D magnesium alloy using the high-velocity oxygen fuel technique. The adhesion strength of the coating, thus produced, was determined using the ASTM 633C adhesion strength test. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate substrate morphology and to qualitatively analyse substrate and coating interface. X-ray diffraction was used to identify phase compositions. The coating was characterised for roughness, porosity, micro-hardness and fracture toughness. Laser texturing as a substrate preparation technique has been able to produce well-adhered coatings, with adhesion strength of 45.6?MPa, and comparable coating characteristics with those of the grit blasting technique.     

热处理对多层复合增韧涂层的微观结构及力学性能的影响

AT40陶瓷涂层与黏结层界面裂纹萌生、扩展是导致涂层失效的主要原因,制备多层陶瓷/金属低应力涂层为陶瓷涂层增韧的方法之一。利用APS（大气等离子喷涂）在Q235上制备AT40-NiAl-AT40-NiAl四层复合多层涂层并对复合多层进行热处理。使用SEM、EPMA、3PB等表征手段研究热处理对四层复合金属-陶瓷涂层的微观结构及涂层断裂韧性的影响。结果表明,热处理过程中陶瓷层-黏结层界面、陶瓷层富Al相富Ti相界面均发生了元素扩散;热处理后陶瓷层硬度增加30%,复合涂层断裂韧性提高。热处理过程中元素扩散形成的氧化物一方面在黏结层与陶瓷层之间形成钉扎效应增强黏结性,另一方面填充涂层中的孔隙、裂纹等缺陷提高涂层的硬度,降低裂纹扩展的面积从而提升涂层的断裂韧性。多层金属陶瓷沉积形成的复合陶瓷涂层及对其使用热处理的方法能有效提升AT40等陶瓷涂层的断裂韧性,对解决铁基零部件表面耐磨陶瓷容易脆断失效和扩展陶瓷涂层的应用范围提供了新的思路。     

滚轮表面TiAlSiN涂层制备及失效机理研究

目的通过对滚轮表面制备超硬纳微米TiAlSiN涂层,提高滚轮的综合工作性能。方法采用阴极电弧离子镀膜技术在滚轮工作面及高速钢试样表面制备超硬纳微米TiAlSiN涂层。通过X射线荧光测量系统测量涂层厚度,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察涂层表面特征和形貌,采用能谱仪(EDS)对涂层元素的成分进行分析,通过纳米压痕仪及洛氏硬度计对涂层的硬度及膜基结合力进行测定和分析。结果滚轮表面1.97μm厚的TiAlSiN涂层的Si原子数分数为4.21%,其显微硬度为37.69 GPa,涂层与基体的膜基结合力符合VDI-3198工业等级的HF3,呈现出较强的膜基结合力。经生产线上滚压机实际成形加工验证,涂层后滚轮的工作寿命是未涂层滚轮的5倍,滚轮具有强度高、耐磨损、抗氧化、耐腐蚀、粘附性降低等特性,显著改善了磨损、剥落、疲劳裂纹、缠辊、粘滚等现象。结论在滚轮表面制备超硬纳微米TiAlSiN涂层,能显著提高滚轮的综合工作性能。     

聚脲涂层体系在混凝土表面的附着性能研究

应用无溶剂环氧封闭涂料和聚脲涂料在混凝土试样表面制备聚脲涂层体系,测试了该涂层体系在混凝土表面的附着强度,利用表面形貌分析及红外光谱和电子能谱等技术手段,分析混凝土与聚脲涂层界面特性,探讨聚脲涂层在混凝土表面附着失效的机理。结果表明,聚脲涂层与混凝土的附着失效为涂层与混凝土之间的物理附着破坏;而无溶剂环氧封闭涂层+聚脲涂层体系的失效为封闭涂层与混凝土之间的物理附着破坏和封闭涂层本身的内聚破坏;封闭涂层的应用可提高混凝土表面的强度,无溶剂环氧封闭涂层和聚脲涂层之间可以形成互穿网络结构。     

Effect of substrate temperature on adhesion strength of plasma-sprayed nickel coatings

We plasma-sprayed nickel coatings on stainless steel and cobalt alloy coupons heated to temperatures ranging from room temperature to 650 °C. Temperatures, velocities, and sizes of spray particles were recorded while in-flight and held constant during experiments. We measured coating adhesion strength and porosity, photographed coating microstructure, and determined thickness and composition of surface oxide layers on heated substrates. Coating adhesion strength on stainless steel coupons increased from 10–74 MPa when substrate temperatures were raised from 25–650 °C. Coating porosity was lower on high-temperature surfaces. Surface oxide layers grew thicker when substrates were heated, but oxidation alone could not account for the increase in coating adhesion strength. When a coupon was heated to 650 °C and allowed to cool before plasma-spraying, its coating adhesion strength was much less than that of a coating deposited on a surface maintained at 650 °C. Cobalt alloy coupons, which oxidize much less than stainless steel when heated, also showed improved coating adhesion when heated. Heating the substrate removes surface moisture and other volatile contaminants, delays solidification of droplets so that they can better penetrate surface cavities, and promotes diffusion between the coating and substrate. All of these mechanisms enhance coating adhesion.     

Surface treatment of cutting tool substrates

Today's research activities are concentrated on improving the properties of cutting tools by optimizing manufacturing technologies, by alloying of special cutting materials and by coating of tools. As a result of the poor machinability of new cutting materials, grinding processes get more difficult. Especially in grinding of new WC-carbide and cermet compositions, high mechanical and thermal loads influence the surface topography and surface integrity of the tool. In particular, the coating adhesion depends on the surface structure of the substrate. Variations of subsurface properties cause distinct differences to interface strength and tool life.Influences of surface properties on film adhesion of PVD-coated carbides were investigated. Considered topics are the influence of grinding, micro blasting and water peening of carbides on surface topography and surface integrity as well as effects on film adhesion of (Ti,AI)N-coatings. Residual stress measurements and SEM-pictures were used for characterization of surface properties. Film adhesion was analysed by scratch and indentation tests. Due to increasing interface strength of micro blasted tools a superior wear behaviour in dry machining was observed.     

Analysis of retrieved hydroxyapatite-coated hip prostheses

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) coatings are used extensively on orthopaedic devices to improve the adhesion of bone to the prosthesis. This approach increases the integrity and longevity of the implanted prosthesis. Four HAp-coated hip components recovered from patients during revision surgery were investigated for bone attachment and coating modification after storage in ethanol or formaldehyde. Orthopedic components displayed preferable bone attachment on microtextured areas and little bone on smoother areas. The coating microstructure differed between three coatings that remained on the prosthesis surface, ranging from completely crystalline coatings made by vacuum plasma spraying to less crystalline coatings manufactured by air plasma spraying. Coating failure for the lower crystallinity coatings was observed by a crack at the interface that was possibly caused by the dissolution of an amorphous phase. While higher crystallinity coatings degraded by coating delamination, the lower crystallinity coating produced loose particulate on the outer coating surface. Coating morphology as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) displayed lamellae fracture, chemical dissolution, osteoclastic resorption, and precipitation in agreement with previously identified in-vitro events. The coating longevity appeared to be extended in those areas subject to lower levels of stress and more bone coverage.     

Optimizing HVOF Spray Parameters to Maximize Bonding Strength of WC-CrC-Ni Coatings on AISI 304L Stainless Steel

High velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF)-sprayed cermet coatings are extensively used to combat erosion-corrosion in naval applications and in slurry environments. HVOF spray parameters such as oxygen flow rate, fuel flow rate, powder feed rate, carrier gas flow rate, and spray distance have significant influence on coating characteristics like adhesion bond strength and shear strength. This paper presents the use of statistical techniques in particular response surface methodology (RSM), analysis of variance, and regression analysis to develop empirical relationships to predict adhesion bond strength and lap shear bond strength of HVOF-sprayed WC-CrC-Ni coatings. The developed empirical relationships can be effectively used to predict adhesion bond strength and lap shear bond strength of HVOF-sprayed WC-CrC-Ni coatings at 95% confidence level. Response graphs and contour plots were constructed to identify the optimum HVOF spray parameters to attain maximum bond strength in WC-CrC-Ni coatings.     

Laser Patterning Pretreatment before Thermal Spraying: A Technique to Adapt and Control the Surface Topography to Thermomechanical Loading and Materials

Coating characteristics are highly dependent on substrate preparation and spray parameters. Hence, the surface must be adapted mechanically and physicochemically to favor coating–substrate adhesion. Conventional surface preparation methods such as grit blasting are limited by surface embrittlement and produce large plastic deformations throughout the surface, resulting in compressive stress and potential cracks. Among all such methods, laser patterning is suitable to prepare the surface of sensitive materials. No embedded grit particles can be observed, and high-quality coatings are obtained. Finally, laser surface patterning adapts the impacted surface, creating large anchoring area. Optimized surface topographies can then be elaborated according to the material as well as the application. The objective of this study is to compare the adhesive bond strength between two surface preparation methods, namely grit blasting and laser surface patterning, for two material couples used in aerospace applications: 2017 aluminum alloy and AISI 304L stainless steel coated with NiAl and YSZ, respectively. Laser patterning significantly increases adherence values for similar contact area due to mixed-mode (cohesive and adhesive) failure. The coating is locked in the pattern.     

Pre-treatment by dry ice blasting for adhesive bonding

In recent years, the constant development of adhesives and coatings has contributed to the establishment of the adhesive and coating technology in several fields. Based on findings in macro-molecular chemistry, the cohesive strength, e.g. the internal strength of adhesives, has been enhanced continuously. In contrast to the adhesive strength, the mechanical, chemical and physical adhesion, the cohesive strength is relatively strong. As a consequence, adhesion is usually the weakest link of an adhesive bond, thus, most often it is adhesive fracture that can be observed. Pre-treatment and the use of so-called coupling reagents represent an approach to improve the adhesive strength. The paper presents dry ice blasting as a pre-treatment process and a process model with which the reasons for the increased adhesive strength can be clarified. With respect to the relevant blasting parameters, the effects of a pre-treatment with dry ice blasting on roughness, surface topography, specific surface, mechanical activation, surface energy and chemical composition depending on relevant parameters have been determined.     

表面处理对热障涂层寿命及失效机理的影响研究

采用真空电弧离子镀和电子束物理气相沉积技术在高温合金DZ125上沉积NiCrAlYSi金属粘结层和YSZ陶瓷面层。研究了抛光、振动光饰、砂纸打磨及吹砂四种不同的表面处理方法对金属粘结层表面微观结构和界面状态的影响。实验结果表明,四种表面处理方法都改善了金属粘结层表面结构,降低了表面粗糙度。进一步探讨了表面处理对涂层结合强度的作用,结果表明经过表面处理后的样品结合强度都得到了提高。并分析了不同表面处理方法对涂层寿命的影响,最终明确了热障涂层失效机理。     

Interface fracture property of PEO ceramic coatings on aluminum alloy

This paper combines the four-point bending test, SEM and finite element method to study the interface fracture property of PEO coatings on aluminum alloy. The interface failure mode of the coating on the compression side is revealed. The ceramic coating crack firstly along the 45° to the interface, then the micro crack in the coating deduces the interface crack. The plastic deformation observed by SEM shows excellent adhesion property between the coating and substrate. The plastic deformation in the substrate is due to the interfacial crack extension, so the interface crack mode of PEO coatings is ductile crack. The results of FEM show that the compression strength is about 600 MPa.     

聚四氟乙烯/Al3O2-TiO2复合涂层的制备及其疏水性能研究

目的 在铝合金表面制备耐磨、耐蚀、高结合强度的疏水涂层。方法 采用大气等离子喷涂(APS)在铝合金基体上制备AT(Al3O2-Ti O2)涂层,在AT涂层上采用溶胶-凝胶法制备聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)面层,借助扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、3D形貌仪、接触角测试仪等仪器对涂层的显微结构、成分、粗糙度、接触角进行表征。结果 喷距为120 mm、电流为680 A、送粉量为18 g/min的条件下,实心AT涂层和空心AT涂层表面粗糙度为6.99μm、6.13μm,孔隙率为5.88%、15.18%,硬度为945.82HV0.3、768.1HV0.3,与基体的结合强度为32 MPa、28 MPa,实心AT涂层与PTFE涂层的结合强度为19 MPa。实心PTFE/AT复合涂层与水的静态接触角最大可达130.9°,PTFE涂层表面含有氟化物和硅化物。结论 实心粉末AT涂层表面粗糙度较大,综合性能优于空心粉末AT涂层,因此,将实心AT涂层作为复合涂层的底层。实心PTFE/AT复合涂层具有与荷叶表面相仿的微纳米二元粗糙结构,具有良好的疏水性能,疏水性能与表面含氟物质的疏水基团以及低表面能的二元粗糙结构相关。     

喷焊材料对OCr13Ni4Mo钢表面强化的影响

选用自熔合金粉末Ni60和Ni25B,采用氧－乙炔喷焊技术对0Cr13N4M钢的表面进行强化处理,并对喷焊层的组织、结合强度、硬度及耐磨性进行了研究,结果表明：两种粉末的喷焊层均与基体0Cr13Ni4Mo钢有良好的结合强度;喷焊层的硬度、抗磨损性均高于基体。     

表面毛化对巴氏合金MIG堆焊层界面组织及结合强度的影响

目的 利用MIG焊在表面毛化处理的Q235钢基体上堆焊SnSb11Cu6合金,研究表面毛化作用对界面组织及结合强度的影响.方法 设计毛化形貌分别为直槽和网格槽的毛化形式,槽深分别为0.15、0.3 mm,槽间距分别为1、1.5 mm,采用MIG焊方法在毛化钢基板上堆焊巴氏合金.利用X射线衍射仪分析巴氏合金堆焊层的组织成分.利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线能谱仪表征巴氏合金堆焊层的界面组织、微观形貌和元素分布.利用电子万能试验机、体视显微镜检测巴氏合金与钢基体间的结合强度以及润湿角.结果 毛化处理虽然会降低巴氏合金与钢基体的浸润性,但是增加了巴氏合金与钢基体间的接触面积;毛化凹槽中嵌合部分巴氏合金,使基体与合金层之间产生机械咬合作用;毛化轮廓边缘的材料易于熔化,从而促进了界面反应.以上因素的共同作用下,巴氏合金与钢基板之间的结合强度由无毛化试样的39.67 MPa提升至毛化试样的50.14 MPa.虽然网格槽毛化试样可以获得比直槽毛化试样更大的接触面积,但增强了毛化轮廓峰对三相线位移产生的钉扎作用,巴氏合金在网格槽毛化基体表面的浸润性更差,使得不同毛化参数试样的结合强度变化不大.结论 通过增加接触面积、生成金属间化合物以及机械咬合等因素共同作用,毛化处理可以有效提升巴氏合金与钢基体之间的结合强度.     

Influence of Bond Coat on HVOF-Sprayed Gradient Cermet Coating on Copper Alloy

Coatings are required on mold copper plates to prolong their service life through enhanced hardness, wear resistance, and oxidation resistance. In the present study, NiCr-30 wt.%Cr₃C₂ ceramic–metallic (cermet) layers were deposited by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying on different designed bond layers, including electroplated Ni, HVOF-sprayed NiCr, and double-decker Ni-NiCr. Annealing was also conducted on the gradient coating (GC) with NiCr bond layer to improve the wear resistance and adhesion strength. Coating microstructure was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction analysis. Mechanical properties including microhardness, wear resistance, and adhesion strength of the different coatings were evaluated systematically. The results show that the types of metallic bond layer and annealing process had a significant impact on the mechanical properties of the GCs. The GCs with electroplated Ni bond layer exhibited the highest adhesion strength (about 70 MPa). However, the GC with HVOF-sprayed NiCr bond layer exhibited better wear resistance. The wear resistance and adhesion strength of the coating with NiCr metallic bond layer were enhanced after annealing.     

Plasma Sprayed Metal-Ceramic Coatings and Modification of Their Structure with Pulsed Electron Beam Irradiation

Composite powder obtained from mechanically crushed titanium carbide—metal binder cermet compacts deserves special mention for plasma spraying of wear-resistant coatings. However, cermet coatings sprayed using this powder have comparatively high porosity. The porosity causes the mechanical strength of the coating to largely deteriorate, and it also lowers the strength of the bond between the coating and the substrate. Computational and physical experiments were performed in this area to reveal the possibilities offered by pulsed electron beam irradiation for structural modification of 70 vol.%TiC-(Ni-Cr) powder coatings. The authors evaluated optimal values of process parameters for suitability in implementing a controlled thermal treatment of coatings under conditions of solid-liquid interaction of components in the cermet composition with each other and with the steel substrate. Evolution of the structure and physical properties of the cermet coatings under rapid heating and following cooling in a wide range of temperatures typical of pulsed irradiation conditions have been examined.     

高强度涂层结合性能的试验研究及有限元分析

采用线切割沿涂层/基体界面切成对称切口,两边粘结后直接拉伸的试验方法对高强涂层抗拉结合强度进行评价.并借助有限单元法对涂层/基体交界面上的应力分布及切口附近的应力集中进行了分析,为正确评价涂层/基体的结合强度提供了理论依据.按此方法对不同工艺参数的热喷涂烧结涂层结合强度进行了评价.结果表明,此方法可对高强涂层与基体的结合强度进行评价.