High thickness Ti/TiN multilayer thin coatings for wear resistant applications

Hard coatings like titanium nitride (TiN) normally contain a high degree of internal stress (usually compressive in-plane parallel with the surface) owing to growth defects developed during the deposition process and thermal mismatch effects after final cooling; it is, therefore, difficult to produce single-layer TiN coatings thicker than 6-7 μm, without adhesion problems. In the present study, thick coatings (i.e. > 10 μm) have been achieved by alternate multilayering of TiN with Ti interlayers, leading to a tougher and less-stressed film. However, having a constant distribution of titanium interlayer thickness is not necessarily the best solution to achieve maximum performance in terms of wear resistance and hardness. The residual stress distribution along the thickness is unlikely to be constant with the inner layers being more stressed due to a greater amount of thermal differential strain. Following this guideline, a series of numerical simulations was performed in order to calculate the residual stress through thickness distribution due to the deposition process. Three sets of multilayered Ti/TiN coatings having both constant and variable Ti interlayer thickness were modelled and deposited, using a reactive arc PVD process. Mechanical and tribological properties were characterized using static and depth sensing Vickers micro-hardness indentation tests, rotating wheel (dimpling grinder) abrasive wear tests and Rockwell C adhesion tests. Coating interface characterizations were made by SEM-EDS. Results showed that adhesion can be significantly improved by adopting a titanium through thickness quantity increasing towards the interface: an optimized distribution allows also higher hardness and wear resistance to be obtained, as it requires a lower total amount of titanium to obtain good adhesion properties.     

Structure and wear resistance of TiN and TiAlN coatings on AZ91 alloy deposited by multi-arc ion plating

In order to investigate the microstructure of TiN and TiAlN coatings and their effect on the wear resistance of Mg alloy, TiN and TiAlN coatings were deposited on AZ91 magnesium alloy by multi-arc ion plating technology. TiN and Ti70Al30N coatings were prepared on the substrate, respectively, which exhibited dark golden color and compact microstructure. The microstructures of TiN and Ti70Al30N coatings were investigated by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The micro-hardness and wear resistance of TiN and Ti70Al30N coatings were investigated in comparison with the uncoated AZ91 alloy. The XRD peaks assigned to TiN and TiAlN phases are found. The hardness of TiN coatings is two times as high as that of AZ91 alloy, and Ti70Al30N coating exhibits the highest hardness. The wear resistance of the hard coatings increases obviously as result of their high hardness.     

Influence of the nitriding and TiAlN/TiN coating thickness on the sliding wear behavior of duplex treated AISI H13 steel

AISI H13 die steel substrates were low pressure gas nitrided to different thicknesses and hardness values. Nitrided and non nitrided samples were subsequently coated with bi-layer TiAlN/TiN to two different thicknesses. The hardness was measured across the coating thickness and observed to be higher when a thinner coating was deposited over nitrided substrates. The hardness behavior across relatively thin (3 μm) coatings was not affected by the nitrided surface hardness or thickness of the nitride layer in the range of values examined here (80-150 μm). On the other hand, the hardness behavior of thicker coatings (8um) was affected by the nitrided layer, as the thicker coatings were soft due to their columnar structure. The specific wear rate of the duplex coatings was affected by the coating thickness and hardness distribution across the coating system.     

Microstructure and dry sliding wear behavior of laser clad AlCrNiSiTi multi-principal element alloy coatings

The approximately equimolar ratio AlCrNiSiTi multi-principal element alloy(MPEA) coatings were fabricated by laser cladding on Ti-6A1-4V(Ti64) alloy.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM),equipped with an energy-dispersive spectroscopy(EDS),and X-ray diffraction(XRD) were used to characterize the microstructure and composition.Investigations show that the coatings consist of(Ti,Cr)_5Si_3 and NiAl phases,formed by in situ reaction.The phase composition is initially explicated according to obtainable binary and ternary phase diagrams,and the formation Gibbs energy of Ti_5Si_3,V_5Si_3 and Cr_5Si_3.Dry sliding reciprocating friction and wear tests of the AlCrNiSiTi coating and Ti64 alloy substrate without coating were evaluated.A surface mapping profiler was used to evaluate the wear volume.The worn surface was characterized by SEM-EDS.The hardness and wear resistance of the AlCrNiSiTi coating are well compared with that of the basal material(Ti64).The main wear mechanism of the AlCrNiSiTi coating is slightly adhesive transfer from GCr15 counterpart,and a mixed layer composed of transferred materials and oxide is formed.     

钛合金表面离子束增强沉积的Cr和CrMo合金膜层及其性能

利用多功能离子束增强沉积(IBED)设备，在Ti6Al4V钛合金表面制备Cr和CrMo合金膜层，以提高钛合金表面的耐磨性能。利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、辉光放电光谱仪和显微硬度计分析和测试了IBED膜层的结构、形态、成分分布、硬度和膜基结合强度的大小。利用球一盘磨损试验机和电化学综合测试仪研究了IBED膜层的摩擦学性能和电化学腐蚀特性。结果表明，利用IBED方法可以在难镀材料钛合金表面制备膜基结合强度高、结晶致密和晶粒尺寸达纳米级的高硬度Cr膜和CrMo合金膜层，显著提高了钛合金表面的抗磨性能，且膜层本身有很好的耐Cl^-介质环境电化学腐蚀性能，与钛合金基体之间有很好的接触腐蚀相容性。     

钛合金表面激光熔覆AlBxCoCrNiTi高熵合金涂层的组织与性能

目的研究AlB_xCoCrNiTi(x=0、0.5、1)高熵合金涂层的组织及性能,提高钛合金表面硬度及耐磨性。方法采用激光熔覆技术在TC4钛合金表面制备出AlB_xCoCrNiTi高熵合金涂层,运用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、电子探针(EPMA)等材料分析手段,研究了B含量对高熵合金涂层形貌、组织结构、成分的影响,并采用维氏硬度计以及摩擦磨损试验检测了熔覆涂层的硬度和耐磨性能。结果高熵合金涂层与基体的整体结合形貌良好。未添加B的高熵合金涂层主要由BCC相和晶体结构类似(Co,Ni)Ti_2相组成。随着B的加入,高熵合金涂层的晶粒得到细化,BCC相含量增加,(Co,Ni)Ti_2相含量有所减少,且熔覆层原位生成了TiB_2硬质相,TiB_2硬质相含量随B含量的增加而增加。熔覆涂层的硬度和耐磨性与B含量呈正相关关系,AlB_1CoCrNiTi高熵合金涂层的平均显微硬度最大,为814HV,且AlB_1CoCrNiTi高熵合金涂层的磨损量最小,其耐磨性约为未添加B的高熵合金涂层的7倍。结论 B含量的增加,有助于改善AlB_xCoCrNiTi高熵合金涂层的摩擦学性能,AlB_xCoCrNiTi高熵合金涂层有效提高了钛合金表面的硬度及耐磨性能。     

直流PCVDTi（CxN1—X）硬质膜及其应用

对不同成分的PCVD－Ti（CXN1－X）膜的组织结构及性能进行了研究。结果表明，Ti（CN）膜的高硬度、高致密组织和膜表面因吸附氧而形成的与TiN不同的表面结构是Ti（CN）膜性能优于TiN膜的重要因素。在冷挤压模上应用结果也表明，用PCVD法制备的Ti（CN）膜和TiC膜的使用效果要比TiN膜好得多。     

Effect of micro-blasting on the tribological properties of TiN/MT-TiCN/Al2O3/TiCNO coatings deposited by CVD

The effect of micro-blasting on the tribological properties of TiN/MT-TiCN/Al₂O₃/TiCNO coatings was studied. The multilayer coatings were deposited on cemented carbides by chemical vapor deposition. The microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nano-mechanical testing system, scratch tester and reciprocating tribometer. The results show that micro-blasting significantly reduces the surface roughness and converts the residual tensile stress of Ti(C,N,O) top-layer and Al₂O₃ layer into compressive stress. Affected by the residual compressive stress, the hardness and adhesion strength are increased. More importantly, the friction coefficient is decreased attributed to the decreased surface roughness and improved hardness. Also, the wear resistance of micro-blasted TiN/MT-TiCN/Al₂O₃/TiCNO is superior due to higher hardness of Ti(C,N,O) top-layer, Al₂O₃ layer and adhesion strength of coatings. Especially for the total sliding time of 2 h, the wear volume and wear rate of micro-blasted coatings are 69.4% of as-deposited coatings, because micro-blasting helps to increase the adhesion strength and micro-cracking resistance, which play important roles in the improvement of wear resistance. Micro-blasting has a positive effect on the friction and wear properties of TiN/MT-TiCN/Al₂O₃/TiCNO multilayer coatings since the adverse impact of top-layer thinning is offset.     

Mechanical and tribological properties of TiN/Ti multilayer coating

A large area filtered arc deposition (LAFAD) technique was used to deposit TiN/Ti multilayer coatings with fixed TiN layer thickness and different Ti layer thickness. Nanoindention and pin-on-disk tribometer were used to characterize the hardness, elastic modulus, plasticity, friction coefficient, and wear rate of the multilayer coatings. The dependence of the mechanical and tribological properties of the coating on the Ti interlayer thickness was systematically studied. It was found that the increase in the Ti layer thickness resulted in a decrease in the effective hardness and elastic modulus, and an increase in the wear rate, plasticity, and toughness. The coatings with a Ti layer thicknesses of 0, 25 nm and 50 nm possess an excellent combination of high effective hardness (> 20 GPa), high plasticity (> 69%), low friction coefficient, and high wear resistance.     

镍基金属陶瓷涂层在人工海水中的摩擦学性能

目的探讨镍基金属陶瓷涂层在海水中的耐腐蚀磨损性能。方法采用激光熔覆技术在45钢表面制备了1.1 mm厚的镍基金属陶瓷涂层。采用电化学测试系统,对比分析了涂层的耐蚀性。采用往复式摩擦磨损试验机,测量了涂层在干摩擦及海水环境下的摩擦系数。采用扫描电镜等手段分析了涂层和磨痕的表面形貌。结果镍基金属陶瓷涂层的表面硬度约为基体的3倍,且硬度较均匀。在结合区开始,硬度剧烈下降,直至降为基体硬度。在3.5%Na Cl溶液中,镍基金属陶瓷涂层的腐蚀倾向低于316L不锈钢及316L堆焊层,而腐蚀速率介于两者之间。干摩擦条件下,镍基金属陶瓷涂层明显降低了基体的摩擦系数(从0.58降低至0.49)和磨损量(降低了50%)。与干摩擦实验相比,人工海水明显降低了镍基金属陶瓷涂层的摩擦系数(从0.49降低至0.37)和磨损量(降低了40%)。结论由于具有良好的耐蚀性和较高的硬度,镍基金属陶瓷涂层在人工海水中表现出了良好的耐磨耐蚀性能。磨损过程中,人工海水的冷却、润滑作用和其中盐类的隔离作用,有效改善了摩擦界面的接触状态,提高了镍基金属陶瓷涂层的耐磨性。     

等离子喷涂WC—Co涂层的磨料磨损

采用等离子喷涂方法在真空和大气环境下喷涂制备了不同Ｃｏ基含量的ＷＣ－Ｃｏ涂层，用橡胶轮磨损试验机进行高应力和低应力磨料磨损试验，并对涂层的相结构及磨损机理进行了研究，结果表明：真空喷涂涂层的耐磨性明显优于大气中喷涂涂层的耐磨性，涂层的耐磨性主要取决于涂层的致密程度和涂层中的相，而与涂层硬度的关系不是太大，等离子喷涂ＷＣ－Ｃｏ涂层的磨损机理是在低应力磨料磨损情况下硬度低的富Ｃｏ区先磨损，硬度高的ＷＣ     

PROPERTIES OF ELECTRODEPOSITED AMORPHOUS Ni-W-P-SiC COMPOSITE COATINGS

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超音速等离子喷涂WC-17Co纳米涂层的性能研究

采用超音速等离子喷涂在0Cr13Ni5Mo不锈钢表面制备了纳米和微米WC-Co涂层,并对比了两种涂层的孔隙率、结合强度、硬度和耐磨性。结果表明,纳米涂层的致密性和结合强度均高于微米涂层,其孔隙率仅为0.56%,结合强度大于69.2 MPa;纳米涂层和微米涂层的硬度是基体的3.9和3.8倍,硬度值从涂层的表面到底部逐渐增加;基体磨损为磨粒磨损 粘着磨损 层状剥落,两种涂层磨损均为磨粒磨损。纳米涂层的孔隙率低、硬度高、表面抗压性强使其表现出更优的耐磨性。     

TC4钛合金表面激光熔覆WC增强镍基复合涂层的组织及耐磨性

为提高TC4钛合金的耐磨性,利用激光熔覆技术(laser cladding,LC)在TC4钛合金表面制备Ni60+50%WC(体积分数)和deloro22(d22)粉末打底+(Ni60+50%WC)2种耐磨复合涂层。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)以及X射线衍射仪(XRD)来表征涂层的微观结构和物相组成;使用HV-1000显微维氏硬度计、HRS-2M型高速往复摩擦磨损试验机和WDW-100D电子万能试验机来分析涂层的性能。结果表明:2种涂层均由W₂C、TiC、Ni₁₇W₃、Ni₃Ti和Ti_xW_1-x相组成,2种涂层不仅与基体呈现出优异的冶金结合,而且组织均匀致密,没有裂纹瑕疵;由于涂层中存在着原位合成的硬质相和细晶强化共同作用使得涂层硬度显著提高,约为TC4基体的2.82倍;2种涂层的摩擦系数(COF)和磨损量都远低于TC4钛合金基体;Ni60+50%WC复合涂层和d22粉末打底+(Ni60+50%WC)复合涂层的抗剪切结合强度分别为188....     

冷喷涂和低压等离子喷涂Ni-Ti涂层：组织和性能

采用原子比1：1的Ni和Ti为原料,通过冷喷涂(CS)和低压等离子喷涂(LPPS)制备了Ni-Ti复合涂层,研究喷涂工艺对涂层的组织(孔隙率、相组成和显微组织)和性能(硬度、耐磨性和耐蚀性)的影响。结果表明：两种涂层均未发生明显的氧化,但表现出不同的组织结构。高速碰撞后的颗粒发生严重塑性变形使CS涂层具有低的孔隙率,且XRD未检测到其它的相生成;层片状结构的LPPS涂层内部形成了Ni-Ti金属间化合物相,其表现出高的显微硬度和低的磨损率。此外,LPPS涂层高的腐蚀电位和低的腐蚀电流密度,表明其高的耐蚀性。     

SiO2 对镁合金阴极电泳涂层耐磨性的影响

目的提高镁合金有机涂层的耐磨性能。方法用KH450硅烷改性Si O2粉体,并充分分散于电泳漆中。用KH460硅烷预处理镁合金表面,并阴极电泳复合涂层。通过铅笔硬度测试、摩擦磨损实验、画圈附着力测试、NMP(N甲基吡咯烷酮)试验和Machu试验,分别评价阴极电泳涂层的硬度、耐磨性能、附着力、抗NMP溶胀性能和耐蚀性,并通过扫描电子显微镜和光学显微镜对磨痕形貌进行分析。结果在镁合金用KH460预处理的前提下,添加Si O2粉体使涂层硬度由4H上升为5H,同时也提高了涂层的耐蚀性,并且涂层的附着力保持为1级,抗NMP溶胀性能仍120 h。在预处理镁合金基体上制得的原漆涂层和添加纳米Si O2的涂层耐磨性较好,磨痕深度与涂层厚度的比值分别为0.47和0.475,摩擦系数均低于0.4;在未预处理镁合金基体上制备的原漆涂层和在预处理镁合金基体上制备的添加微米Si O2的涂层耐磨性较差,磨痕深度与涂层厚度的比值分别为0.665和0.673,摩擦系数均大于0.7。四种涂层磨损破坏的机制主要为疲劳破坏。结论 Si O2粉体的加入可以有效提高涂层的耐蚀性和铅笔硬度,同时不降低涂层的附着力和抗NMP溶胀性能。用硅烷对镁合金进行预处理,向电泳漆中添加硅烷处理的纳米Si O2,可有效提高阴极电泳涂层的耐磨性。     

WC与TiC复合增强镍基涂层的组织和性能

利用等离子熔覆技术制备Ni基涂层,用直接加入的WC和原位合成的TiC复合增强,分析原料体系中(Ti+C)和WC的含量变化对涂层物相组成、微观组织、显微硬度和滑动摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明:WC在熔池中溶解,分解出W和C,W扩散进入原位生成的TiC中,形成(Ti,W) C固溶体,W的扩散不充分使(Ti,W) C呈现核壳结构。随原料中(Ti+C)含量的增多(0～20%)和WC相应含量的减少(40%～20%),WC溶解程度增大,(Ti,W) C颗粒形貌由八面体转变为椭圆形;(Ti,W) C生成量的增多使涂层上部硬度提高,WC聚集沉底现象的减弱使涂层下部硬度下降,与基材Q235之间形成较平稳的硬度梯度。涂层耐磨损性能显著优于基材,当(Ti+C)和WC的含量分别为10%和30%时,涂层的磨损体积为基材的8.33%。     

氮气分压对AlCrTiSiN超晶格涂层微观结构及力学性能的影响

超晶格涂层因具有优异的力学性能及抗氧化性能在刀具涂层工业中备受关注。采用多弧离子镀技术在高速钢表面制备了AlCrTiSiN涂层,研究了氮气分压对AlCrTiSiN涂层微观结构及力学性能的影响。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜研究了AlCrTiSiN涂层的微观结构;利用纳米压痕仪、划痕仪和磨损仪研究了AlCrTiSiN涂层的力学性能。结果表明:不同氮气分压的AlCrTiSiN涂层均由(Cr,Al)N相、(Ti,Al)N相和(Cr,Al)2N相以及非晶态的Si相和Si3N4相组成。与氮气分压为4Pa的涂层相比,氮气分压为2或3Pa的涂层具有更高的硬度、抗载荷能力和涂层-基体结合强度,以及更低的摩擦因数及磨损率。此外,45钢和铸铁切削试验表明:AlCrTiSiN涂层刀具较AlCrN涂层刀具有更好的切削性能,无涂层刀具具有最差的切削性能。     

Analysis of diamond-like carbon and Ti/MoS2 coatings on Ti–6Al–4V substrates for applicability to turbine engine applications

Ti–6Al–4V substrates have been coated by diamond-like carbon (DLC) films, with no surface pretreatment, and have been coated by Ti/MoS₂ films, with a simple surface pre-cleaning. The DLC films were deposited by planar coil r.f. inductively-coupled plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (r.f. ICPECVD); the Ti/MoS₂ films were deposited by magnetron sputtering. Both the DLC and Ti/MoS₂ films were characterized by pull tests, hardness tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and wear tests (pin-on-disk and block-on-ring) to compare their adhesion, hardness, surface topology, and wear properties to plasma-sprayed Cu–Ni–In coating currently used for turbine engine applications. The DLC films were easily characterized by their optical properties because they were highly transparent. We used variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE) to characterize thickness and to unequivocally extract real and complex index of refraction, providing a rapid assessment of film quality. Thicker coatings yielded the largest hardness values. The DLC coatings did not require abrasive pretreatment or the formation of bond-layers to ensure good adhesion to the substrate. Simple surface pre-cleaning was also adequate to form well-adhered Ti/MoS₂ on Ti–6Al–4V. The results show that the DLC and Ti/MoS₂ coatings are both much better fretting- and wear-resistant coatings than plasma-sprayed Cu–Ni–In. Both show excellent adhesion to the substrates, less surface roughness, harder surfaces, and more wear resistance than the Cu–Ni–In films.     

Al含量对电弧离子镀共沉积Ti1-xAlxN涂层性能的影响

利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计、划痕仪、磨损实验仪等,研究了不同铝含量的Ti1-xAlxN涂层性能.结果表明：当铝含量约为52%时,经涂层处理试样的显微硬度、摩擦磨损性能都得到了很大的提高,能达到使用钛铝合金靶离子镀Ti1-xAlxN涂层的相应性能,而从经济性来说,利用独立钛、铝靶比钛铝合金靶制备Ti1-AlxN涂层的成本要低得多,从而具有降低生产成本,提高生产效益的优势.