低速冲击下复合材料层板压缩许用值

为评估航空结构中常用的T300级和T800级2种碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料层压板的冲击后压缩许用值,对2种材料体系下具有不同厚度及铺层的层板进行了低速冲击和冲击后压缩试验;讨论了冲击能量、凹坑深度、损伤面积及冲击后剩余压缩强度等之间的关系,以及厚度、铺层、表面防护等因素对其造成的影响;重点关注了2种材料体系下各组层板的目视勉强可见冲击损伤(BVID)形成条件以及含BVID层板的剩余强度.结果表明:厚度及铺层对层板的凹坑深度-冲击能量关系影响较大,而对冲击后压缩强度-凹坑深度及冲击后压缩破坏应变-凹坑深度关系影响较小,且在相同铺层比例下,BVID对应的冲击能量随厚度近似呈线性增长.X850层板的损伤阻抗性能明显优于CCF300/5228层板的,但二者损伤容限性能相当.加铜网、涂漆等表面处理显著提高了层板的损伤阻抗,但对损伤容限性能影响不大;在损伤不超过BVID时,所有CCF300/5228试件的压缩破坏应变均大于4 000 με,而X850材料体系下压缩破坏应变均在3 000 με之上.     

Modeling of tensile fatigue damage in resin transfer molded woven carbon fabric composites

Tension–tension fatigue tests were performed on fabric-based composites processed using resin transfer molding. The composite systems consisted of epoxy and phenolic matrices reinforced with plain weave carbon fabric. The residual strength of open-hole laminates was also investigated for various numbers of fatigue cycles. The results based on the fatigue tests and microscopic observations suggested that considerable damage growth occurred in the early stages of fatigue. In order to examine the property deterioration of the laminates due to the fatigue damage, low frequency cyclic loading tests were carried out, while modulus measurements were performed in situ. Quantitative data were obtained, displaying the reduction in modulus for each material system. Finally, a model to predict the modulus deterioration based on a combination of the crimp model and the shear-lag model was developed. Good agreement between the predictions and the experimental results supported the model, which showed the quantitative effects of transverse cracking and debonding between the yarns on the laminate modulus.     

Modeling damage and load redistribution in composites under tension–tension fatigue loading

A fatigue model developed for composite laminates and based on the cycle-by-cycle probability of failure has been modified to account for damage creation and evolution and its effect on cycles to failure. The residual strength of different parts of the laminate is determined during cyclic loading and damage such as matrix cracking is quantified along with its effect on load redistribution and cycles to failure of different parts of the laminate. The model does not require any curve fitting or experimentally measured data other than basic material static strength values and their associated experimental scatter. The model is applied to uni-directional and cross-ply laminates. A stress-based approach using energy minimization and calculus of variations is used. The model predictions range from fair to excellent.     

A new fatigue failure theory for multidirectional fiber-reinforced composite laminates with arbitrary stacking sequence

Fatigue failure is one of the most important failure types of fiber-reinforced composites. In this paper, a new fatigue failure theory for multidirectional fiber-reinforced composite laminates with an arbitrary stacking sequence is developed, by combining nonlinear residual strength and residual stiffness models with the recently improved Puck’s failure theory which includes the in situ strength effect. This fatigue theory can predict the fatigue life, residual strength and residual failure envelope of fiber-reinforced composite laminates under multidirectional loadings. For these predictions it is necessary to recalculate the fatigue lives of laminae after each cycle since the stresses in the laminae change due to stiffness degradation. It is also necessary to account for the nonlinear accumulation of damage at the new stress level in the laminae resulting from stiffness degradation. This is achieved by using the concept of equivalent cycle. The theoretical predictions are in good agreement with available experimental results.     

层板复合材料疲劳性能的实验研究

对层板复合材料在拉伸 -拉伸疲劳载荷作用下的初始静刚度、初始静强度、剩余刚度、剩余强度、疲劳寿命进行了实验研究 ,取得了大量的有意义的实验数据 ,分析了层板复合材料的初始静刚度、初始静强度和疲劳寿命的概率分布 ,讨论了层板复合材料在不同应力水平下剩余刚度随疲劳循环周次的衰减变化及损伤破坏的形式 ,得到了一些有意义的结论     

Residual strength of composite laminates containing scarfed and straight-sided holes

This investigation is motivated by the needs to quantify the load-carrying capacity of composite laminates with scarfed holes, a damage cut-out shape employed to achieve flush repairs of composites. Both experimental testing and analytical modelling were carried out to investigate the damage progression behaviour of composite laminates containing either straight-sided or scarfed holes. Hoop strains were recorded by strain gauges located along the scarf surface and the results indicate a much greater extent of damage progression than specimens containing straight-sided holes. Three different strength-prediction models were employed to quantify the residual strength, including an analytical cohesive zone model developed in this work, an analytical inherent-flaw fracture mechanics method and a finite element-based continuum damage model. Comparisons of the experimental results with the model predictions reveal that the continuum damage model, calibrated using data from coupons with straight-sided holes, provides promising correlation with experimental results.     

Study of layup influences on the nonlinear behavior of composites by evaluation of ply stiffness reduction

The influence of the stacking sequence on the nonlinear response of composite laminates is investigated. It is shown that a layup dependency solely emerges from damage evolution mechanisms, whereas damage initiation and viscoelastic and viscoplastic strain accumulation are not affected by the layup. This is a result of a proposed procedure that enables the evaluation of the stiffness reduction on lamina level. The residual ply stiffness components can be determined at large deformations and for various laminates under in-plane loading conditions. A finite element study is utilized to characterize the properties of a ply containing discrete cracks. The relationship between transverse and shear stiffness reduction is derived from the FE results. This allows the combined determination of the residual lamina moduli from an axial laminate stiffness. The analysis approach is validated by angle-ply specimens with different layups.     

Effect of fibre/matrix adhesion on residual strength of notched composite laminates

Effects of fibre/matrix adhesion and residual strength of notched polymer matrix composite laminates (PMCLs) and fibre reinforced metal laminates (FRMLs) were investigated. Two different levels of adhesion between fibre and matrix were achieved by using the same carbon fibres with or without surface treatments. After conducting short-beam shear and transverse tension tests for fibre/matrix interface characterisation, residual strength tests were performed for PMCLs and FRMLs containing a circular hole/sharp notch for the two composite systems. It was found that laminates with poor interfacial adhesion between fibre and matrix exhibit higher residual strength than those with strong fibre/matrix adhesion. Major failure mechanisms and modes in two composite systems were studied using SEM fractography. The effective crack growth model (ECGM) was also applied to simulate the residual strength and damage growth of notched composite laminates with different fibre/matrix adhesion. Predictions from the ECGM were well correlated with experimental data.     

平面编织复合材料层合板低速冲击后的拉伸性能

对两种不同铺层形式的平面编织复合材料层合板低速冲击后拉伸性能进行了实验研究,在此基础上建立了有限元损伤扩展仿真模拟。在所建立的有限元模型中,将低速冲击损伤等效为形状规则的软化夹杂,并针对两种铺层形式采用不同的损伤判据和模量衰减准则。研究结果表明:该有限元模拟结果与实验结果符合,说明该模型能够准确地预测低速冲击后平面编织复合材料层合板的损伤扩展规律和剩余拉伸强度;不同铺层形式的平面编织复合材料层合板在低速冲击后拉伸的损伤扩展规律不同;它们的冲击后拉伸强度降均>50%,在复合材料结构设计中应该受到重视。      

A study of factors affecting life prediction of composites under spectrum loading

The influence of damage accumulation metric, constant life diagram formulation and cycle counting method on life prediction schemes for composite materials under variable amplitude (VA) loading is investigated in this paper. Special focus is put on residual strength based methodologies; different degradation functions are implemented and compared with the Palmgren–Miner (PM) damage accumulation rule. The predictions are validated by comparison with experimental data from a unidirectional glass/epoxy laminate cycled with three different loading spectra. The effect of constant life diagram (CLD) and cycle counting method used in life prediction is investigated through implementation of alternative existing formulations. Results indicate that a net improvement is achieved when linear strength degradation is implemented as damage metric in life prediction schemes, over the state-of-the-art PM summation. Depending on the spectrum pattern itself, CLD and counting method might be of predominant role; Rainflow counting and the simplistic concept according to which a single S–N curve describes fatigue response of the material under any loading condition (R ratio) are shown to yield consistently best life predictions.     

复合材料层板低速冲击后剩余压缩强度

对两种材料体系和铺层的复合材料层合板进行低速冲击后压缩强度试验 , 以研究低速冲击后层合板的压缩破坏机理。讨论了表面凹坑深度、 背面基体裂纹长度、 损伤面积以及剩余压缩强度与冲击能量的关系。在试验研究的基础上 , 建立了复合材料低速冲击后剩余强度估算的一种椭圆形弹性核模型。该模型将冲击损伤等效为一刚度折减的椭圆形弹性核 , 采用含任意椭圆核各向异性板杂交应力有限元分析含损伤层合板的应力应变状态 ,并应用点应力判据预测层板的压缩(或压、 剪)剩余强度。理论分析与试验结果对比表明 , 该模型简单有效。      

考虑制造因素的变刚度层合板的抗屈曲铺层优化设计

与常规层合板相比,变刚度层合板的制造、有限元建模分析和铺层设计有其特殊之处。首先对设计时需考虑的制造因素进行了归纳,提出了变刚度层合板的铺层设计要求。然后给出了变刚度层合板的理想模型和考虑丝束宽度模型的建模方法。基于理想模型对ABAQUS的前处理模块进行二次开发,利用编制的参数化建模程序分析了不同铺放角的变刚度层合板的屈曲性能,并讨论了最小曲率半径对铺层的限制和变刚度设计提高屈曲载荷的机制。基于变刚度层合板的抗屈曲机制建立了一种铺层优化设计方法,使用遗传算法经两步优化得到最优铺层。对最优铺层建立考虑丝束宽度的模型以研究丝束宽度和铺层偏移对变刚度层合板抗屈曲铺层优化结果的影响。研究表明,在变刚度层合板的抗屈曲铺层优化中使用简化的理想模型通常来说是可行的。在考虑制造因素的情况下,优化后的变刚度层合板较常规层合板屈曲载荷有显著提高。     

Identification of Fracture Toughness for Discrete Damage Mechanics Analysis of Glass-Epoxy Laminates

A methodology for determination of the intralaminar fracture toughness is presented, based on fitting discrete damage mechanics (DDM) model predictions to available experimental data. DDM is constitutive model that, when incorporated into commercial finite element software via user material subroutines, is able to predict intralaminar transverse and shear damage initiation and evolution in terms of the fracture toughness of the composite. The applicability of the DDM model is studied by comparison to available experimental data for Glass-Epoxy laminates. Sensitivity of the DDM model to h- and p-refinement is studied. Also, the effect of in-situ correction of strength is highlighted.     

Elasto-plastic stress analysis and burst strength evaluation of Al-carbon fiber/epoxy composite cylindrical laminates

This paper concentrates on the elastic–plastic stress analysis and damage evolution of the Al-carbon fiber/epoxy composite cylindrical laminates under internal pressure and thermal residual stress. Firstly, the elastic stress analysis of the composite laminates is performed by using the classical laminate theory. Secondly, the elasto-plastic stress analysis of the liner layer is further conducted by employing the power hardening theory and the Hencky equation in the plastic theory. Finally, an universal solution algorithm based on the last-ply failure criterion is proposed to explore the damage evolution and the burst strength of the composite laminates. Effects of the winding angle and number of the composite layers as well as the thermal residual stress are addressed. The calculated burst strengths are also compared with the experimental results.     

缝合复合材料可用性——一般层合板的基本性能

通过试验研究了缝合T300帘子布/QY9512常用层合板的拉伸和压缩性能,考察了缝合方向、铺层顺序和环境因素对层合板拉、压性能的影响,得到了3种常用层合板及其孔板的拉伸、压缩强度与模量。研究结构表明:缝合与缝合方向对常用层合板的拉伸强度与模量的影响不大;不同铺层顺序层合板的拉伸强度和模量受缝合与缝合方向的影响程度不同。缝合方向与铺层形式对孔板的缝合效果均有影响,层合板的最佳缝合方向随铺层形式不同而发生变化。缝合对层合板湿热状态下压缩性能的影响与铺层顺序有很大关系。缝合使含孔层合板的干态常温压缩强度明显提高,使湿热时的强度明显降低。      

Fatigue residual strength of circular laminate graphite–epoxy composite plates damaged by transverse load

The research dealt with the relation between damage and tension–tension fatigue residual strength (FRS) in a quasi-isotropic carbon fibre reinforced epoxy resin laminate. The work was organized in two phases: during the first one, composite laminates were damaged by means of an out-of-plane quasi-static load that was supposed to simulate a low velocity impact; in the second phase, fatigue tests were performed on damaged and undamaged specimens obtained from the original composite laminates. During the quasi-static transverse loading phase, damage progression was monitored by means of acoustic emission (AE) technique. The measurement of the strain energy accumulated in the specimens and of the acoustic energy released by fracture events made it possible to estimate the amount of induced damage and evaluate the quasi-static residual tensile strength of the specimens. A probabilistic failure analysis of the fatigue data, reduced by the relative residual strength values, made it possible to relate the FRS of damaged specimens with the fatigue strength of undamaged ones.     

复合材料层合板冲击损伤及剩余强度研究进展

综述了受低速冲击后复合材料层合板的损伤研究进展,重点介绍了倍受复合材料工程结构设计师所关注的含损复合材料层合板的剩余拉伸及压缩强度问题,最后对有待于进一步研究的问题进行了展望.     

A parametric study of skin laminates used in the composite layup of large-scale wind turbine blades

To reach an optimal design solution for the composite layup of large-scale wind turbine blades, subjected to various design load conditions, while, fulfilling numerous design requirements, is a challenging task to accomplish. Since, a large-scale blade is a slender beam structure, therefore, its thin composite layup can be assumed to be under plane stress condition. Consequently, a parametric study of the skin laminates used in the blade composite layup, is conducted to explore and identify the possible design improvements. The results show that the use of off-axis fiber angles of the skin laminate lower than the conventional 45° are more favorable to achieve higher laminate stiffness, strength, bucking stability, fatigue resistance, and bend-twist coupling value, thereby, demonstrating the potential improvements to the existing composite layup design of large-scale wind turbine blade.     

An efficient approach for damage quantification in quasi-isotropic composite laminates under low speed impact

An efficient method to determine the type, size, and location of damage in impacted quasi-isotropic composite laminates is presented. The method uses the peak force during impact obtained from energy balance, a Hertzian contact formulation and energy minimization to determine the complete state of stress in the laminate. Comparisons of the analytical predictions to limiting cases of infinite thickness plates or to detailed finite element models for finite thickness plates shows the predicted stresses to be in excellent agreement with other methods. The stresses are then modified to account for the creation of damage and used in out-of-plane and in-plane failure criteria to predict delamination sizes, matrix failure and fiber failure. The predicted damage states are then compared to published test results for two different materials, eight different stacking sequences, and a range of impact energies from 5 to 50 J. Very good agreement of the predicted damage sizes with the experimentally measured values is observed for a wide range of energy levels but, for two laminates, the discrepancies are significant. Possible improvements of the method are discussed briefly. This method is very promising and can be used in preliminary design allowing extensive trade studies and, eventually, layup optimization. It can also form the beginning of an efficient methodology to predict compression after impact strength of quasi-isotropic laminates.