高强度锻件用微合金化钢

过去35年,已经开发出两大类高强度棒材和锻件用微合金化(MA)钢。第一类是1974年开发的,为中碳钢中加入少量的铌或钒。这些早期的中碳钢为珠光体-铁素体组织,具有高的强度和良好的高周疲劳性能。大约15年之后,微合金化多相钢被开发出来,根据材料加工工艺不同,组织由铁素体、贝氏体、马氏体以及残余奥氏体等组成。这类钢可以达到非常高的强度,同时具有良好的疲劳性能和高的断裂性能。在20世纪70年代早期,高强度锻件仅能通过最终的热处理过程实现,热处理包括加热、淬火及回火(QT)。已经不断地被证实由MA珠光体-铁素体钢生产的空冷锻件可以实现与更昂贵的热处理锻件类似的强度和疲劳性能。介绍过去35年来微合金化珠光体-铁素体钢的发展。     

钛微合金化高强钢的组织性能及强化机制

 为了掌握钛微合金化高强钢的组织性能、第二相粒子特性和析出规律以及强化机制,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、拉伸试验机等设备并结合热力学计算,对高强度汽车车厢板进行了系统研究。研究结果表明,试验钢的显微组织类型主要为多边形铁素体+针状铁素体+少量索氏体,平均有效晶粒尺寸约为3.5 μm。钢中存在大量的球形TiC和少量的不规则形状Ti4C2S2及方形TiN析出物,析出顺序为TiN→Ti4C2S2→TiC。第二相析出物以TiC的沉淀强化效果最为显著,TiN和Ti4C2S2的沉淀强化效果十分微弱。试验钢中所有强化方式对试验钢的强度贡献大小顺序为细晶强化＞沉淀强化＞位错强化＞固溶强化＞晶格点阵强化,其中细晶强化和沉淀强化的强化效果最为显著,对屈服强度的贡献超过50%。     

N对V-微合金化钢15MnVq的组织和性能的影响

通过100 kg真空感应炉,分别添加V-N合金和V-Fe合金熔炼成15MnVNq钢(%-0.15C、1.71Mn、0.11V、0.019 ON)和15MnVq钢(%:0.15C、1.72Mn、0.11V、0.003 3N),并轧制成14 mm钢板.试验结果表明,15MnVq钢中加入0.019%的N促进V(C,N)析出和明显细化钢的组织,钢的屈服和抗拉强度分别由393 MPa和578 MPa提高至510 MPa和660 MPa,-20℃冲击功AKV由21.9 J提高到101.8 J;同时加N后明显降低了15MnVq钢的时效敏感性.     

卷取温度对微合金化含磷钢薄钢板组织和性能的影响

以低碳微合金化含磷钢为研究对象,通过分析热轧态和冷轧退火态的显微组织和力学性能以及退火再结晶动力学行为,研究了卷取温度(600、650、700℃)对微合金化含磷钢组织和性能的影响.研究结果表明,热轧卷取温度对微合金化含磷钢的显微组织和力学性能有显著的影响,随着热轧卷取温度从700℃降低到600℃,试验钢退火再结晶受到明显延迟,再结晶激活能明显提高;卷取温度对热轧态和退火态铁素体晶粒尺寸影响较小,但热轧态强度随着卷取温度降低而提高;随着卷取温度的降低,冷轧退火态的强度提高,且力学性能对退火温度的敏感性增加.     

中国含钒低、微合金化钢的开发与前景

介绍了钒在低、微合金化钢中的作用以及钒微合金化钢的重点产品;回顾了中国低、微合金化钢的开发情况;阐述了中国开发含钒微合金化钢的前景。     

1200 MPa新型Nb-V微合金化贝氏体钢轨钢的组织转变及性能

利用膨胀仪并结合金相法和硬度法,测定了新型Nb-V微合金化贝氏体钢轨钢20mm板(/%:0.24C,0.39Si,1.86Mn,0.007S,0.002P,1.36Cr,0.33 Mo,0.04Nb,0.11V)的连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线,研究冷却速度0.04～4.0℃/s对钢的显微组织及硬度的影响。结果表明,试验钢Bs点温度低于400℃,当冷却速度在0.1～0.8℃/s,试验钢可获得全贝氏体组织,符合贝氏体钢轨的合金设计原理;试验钢的轧态显微组织以板条贝氏体为主,还有少量的马氏体,其强度、塑性、韧性、硬度各指标匹配较好,满足现行贝氏体钢轨相关技术条件的要求。     

CSP流程Ti微合金化高强钢的疲劳性能

采用升降法对CSP工艺生产的2mm厚Ti微合金化高强钢的疲劳性能进行研究.结果发现：高强钢的抗拉强度为830 MPa;疲劳强度为685 MPa,约为抗拉强度的0.83倍;伸长率为18.8%.绘制了高强钢的S-N曲线,并拟合出疲劳寿命与最大应力的关系.通过扫描电镜对疲劳断裂机理进行了分析.宏观疲劳断口可见明显的裂纹源区、扩展区和瞬断区形貌.疲劳裂纹起始于带钢表面微裂纹;疲劳扩展区存在微观疲劳辉纹、二次裂纹和宏观疲劳贝纹线;瞬断区出现撕裂棱,兼有韧窝存在.     

用于先进核能系统的12Cr-ODS铁素体钢的显微组织和力学性能

以12Cr-0.5Ti-1W的气雾化粉和纳米Y₂O₃粉末为原料,通过对预合金粉末的机械合金化和热等静压烧结成型的方法制备了12Cr-ODS铁素体钢,然后运用锻造和热处理等方法实现对材料力学性能的提高.在透射电子显微镜下观察到组织中弥散分布的纳米氧化物颗粒,能谱分析确定氧化物弥散颗粒为Y-Ti-O的复杂氧化物.利用抗拉强度测试和超声无损检测等方法对12Cr-ODS铁素体钢的力学性能进行了分析.     

中国低活化马氏体钢组织性能及强化机理

通过光学显微镜、透射电镜和化学相分析等方法研究了中国低活化马氏体(CLAM)钢的组织特征、析出行为及其与性能的关系.结果表明:CLAM钢淬火态组织为马氏体,760℃回火后组织转变为细小均匀的索氏体.其室温下的抗拉强度为697MPa,屈服强度为652MPa,延伸率为24.4%;600℃时抗拉强度为453MPa,屈服强度为452MPa,延伸率为23%.韧脆转变温度为-60℃.CLAM钢中的析出物主要为30~70 nm的M₂₃C₆和Ta(C,N),这些主要分布在晶界且少量弥散分布于晶内的析出物是强化CLAM钢的主要方式之一.     

Study on microstructure and mechanical properties of martensitic stainless steel 6Cr15MoV

Martensitic stainless steel containing 12%-18%Cr have high hardness due to high carbon content. These steels are common utilized in quenching and tempering processes for knife and cutlery steel.The properties obtained in these materials are significantly influenced by matrix composition after heat treatment,especially as Cr and C content.Comprehensive considered the hardness and corrosion resistance,a new type martensitic stainless steel 6Cr15MoV has been developed.This study emphatic researches the effect of heat treatment processes on microstructure and mechanical properties of 6Cr15MoV martensitic stainless steel.Thermo-Calc software has been carried out to thermodynamic calculation;optical microscope（OM）,scanning electronic microscope（SEM） and transmission electron microscope（TEM） have been carried out to microstructure observation;hardness and impact toughness test have been carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties.Results show that the equilibrium carbide in 6Cr15MoV steel is M₂₃,C₆ carbide,and finely distributed of M₂₃C₆ carbides can be observed on annealed microstructure of 6Cr15MoV stainless steel.6Cr15MoV martensitic stainless steel has a wider quenching temperature range,the hardness value of steel 6Cr15MoV can reach to 60.8 -61.6 HRC when quenched at 1060 - 1100℃.Finely distributed carbides will exist in quenched microstructure,and effectively inhabit the growth of austenite grain.With the increasing of quenching temperature,the volume fraction of undissolved carbides will decrease.The excellent comprehensive mechanical properties can be obtained by quenched at 1060-1100℃with tempered at 100-150℃,and it is mainly due to the high carbon martensite and fine grain size.At these temperature ranges,the hardness will retain about 59.2-61.6 HRC and the Charpy U-notch impact toughness will retain about 17.3-20 J.The morphology of impact fracture surface of tested steel is small dimples with a small amount of cleavage planes.The area of cleavage planes increases with the increasing of tempering temperature.     

Nb对0Cr11铁素体不锈钢组织和性能的影响

 铁素体不锈钢与奥氏体不锈钢相比具有成本低、热膨胀系数低和耐应力腐蚀等优点,所以被广泛应用到汽车排气系统、家用电器和建筑等领域。研究了不同的Nb含量对铁素体不锈钢显微组织和力学性能的影响。研究结果表明：Nb有细化晶粒的作用,随着Nb含量的增加,晶粒的平均尺寸减小;由于合金元素Nb和Ti的加入,形成了TiN、NbC 和 Fe2Nb析出相,其透射电镜观察结果与Thermal calc计算结果一致;材料的抗拉强度和显微硬度随着Nb含量的增加而增加,这是由于Nb的固溶强化和析出强化共同作用的结果。     

Nb对V、N微合金化压力容器钢珠光体形态及低温韧性影响

为了在保证强度同时提升压力容器钢低温韧性,以铌(Nb)取代部分钒(V),研究Nb的添加对V、N微合金化正火压力容器钢板显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,Nb+V试验钢相比于V试验钢,在强度保持630 MPa的同时可显著提升低温冲击韧性,-20、-40、-60℃冲击吸收功分别提升59、44、29 J。原因主要为Nb的添加促进了细小铁素体转变,其含量的增加使钢的塑韧性增强。此外V和Nb+V钢中碳原子扩散系数在平均转变温度下分别为2.64×10^-13、2.14×10^-13 cm²/s, Nb的添加降低了珠光体生长速度、增加了珠光体转变过程中的过冷度,从而细化了珠光体团簇和片层间距。EBSD分析可知以Nb取代部分V后试验钢有效晶粒尺寸由7.7μm减小至5.8μm,大角度晶界比例由83.1%增加至85.5%。微合金元素Nb的细晶作用及对大角度晶界比例提升的贡献也可以大幅提高钢的低温冲击韧性。     

Ti微合金化高强度热轧带钢组织性能及强化机理

The continuous cooling transformation behavior, the effect of coiling temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties, and strengthening mechanisms of Ti microalloyed high strength hot strip steel were systematically investigated by thermal simulation testing machine, laboratory rolling mill, SEM and HR-TEM. The dynamic CCT curve was established. The results show that the austenite to ferrite and pearlite transformation takes place when the cooling rate is less than 1??/s. The austenite to bainite transformation accompanied with austenite to ferrite and pearlite transformation takes place when the cooling rate is in the range of 5 ??/s to 10 ??/s. The bainitic transformation temperature is about 600??. The amount of granular bainite decreases, while the amount of lath bainite increases with the increase of cooling rate in the range of 20??/s to 50??/s. Furthermore, the study on the effect of coiling temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of experimental steel has shown that the strength and plasticity of tested steel are improved with decreasing the coiling temperature. When the coiling temperature is 550?棬the experimental steel possesses optimal mechanical properties owing to the grain refinement and precipitation of nano-scale TiC particles. And the tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of tested steel were 742MPa, 683MPa and 22??5%, respectively.     

基于动态相变的热轧Nb-V-Ti微合金化TRIP钢组织及性能

通过单轴热压缩试验,结合扫描电镜以及X射线衍射技术,研究了动态相变前奥氏体晶粒状态对基于动态相变的热轧Nb-V-Ti微合金化TRIP钢复相组织状态及力学性能的影响.与动态相变前奥氏体晶粒为等轴状条件下相比,动态相变前奥氏体晶粒为拉长状条件下,动态相变得到的铁素体转变量较大,最终复相组织中贝氏体含量较少且团径较小,马氏体含量较少,但对残余奥氏体含量及其含碳量影响不明显.与不含微合金化元素的基于动态相变的热轧TRIP钢相比,Nb-V-Ti微合金化TRIP钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度明显提高,而延伸率有所降低.     

Effect of Nb and Ti on second-phase precipitation and mechanical properties of 430 ferritic stainless steel

The influence of Ti and Nb on the microstructure,mechanical properties,and second-phase precipitation of 430 ferritic stainless steel was investigated.In addition to optical microscopy,transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses,tensile tests,and carbonitride extraction experiments were conducted to investigate the microscopic mechanisms.The results showed that the primary precipitates in SUS 430 ferritic stainless steel were Cr_(23)C_6,Mn_(23)C_6,and Cr_7C_3,and the primary strengthening mechanism was precipitation strengthening.When Ti was added separately,the main precipitates were TiC and TiN.However,coarse TiC adversely affected the mechanical properties of steel.When double-stabilized with Ti and Nb,coarse TiC was replaced by fine NbC.The type of precipitation was altered,and precipitation and solid solution strengthening occurred.Therefore,the tensile strength and plastic strain ratio(r-value) improved to 433.60 MPa and 1.37,respectively.     

First Results of Characterization of 9Cr-3 WVTiTaN Low Activation Ferritic/Martensitic Steel

Ferritic/martensitic steels with Cr of 9%-12% (in mass percent) are favourable candidates for fuel cladding tube and in-core components of supercritical water-cooled reactor. 9Cr-3WVTiTaN low activation ferritic/martensitic steel, designated as China Nuclear Steel-Ⅰ (CNS-Ⅰ), was patterned after T91 steel (modified 9Cr-1Mo) for the reactor. The idea of low activation material and microalloy technology was introduced into the design of the steel. The hardening, tempering and transformation behaviour of CNS-Ⅰ steel was investigated. The steel has advantages in tensile properties at elevated temperature relative to zircaloy that has been widely used as cladding material for conventional light water reactors. CNS-Ⅰ steel exhibits tensile properties and impact toughness comparable to T91 steel which exhibits availability in the present fission reactors and fast breeder reactor but includes undesired radioactive elements such as molybdenum and niobium.