伦敦2012奥林匹克公园总体规划及赛后利用

21世纪初,下利亚山符曾经基础设施薄弱,破旧而不利于生活。2012年伦敦奥运会及残奥会场地建设是实现东伦敦地区大片废弃土地转型利用的第一步,并使这里有机会成为一个示范性的可持续发展环境。规划通过充分利用本地区的河流资源构建绿色廊道,修复破旧的城市肌理,同时还会在赛后留下可持续新社区,而奥运公园也将成为一个多世纪以来欧洲最大的公园之一。公园建设考虑到了环境、经济和社会的可持续发展,赛时及赛后规划紧密结合,同时进行,公园的遗产总规划框架是区域再生和进一步发展的基础。未来的奥林匹克区将转变成一个城市新区。     

Gendering the right to housing in the city: Homeless female lone parents in post-Olympics,austerity East London

This paper assesses how gender, housing, austerity and the right to the city inter-relate with reference to female lone parents from East London, the site of the 2012 Olympic Games. In so doing, the paper draws upon qualitative research undertaken with lone parent mothers living in temporary accommodation. The women's housing experiences are embedded within a deepening of neoliberal welfare cutbacks and restructuring under what Peck (2012) has called ‘austerity urbanism’. Although the mother's lives are based in East London where they have extended family and where many of them grew up, they have either been moved, or face the prospect of being moved, out of the area and even beyond the city limits into suburban South East England. Rather than basking in the much trumpeted 2012 Games regeneration ‘legacy’, these women's right to live in East London, close to their support networks, is being eroded.     

东伦敦城市更新背景下的伦敦2012奥林匹克公园

以东伦敦长达50年的城市更新规划为研究背景,针对伦敦2012年奥林匹克公园设计．从绿色基础设施的角度加以探讨并分析其对于整个城市发展的巨大作用。从时间维度上看,伦敦市政府强调了奥运会后遗产规划,将奥运场地远期发展纳入了始于1980年代的泰晤士河口城市更新计划中。从空间维度上看,奥林匹克公园作为重要的城市绿地,将成为东伦敦绿网、利亚区域公园、以及泰晤士河口绿地系统的重要节点,提升整个绿色基础设施的功能,从而实现可持续发展。     

“主办城市”的世界文化影响力传播

奥运会、世博会、世界杯乃至亚运会等作为享誉世界声誉的“城市巨事件”,对主办城市最显著的影响在于城市规划、建筑设计、市政设施、文化生活的发展及变迁。遗产除了现代人继承古人的宝贵财富外,也包括大自然对人类的馈赠（包括自然遗产与文化遗产）。本文以城市与建筑为载体,借鉴主办城市展开了建筑文化遗产意义上的分析,重点描述了作为现代建筑媒体如何传播北京奥运会、上海世博会及广州亚运会,反之,主办城市又是如何通过城市文化的创意与传播,扩展自身的世界影响力。     

TRANSPORT LEGACY OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES, 1992–2012

Legacy planning in preparation for the Olympic Games has significantly grown in importance for host cities and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) because of wasteful investments for some previous Games. Since the late 1990s, the IOC has actively sought to prevent such overspending through a Transfer of Knowledge program, in which valuable lessons are passed from one host city to the next. This paper analyzes the transport legacies of the Olympic Games, using original archive material and interviews with key decision‐makers in five cities. While previous research into the effects of the Olympic Games on host cities suggests that infrastructural legacies are place‐specific, the main argument of this paper is that the transport legacies of the Olympic Games are much more uniform across the host cities. Even though host cities’ transport systems were intrinsically different pre‐Olympics, the author finds that similar features of Olympic transport systems, developed through the Transfer of Knowledge program, produced similar legacies. In explaining the creation of transport legacies through Olympics‐motivated drivers, the author suggests the Olympics might trigger similar transport developments in future host cities. Therefore, city planners can use Olympic transport features as powerful catalysts to accelerate their urban and transport plans.     

The impact of the London Olympic Parkland on the urban heat island

The London Olympic Parkland represents a substantial area of redevelopment with the potential to significantly modify urban temperatures. This paper illustrates a neighbourhood-scale model of the type that can be used to analyse the impact of large developments on the urban heat island, using the London Olympic Parkland as an example. Using the Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling System Temperature and Humidity model, the impact of the urban surfaces for the Parkland area (～16 km²) is modelled at a 400 m² grid resolution for the pre-Olympic, Olympic and Legacy periods. Temperature perturbations from upwind values are simulated for the periods to estimate the contribution the Parkland has on local air temperatures. The results illustrate the impact that large impermeable features such as the concourse might have on increased air temperatures during Olympic period design conditions. In comparison, a Legacy scenario shows temperature reductions from the pre-Olympic period due to an increase in vegetation coverage.     

伦敦奥运会的筹办与实施——当代重大事件的合作开发模式的特征及问题

结合对当代重大事件合作开发模式的特征进行总结,本文对伦敦奥运会组织者在筹办与项目实施过程中,与包括全球、国家到地方的不同利益相关者进行沟通与合作的过程进行了考察。此外,与城市发展视角相结合,文章同时总结了奥运开发对于所在斯特拉特福德地区的经济、社会到城市建设等多方面影响,并讨论了伦敦奥运会对我国城市建设的意义。     

2012伦敦奥林匹克公园的生态种植设计

介绍了詹姆斯·希契莫夫(James Hitehmough)和奈杰尔·邓内特(Nigel Dunnett)教授为2012年伦敦奥林匹克公园设计和营造草本植物群落景观的相关工作.伦敦奥林匹克公园可能是奥运会发展至今最具可持续发展观的,这一理念在250hm2的绿地景观中得到了充分展示.场地种植设计的亮点,是营建生态结构合理的植物群落以最大尺度的实现稳定可持续性.形态和季相色彩丰富的绿地景观不仅为奥运会期间的游人服务,之后大部分的景观会得以保留,进而成为伦敦东部的一个新的地区公园.描述和讨论了公园和自然式的种植设计在当前追求更加持续稳定的城市环境设计中的实践和理论哲学地位.     

Olympic Technologies

The Olympic Games bring tremendous impacts to host cities, yet little attention has been paid to the variety and novelty in urban technologies that are introduced through the mega-event vehicle. This paper argues that urban transformation associated with the Olympic Games increasingly spans the technological sphere. As a path-breaker the Olympic bid of Tokyo foreshadows a technological revolution that will make the capital of Japan the most advanced urban technology metropolis in the world. This is significant, as this pioneer for the city of the future may yield many valuable insights given the rapid implementation and acceleration of technological innovation proceeding into 2020. Consequently, lessons on how this technology may impact our society can be derived.     

Planning mega-event legacies: uncomfortable knowledge for host cities

The rhetoric employed when cities bid for the right to host mega-events like the Olympic Games suggests that benefits will include improved infrastructure, investment in city infrastructure, and regeneration of neglected urban areas. However, the legacy of mega-events has historically been mixed; while some cities have been recognized for their development efforts, many others have been vilified for their subsequent actions, or lack thereof. The term legacy itself is, however, problematic; it presents a one-sided view of positive effects, without adequate consideration of downside risk in bidding. This research draws on interviews from people involved in six different mega-events and illustrates the challenges of addressing legacy with a variety of examples, including a detailed look at the London 2012 Olympic Games’ legacy negotiations regarding the use of the Olympic Stadium to gain insight into how legacy opportunities are developed. Drawing on the concept of uncomfortable knowledge, the dispute over the legacy use of the Olympic Stadium is used to examine the mixed perspectives of the different parties involved in decisions over mega-event legacies. We conclude by suggesting that unacknowledged interests, which remain constructively ambiguous during the bidding phase, create the opportunity for uncomfortable knowledge to arise in the planning process. The use of uncomfortable knowledge as a theoretical lens provides a useful construct to focus on the boundaries and limitations of knowledge in planning mega-events.     

The Power of the Image

Designers have long used fantastical imagery as part of an urban regeneration process. Here, Louis Rice examines the legacy of Foreign Office Architects' seminal image for the 2005 winning bid for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Futurescapes of urban regeneration: ten years of design for the unfolding urban legacy of London’s Olympic Games, 2008–2018

ABSTRACT

Much of the literature on the urban legacy of the 2012 Olympics Games emerging in recent years has emphasized the form that development has taken and the ways in which this aligns (or not) with specific promises made in terms of regeneration before the Games. Though plenty of discussion of planning procedure has occurred in this context, less emphasis has been placed on how the process, rather than the products, of urban change has been envisioned through legacy planning and urban design, and the significance of this for regeneration. Given that London’s much-heralded ‘regeneration legacy’ was, from the early days of the Olympic bid, portrayed as a long-term process aimed at addressing historical issues of socio-economic disparity in East London, and that planning and urban design would play key roles in anticipating it, this contribution to the literature is timely. The paper focuses on the period from 2008 to 2018, beginning with the launch of the what was called the Legacy Masterplan Framework. Drawing on empirical analysis of documents describing the main stages of legacy planning and design between these years, it then examines how regeneration as a ‘futurescape’ encompassing numerous aspects of timing and temporality has been anticipated, planned and evolved.     

伦敦2012奥林匹克公园种植设计

伦敦奥林匹克公园是英国最具可持续发展潜力并充分体现生态的新公园。公园总体规划在实际操作中遵循生物多样性执行计划（BAP）。同时也要满足奥运会和残奥会期间游客的审美和娱乐需求：,公园分为两个区域：北园和南园,其种植战略包括赛时（2012年）和转型期（2012年。2014年）草本植物的（非木质）设计概念和详细的实施建议。奥林匹克公园是城市公园绿地设计和管理方式的转折点,希望它能够为未来建立一个充分体现生态的城市绿色基础设施的参考标准。     

慕尼黑奥林匹克公园规划与城市生活

德国慕尼黑奥林匹克公园是至今为止赛后运营最为成功的举办场所．而在经济效益背后．其与市民生活的融合更是典范。本文以慕尼黑奥林匹克公园为例．结合慕尼黑现代城市规划发展史以及城市规划结构体系．事务管理等方面进行阐述。重点探讨公园对慕尼黑市产生的持续影响及会后市民使用的相关问题．以期对奥运会后的北京提供借鉴。     

奥运建设对主办城市发展的影响

从历史出发．研究了各届奥运会的建设状况及其对城市发展的影响．从中总结奥运建设的关键问题：必须把可持续发展应用于奥运的规划与建设之中。得出结论：正确的奥运建设将为主办城市发展带来如下影响：推动主办城市建筑业．旅游业和房地产业的发展．加快城市基础设施建设速度,改善城市生态环境。并定义三个与城市发展相关的概念：奥运低谷、奥运资源与绿色奥运。     

SPECTACULAR BEIJING: THE CONSPICUOUS CONSTRUCTION OF AN OLYMPIC METROPOLIS

ABSTRACT: This article presents a critical review of Beijing's Olympic redevelopment, and of the social, economic, and political impacts of hosting mega events as a means of urban image construction. Through an analysis of Olympic projects, city marketing initiatives, and their impact on the city's material and cultural landscape, this article postulates that Beijing's spatial restructuring and image construction program played an important role in exacerbating the profound inequalities that have come to epitomize China's transition to capitalism within an autocratic political system. Acting as a developmental engine legitimating large‐scale urban transformations, the Olympics have helped concentrate economic and political power in the hands of a coalition of government leaders and private investors and allowed their interests to dominate the planning agenda. Beijing's spectacular Olympic preparations have in many ways acted as a propaganda tool and an instrument of pacification to divert popular attention from the shortcomings of China's rapid economic transformation, accompanied by rampant land speculation, corruption, and uneven development.     

Events as a means to foster knowledge-driven urban development: Experience from the new district development in Nanjing

Events can bring important impetus to urban development. In addition to hardware investments, such as infrastructure, events also have important potential in the development of knowledge cities. Nanjing is a typical city where China's knowledge industry is rapidly growing. Since the end of the last century, Nanjing has been promoting new district development on the city's periphery and has hosted a series of events, including the 10th National Games in 2005 and the 2nd Youth Olympic Games in 2014. In this process, the city government also hopes to explore the potential of the knowledge economy and is committed to providing a new direction for urban development.This work reviews the history of Nanjing's knowledge city development from two different dimensions (land development and knowledge development) and summarises the related achievements and lessons in different periods. The authors aim to identify the diverse effects of events in urban social and economic development based on the analysis of the differences in governance structure between land development and knowledge development. This work contributes to the literature on events and provides insights into the potential uses of events as a mechanism for knowledge-driven urban development.     

伦敦奥运遗产

伦敦是第一个第三次举办奥运会的城市,其传统是率先考虑每个人的参与性。全球建筑专家Populous事务所发展了一个＂拥抱临时＂的新理论,挑战永恒建筑的概念,事务所对奥林匹克体育场的设计和比赛临时设施的介入保证了所有建筑使用均能适合奥运会的目的,其结果是有史以来能够在赛后转化成更小场地的环境可持续的奥林匹克体育场的成功建造。许多其他的奥运场馆都是临时设施,为在伦敦著名地标中演绎体育比赛提供了灵活性,同时保证了一个可持续而不会为城市带来巨大负担的奥运遗产。     

The legacies of Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics: an evaluation of the Adler Olympic Park

The study investigates the legacies of the 2014 Winter Olympics, and, in particular, it focuses on the evaluation of the new public open spaces created after their stage and their sustainability outcomes. Indeed, Sochi was the second city, after London 2012, with a chapter dedicated to legacy in its candidature file. The study develops a post-occupancy evaluation of the Adler Olympic Park, the coastal cluster, and one of the main legacies of the Games. Findings highlight that the Games failed in the achievement of almost all the legacy promises made in the bid book.     

奥运会与城市人口迫迁

举办成功的大型城市活动能够有效地拉动城市的发展,但以举办奥运会为目标的城市建设所带来的负面效应也越来越多地引起社会的关注,特别是由奥运建设引发的城市人口迫迁现象.本文首先解读了城市人口迫迁的含义和形式,其次讨论了以奥运会为代表的大型体育活动对城市人口迫迁的影响,特别分析了如何较为理性地判读与奥运建设相关的迫迁数据,最后从规划政策的角度简要探讨了如何在大型体育事件的筹备过程中降低引发城市人口迫迁的风险.