Evaluating demand response opportunities for power systems resilience using MILP and MINLP Formulations

While peak shaving is commonly used to reduce power costs, chemical process facilities that can reduce power consumption on demand during emergencies (e.g., extreme weather events) bring additional value through improved resilience. For process facilities to effectively negotiate demand response (DR) contracts and make investment decisions regarding flexibility, they need to quantify their additional value to the grid. We present a grid-centric mixed-integer stochastic programming framework to determine the value of DR for improving grid resilience in place of capital investments that can be cost prohibitive for system operators. We formulate problems using both a linear approximation and a nonlinear alternating current power flow model. Our numerical results with both models demonstrate that DR can be used to reduce the capital investment necessary for resilience, increasing the value that chemical process facilities bring through DR. However, the linearized model often underestimates the amount of DR needed in our case studies. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. AIChE J, 65: e16508, 2019     

过程系统工程的发展和面临的挑战

过程系统工程是一门蓬勃发展中的重要学科。对这门学科的发展沿革做了简略回顾,然后对这门学科所做出的贡献和差距、存在的问题进行了探讨,最后指出过程系统工程在21世纪所面临的挑战及发展机遇。     

光伏储能耦合发电在我公司绿色矿山建设中的应用

面对国际形势中不断严峻的环保问题,传统资源消耗型制造业的发展模式已经愈发不符合国家长远发展政策和产业绿色低碳的发展需求,而引进诸如光伏、锂电、风电和氢能等清洁能源是目前传统制造业逐步摆脱对外界传统能源依赖的最有效手段之一。光伏和锂电储能这两种新能源的运行原则契合矿山生产主要集中在日间的特性,不仅能够助力绿色矿山建设,并为矿山节省不少的电力成本,且能够提高品牌影响力和有效推动地区新能源产业发展,所以清洁能源引进势在必行。     

混合供电系统中退役电池的模块化储能操作优化

将退役的动力电池用于混合供电系统可有效地降低投资成本，而针对退役电池储能系统的操作优化则可降低混合供电系统的操作费用，并提升混合供电系统的运行收益。以多个初始容量存在差异的电池组构成的退役电池储能系统为对象，在综合考虑退役电池容量衰退特性和电池组初始状态差异的基础上，构建了以年总费用最小为目标的混合供电系统操作优化模型，并将该方法用于一个由光伏发电和储能电池系统构成的混合供电系统的操作优化中。研究表明：储能电池系统中多组退役电池初始状态的差异，使得各电池组在操作过程中的充放电顺序和频率存在显著差异；储能电池系统的操作优化可有效缓解电池容量衰退，与固定比例调度流程相比，该储能电池系统的年总费用更低。     

SOFC in dispersed power generation

Fuel cells are seen as a significant innovation for energy generation of the future since they are both environmentally friendly and can convert natural gas to electric current with comparatively high degrees of efficiency. Its introduction is especially suited for the decentralized provision of electricity and heat. The SOFC-technology is still at the beginning of its development, although a 100 kW-plant was already demonstrated using Westinghouse’s tubular concept. The alternate to this, the planar SOFC is still in the development stages of units between 10 and 20 kW. Siemens wants to put a 50 kW-test plant for the planar system into operation next year. The introduction of high-temperature fuel cells will follow conventional combined heat and power plants (CHP) in competition. To be successful, competitive life-cycle costs are required. Hence, considerable efforts will be needed from the supplier in the coming year given the present position.     

蓄热技术在聚焦式太阳能热发电系统中的应用现状

从了解聚焦式太阳能热发电（CSP）的发展背景出发,综述了CSP系统中的蓄热技术的应用现状与发展方向,对各种蓄热技术进行了比较,并简要介绍了我国目前技术发展的现状,同时指出经济型的蓄热系统设计是CSP系统成功走向市场化的关键技术,双罐熔融盐直接蓄热塔式系统将是我国发展CSP技术努力的方向。     

A comparative simulation study of power generation plants involving chemical looping combustion systems

This work presents a simulation study on both energy and economics of power generation plants with inherent CO₂ capture based on chemical looping combustion technologies. Combustion systems considered include a conventional chemical looping system and two extended three-reactor alternatives (exCLC and CLC3) for simultaneous hydrogen production. The power generation cycles include a combined cycle with steam injected gas turbines, a humid air turbine cycle and a simple steam cycle. Two oxygen carriers are considered in our study, iron and nickel. We further analyze the effect of the pressure reaction and the turbine inlet temperature on the plant efficiency. Results show that plant efficiencies as high as 54% are achieved by the chemical looping based systems with competitive costs. That value is well above the efficiency of 46% obtained by a conventional natural gas combined cycle system under the same conditions and simulation assumptions.     

In situ synthesis and thermal shock resistance of mullite used for thermal storage ceramics in solar thermal power generation

Abstract

Mullite ceramic, as one of high performance thermal storage ceramics for solar thermal power generation systems, was in situ fabricated via semidry pressing and pressureless sintering in the air. Andalusite (57–68 wt-%) and calcined bauxite (24–29 wt-%) were used as the raw materials, with kaolin and a tiny of boric acid being added to promote the densification and improve the mechanical properties. The best physical properties and thermal shock resistance were obtained on an optimum A3 sample sintered at 1600°C for 3 h, i.e. a bending strength of 120·44 MPa and 30 cycles thermal shock cycling without cracking (wind cooling from 1000°C to room temperature) with a loss of bending strength of 8·7%.     

联合贮库扬尘问题的分析及解决措施

我厂因生产发展的需要,扩建了1个30万t/a的粉磨站。除新建水泥磨房、包装机和水泥库外,熟料、石膏及混合材均贮存在原联合贮库内。外购熟料通过皮带机进入联合贮库,由于入库物料落差8～16m,联合贮库内粉尘污染严重。针对存在问题,2002年10月我们进行了改造。1存在问题1)外购熟料经过破碎,其粉状料多。为防止扬尘,在皮带上安装了防尘防雨罩,但由于2个转运皮带落差高达2.8m,转接处扬尘较大。为此,在两皮带机之间安装了1台LNGM4-11型袋式除尘器(工艺布置见图1a,技术性能参数见表1),但因该除尘器的工艺布置不合理,除尘效果不佳。技术性能参数L…     

Non-impact of particle size distribution on power generation at a pulverized coal power plant burning low rank Alaska coal

This paper details two combustion tests that were conducted in a pulverized coal power plant in Healy, Alaska, on low rank high volatile content Alaska coal. The intent of the tests was to determine if combustion suffered when coal was ground to a coarser particle size distribution (PSD) than current standards (70% passing − 200 mesh or 74 microns, for bituminous coal). Prior studies had indicated that the higher reactivity of Alaska coal would make up for any loss of combustion due to large particle sizes. The first test (the default power plant setting at that time) had a PSD of 48.8% passing − 200 mesh, while the second test was coarser than that, with only 41.8% passing − 200 mesh. The samples for PSD were taken using ASTM procedures. The two tests burned similar BTUs and had similar combustion. Combustion was measured indirectly through steam and megawatt (MW) generation.     

Sustainable design of geothermal energy systems for electric power generation using life cycle optimization

This article addresses the sustainable design of organic Rankine cycle-based geothermal binary power systems under economic and environmental criteria. A novel superstructure with multiple heat source temperatures, working fluids, and heat rejection systems is proposed. Based on the superstructure, a life cycle optimization model is formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear fractional program (MINFP) to determine the optimal design. The nonconvex MINFP is efficiently solved by a tailored global optimization algorithm. Two case studies are considered to demonstrate the proposed modeling framework and solution algorithm. One case is based on a geothermal energy system located in California, and the other one is in New York (NY) State. The results show that the geothermal energy system in California is much more economically competitive than that in NY State. The difference in life cycle environmental impacts is less pronounced because the environmental impacts are less sensitive to geological conditions than the capital investments.     

The role of colorants in the generation,storage, and output of digital still images

The purpose of this review is to highlight the important role that dye and pigment colorants play in the areas of image generation, image storage, and image output with respect to digital still images. Colorants in the form of dyes and pigments play an integral part in the digital still imaging process, from the initial conversion of the original greyscale image into a full‐colour RGB additive image, followed by electronic image storage, and finally to hard‐copy output via non‐impact printing technologies such as inkjet and thermal dye transfer. In addition, both dyes and pigments are also utilised for image generation in the fast‐developing world of electronic paper display technologies. Dyes and pigments were the mainstay of many of the early analogue photographic processes in the areas of image capture and image reproduction, and this review sets out to show that, in the new age of digital imaging, this situation is still prevalent.     

Highly efficient distributed generation and high-capacity energy storage

With the growing amount of decentralized power production the design and operation of the grid has to be reconsidered. New problems include the two-way flow of electricity and maintaining the power balance given the increased amount of uncertain and fluctuating renewable energy sources like wind and solar that deliver electricity to the grid.Solution directions are the development of smart grids, demand side management, virtual power plants and storage of electricity. These are directions that, rightly so, are already attracting a lot of attention and R&D funding. In this paper critical issues are identified and specified. However, we will also explore new solution directions based on an integrative approach as proposed by the Dutch Royal Academy of Science foresight committee on renewable energy conversions. These alternative solutions include flexible coproduction and local production of chemicals and fuel that can also fulfill a storage function.     

生物质气化发电技术研究进展

化石能源枯竭和环境污染两大难题日渐成为社会发展的枷锁,人类亟需寻找绿色清洁能源推动社会可持续发展。生物质具有可再生性、原料丰富和清洁低碳的特点,拥有巨大应用潜力。生物质气化发电技术作为生物能利用的方法之一,不仅可以替代传统能源,还能避免能源利用过程中带来的环境污染问题。本文介绍了国内外生物质气化发电技术研究进展,包括气化设备研究、生命周期评价和发电工艺研究等,为生物质气化发电技术的研究提供参考和借鉴。     

新型干法线发电站的节能减排途径探索

目前带余热发电站的新型干法生产线仍然具有很大的节能减排空间。以某工程两条5000t/d生产线回收窑筒体散热用于余热发电和生活供热的项目为例,进行了工艺及经济效益分析。在此基础上就实现水泥熟料生产电能零消耗提出了一系列可实施途径和探索性途径。最后从节电措施、蒸汽利用、节水和降噪等方面分析了余热发电站自身的节能减排问题。     

生物炼制的挑战与过程系统工程的机遇

过程系统工程在生物炼制发展的过程中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文介绍了过程系统工程相关技术在生物炼制工艺开发、企业生产和区域系统设计中的应用情况。针对生物炼制发展过程中的要求,讨论了过程系统工程技术在生物反应过程模拟、企业生产过程优化、生产管理优化等研究方向应用的可能性与必要性。文章认为,过程系统工程应用于生物炼制领域有两个重要的未来发展方向,一是针对包括农林业生产在内的生物炼制产业链的大系统分析,二是加强同经济学、管理学等其它学科领域的交叉融合。