改性高水材料抗压、抗剪强度特征及对比分析

以高水充填材料为载体,用聚乙烯塑料（PE）对其进行改性,研究了改性高水材料的抗压、抗剪强度特征,并对结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:随PE粉掺量的增加,改性高水材料的抗压、抗剪强度均呈现降低的趋势,改性高水材料各应力应变曲线与纯高水材料有明显区别,纯高水材料的残余强度更高,改性高水材料的残余强度普遍较低,而剪切位移曲线变化不明显;PE粉的加入明显改变了材料的生成物形貌以及微观结构,随掺量的增加逐渐由纤维网状结构向絮凝块状结构变化,而且生成物之间更容易形成尺寸较大的贯穿孔洞;改性高水材料的抗剪强度明显低于抗压强度,表明改性类高水充填材料不宜用于倾角较大的煤层。      

单压下节理密度及倾角对类岩石试件强度及变形的影响

通过预制张开节理类岩石试件,在单轴压缩条件下,研究节理密度及倾角的组合作用对试件强度和变形特征的影响.试验结果表明:(1)随着节理倾角的增大,应力-应变曲线由多峰值转变为单峰值,试件脆性增强,延性减弱;(2)节理密度对当量峰值强度的影响与节理倾角大小有关,对当量弹模的影响呈“V”形变化,即当量弹模随着节理密度的增大呈现先减小后增大的变化规律;(3)当量弹模随节理倾角的增大而增大,在节理倾角为90°的时候达到最大值,为完整试件弹性模量的70%~80%;(4)节理倾角对多节理类岩石试件当量峰值强度和当量弹性模量的影响大于节理密度的影响.对试验结果进一步分析发现:节理密度及节理倾角与应力-应变曲线、当量峰值强度及当量弹性模量之间的关系,其变化规律与试件的破坏过程息息相关,其破坏模式可分为张拉破坏、剪切破坏和复合破坏.      

岩石材料脆性剪切破坏模式下的强度分析

使用声发射法与三轴试验相结合的方法对岩石试样微裂隙产生和发展进行监测,以获取岩石脆性剪切混合破坏模式的特点.采用断裂力学与岩石力学理论相结合的方式进行理论分析和试验数据处理,得到了试样三阶段特征强度随应力状态变化的规律,并提出了一种适用于岩石脆性、剪切混合型破坏强度分析方法,据此建立了Mohr-Coulomb、Griffith和Hoek-Brown等强度准则与脆、剪混合强度模型的关系.采用此模型对水厂边坡混合花岗岩的全应力-应变试验数据进行脆剪混合强度分析,理论值与试验值具有良好的一致性.      

块石胶结充填体组成材料的力学特性

目前,国内外对于块石胶结充填体组成材料力学特性的研究较少,而材料的力学特性在一定程度上影响充填效果的好坏.基于目前的研究成果,借助室内单轴抗压、抗拉试验,得到块石胶结充填体各组成材料的应力-应变关系曲线、载荷-时间关系曲线.结果表明:3种组成材料强度差异性大;骨料试件的强度远远大于尾砂充填体试件与骨料-尾砂试件;骨料试件与骨料-尾砂试件峰后应力跌落较快,表现为脆性特征;尾砂充填体试件在到达峰值应力后下滑迟缓,说明其具有一定残余强度;尾砂充填体试件与骨料试件在单轴荷载的条件下具有初始压密、线弹性变形、塑性变形和失稳破坏4个阶段.     

考虑不同初始状态的黄河泥沙三轴静力剪切特性试验

开展了一系列静态三轴剪切试验,研究了不同初始条件（围压、密实度）以及不同试验条件（剪切速率、排水条件）对黄河泥沙静力强度以及变形特性的影响,得到了黄河泥沙的应力应变曲线发展规律,以及应力路径、抗剪强度包线、应力比曲线和不同特征状态下的内摩擦角分布、初始剪切模量以及极限偏应力等指标.结果表明：黄河泥沙的抗剪强度对围压、密实度以及排水条件更为敏感,具体而言,峰值强度、临界强度均随着围压与密实度的提高而增大,不排水条件下的抗剪强度大于排水条件;不排水条件下孔压的发展与排水条件下的剪胀特性具有对照关系,但孔压较剪胀特性发展得更为迅速,并且得到黄河泥沙的特征状态内摩擦角分布区间介于22.6°到38.1°之间.本研究可以为黄河泥沙在路基工程中的资源化利用提供数据和理论参考.     

含孔洞大理岩破坏特性的颗粒流分析

基于室内单轴压缩试验结果,利用颗粒流程序PFC2D,模拟含预制孔洞大理岩在单轴和双轴压缩条件下的破坏过程,分析预制孔洞形状、围压大小以及岩石非均质性对大理岩力学特性和裂纹扩展的影响.数值结果表明:与完整大理岩试样相比,含孔洞试样的峰值强度显著降低,降低程度与孔洞形状有关;围压对含孔洞大理岩试样的力学特性和裂纹扩展有显著影响,含孔洞试样的峰值强度随围压的增加而增加,但偏应力峰值随围压的增加呈先增大后减小的变化趋势;试样的破坏模式与孔洞形状相关,含圆形孔洞试样为类X型剪切破坏,含矩形孔洞或马蹄形孔洞试样为对角剪切破坏;岩石内部的矿物结核影响了裂纹的扩展路径,从而改变试样的宏观破坏模式.微观机理分析表明:孔洞周边裂纹的萌生与扩展过程伴随着应力集中区的释放与转移;含孔洞试样的宏观裂纹有3种模式:孔壁剥落、拉伸裂纹和压剪裂纹.      

不同含水率下红黏土软化模型及强度试验研究

为研究重塑红黏土的软化特性和抗剪强度与含水率之间的关系,以山西长治地区重塑红黏土为试验材料,进行了不同含水率下的三轴不固结不排水试验。试验结果表明:山西长治地区重塑红黏土在含水率和围压较小的情况下易发生宏观剪切破坏,其应力—应变曲线出现了明显软化现象,采用改进的应力—应变软化模型能够较好地模拟试验曲线的变化趋势;山西长治地区重塑红黏土中矿物质伊/蒙间层含量较高,土体内部存在较大孔隙,随着含水率和围压的增加,试样由宏观剪切破坏变为塑性破坏,当含水率为15%～24%时,其不排水抗剪强度与含水率之间呈线性关系。该项研究成果为认识特殊红黏土的破坏机理及软化现象提供了参考,同时也为进一步建立特殊红黏土数学模型提供了理论基础。     

基于DIC的含3D打印起伏节理试样破裂特性及损伤本构

受地质构造的影响,岩体工程中经常赋存起伏结构面(如扭转皱褶),由于形态复杂,目前起伏节理岩体的破裂及损伤本构研究仍不充分. 采用3D打印技术制作不同倾角的起伏节理模型,通过单轴压缩试验和数字图像相关技术(DIC)对起伏节理试样的力学及破裂特性进行研究,并基于断裂力学原理,首次提出采用DIC位移场求解节理尖端应力强度因子(SIF:一型SIF,K_I;二型SIF,K_II)进而探究损伤本构特性的思路. 结果表明:通过分析最小强度确定了起伏节理对试样的损伤上限为46.6%,起伏节理试样单轴强度对倾角的敏感性大于平直节理试样;起裂发生在峰值应力附近,破裂过程可分为破裂路径上微裂隙的产生和同步贯通,破裂模式表现为多条裂隙张剪组合模式;峰前SIF随荷载增加而增加,峰后同一荷载下K_II>K_I,节理左右两端均匀以剪切裂隙形式扩展;起伏节理对试样的损伤与倾角呈正弦关系,节理和荷载对试样的总损伤与应变均大致呈“S”型曲线.      

锈蚀植筋下新老混凝土黏结面压剪试验研究

为研究锈蚀植筋下新老混凝土的黏结性能,采用某工程锈蚀钢筋作为植筋,制备了不同植筋率（0、0.223%、0.446%、0.502%、0.893%、1.004%、1.396%、1.786%和2.792%）的新老混凝土试件.在RYL-600微机控制岩石伺服剪切流变仪上进行了不同初始静压力（0、1、2、3和4 MPa）下混凝土试件的剪切试验.对试件的剪应力-位移曲线进行了归纳总结,得到了锈蚀植筋下新老混凝土试件在外力作用下产生变形乃至破坏的演化规律;分析了锈蚀植筋下新老混凝土黏结面的抗剪强度,得到了抗剪强度随植筋率及初始静压力变化的规律.同时根据试件试验破坏结果,着重分析了不同植筋率和不同初始静压力对其破坏模式的影响.试验结论为新老混凝土力学性能的研究提供了理论依据.      

充填物对含孔洞大理岩力学特性影响规律试验研究

为研究充填物对含孔洞岩石的力学特性及变形破坏特征的影响规律,室内预制加工了含孔洞及石膏充填物大理岩,分别对其进行单轴压缩和声发射试验,并对破坏前后试件进行CT扫描,分析其裂纹扩展规律.试验结果表明:(1)相比于含孔洞大理岩,石膏充填使试件的抗压强度提高了10.62%.二者峰前特征相似,均表现为孔周裂纹起裂引起第一次应力跌落现象,峰后特征则有所不同,石膏充填使大理岩变形的局部化特征更为明显.(2)峰后阶段,含孔洞试件声发射特征显著,裂纹扩展迅速,石膏充填试件稍慢,表明石膏充填遏制了试件的裂纹扩展.(3)含孔洞和石膏充填大理岩的破坏模型有所区别,含孔洞试件破坏裂纹较为单一,主裂纹以张拉破坏为主,翼裂纹在试件端部较多,部分从侧面贯通,形成块体掉落.充填条件下孔洞周边的裂纹更细更分散,小裂纹相互贯通,形成"X"状剪切破坏.      

Residual Strength and Fracture Energy from Plane-Strain Testing

Field observations indicate that failure in soft rock is often associated with a slip surface or shear band, where deformation is concentrated in a narrow zone; displacements occur with decreasing stress within the shear band, whereas outside the band the material appears to be intact. In examining the propagation of the shear band, it is useful to establish the relation between shear stress and slip displacement. This was accomplished within a laboratory setting with a plane-strain compression apparatus, developed to study localized failure under controlled conditions. Tests on a soft rock, a sandstone with a uniaxial compressive strength of 10 MPa and a modulus of 2 GPa, were conducted to estimate fracture energy GIIC, a quantity used to evaluate energy dissipation of the failure process. GIIC was found to decrease by a factor of 3 when considering the actual displacements, rather than assuming tangential displacement only, that is, no displacement normal to the shear band. The experiments showed that the shear band was not completely formed until after peak strength and that sliding along the band during softening was associated with compaction; residual behavior exhibited virtually no volume change. The shear strength at peak stress was nonlinearly related to the normal stress, but the shear strength at the residual state displayed a linear relationship. For normal stresses less than the uniaxial strength, those typical of civil engineering practice, the response can be described as cohesion softening, with friction remaining constant in going from the peak to the residual stress states.     

Mechanical and fatigue properties of self-piercing riveted j oints in high-strength steel and aluminium alloy

Static tensile and fatigue tests were performed on shear and tensile self-piercing riveted aluminium-steel structures to evaluate their mechanical and fatigue properties.The influences of the thickness and the strength of the high-strength steel on mechanical and fatigue performances were investigated based on the tensile and F-N curves of the joints.The results show that mechanical and fatigue properties of the shear self-piercing riveted joints are much better than those of the tensile self-piercing riveted joints.Mechanical and fatigue performances of the two joints were significantly influenced by the thickness and strength of the steel sheet, and were markedly improved when the thickness of steel sheet increased.The steel strength showed significantly different effects on shear and tensile riveted structures, i.e., when the steel strength increased, the strength of the shear structure greatly increased while the tensile structure just had a slight increase in the strength.Fatigue failure generally occurred in the sheet materials and the fa-tigue crack location changed with increasing the sheet thickness and the sheet strength.     

N型组合节理类岩体单轴压缩破坏试验

针对实际工程中平行与交叉裂隙组合呈N字形裂隙岩体的稳定性问题,以N型组合节理为研究对象,开展了N型节理类岩体试件超声波检测试验和单轴静载试验,结合断裂力学理论,分析其强度特征、破坏特征和超声波波速衰减规律。结果表明：（1）N型组合节理类岩体的裂纹类型依次有翼型裂纹和次生倾斜裂纹,其扩展路径最终均趋向于主应力方向,不同于单节理下的裂纹发展规律;（2）当主节理倾角一定时,主次节理夹角和节理条数对试件的物理性能有一定的影响。各组合节理试件的波速衰减率范围在0.9%～9.6%之间,且15°和90°夹角节理试件的波速衰减最快,而60°夹角节理试件的衰减最慢;（3）组合节理类岩体的本构关系、峰值强度和破坏特征均表现出非线性特征。峰值强度分布规律基本服从M型分布,不同于单节理下的U型分布,其中15°、30°、45°、75°和90°夹角试件,以及完整试件呈准脆性破坏,其他夹角试件呈脆性破坏。     

Influence of reflow and thermal aging on the shear strength and fracture behavior of Sn-3.5Ag solder/Cu joints

The mechanical behavior of Sn-rich solder/Cu joints is highly sensitive to processing variables such as solder reflow time, cooling rate, and subsequent thermal aging. In this article, we focus on the lap shear behavior of Sn-3.5Ag/Cu joints as a function of solder yield strength and intermetallic thickness. Experimental results showed that the shear strength of the solder joints is primarily controlled by the mechanical properties of the solder, and not the intermetallic thickness. The thickness of intermetallic, however, controlled the fracture mode of the solder joints. At intermetallic thicknesses greater than 20 μm, brittle fracture between Cu₆Sn₅ and Cu₃Sn was the most common failure mechanism. Finite-element simulations were carried out to evaluate the effect of solder properties and of intermetallic thickness and morphology on lap shear behavior. The finite-element simulations corroborated the experimental findings, i.e., that increased solder strength results in increased joint strength. The simulations also showed that thicker intermetallics, especially of nodular morphology, yielded higher local plastic shear strain and work hardening rate.     

Direct Shear Test of Sandstone-Concrete Joints

Understanding the shear behavior of sandstone-concrete joints is important for the design and analysis of concrete structures interacting with sandstone, for example rock socketed piles, rock anchors, and dam foundations. This paper presents the results of a laboratory investigation into the shear behavior of Sydney Hawkesbury sandstone-concrete joints with unbonded interfaces. Joint roughness has been simulated using regular triangular asperities and fractal profiles. The tests were carried out in a large direct shear machine (with sample size up to 600 mm in length) under a range of constant normal stiffness and initial normal stress conditions. The tests showed that significant wear of the sandstone surface occurs during shear displacement, and this wear has a significant affect on the behavior of the joints. The laboratory modeling and test results are briefly described, followed by a discussion of the shear behavior of the joints.     

高渗透压和不对称围压作用下深竖井围岩损伤破裂机理

随着矿产资源开采深度的不断增大,地应力、地温和孔隙水压随之显著增大,岩石的非线性力学行为更加凸显。针对高渗透压和不对称围压作用下深竖井围岩损伤破裂问题,构建了流固损伤耦合效应力学分析模型,分析了流固耦合条件下深竖井开挖围岩有效应力,探讨了孔隙水压及地应力场对围岩损伤破裂演化的作用机制。研究结果表明:孔隙水压及孔隙水压梯度越大围岩损伤破裂区面积越大,围岩损伤破裂区面积随围岩渗透率的减小逐渐增大并趋于稳定;地应力场对围岩破裂形态具有重要控制作用,最大水平主应力与最小水平主应力差异较小时,围岩损伤破裂区集中在最小水平主应力方向,以剪切损伤为主,最大水平主应力与最小水平主应力差异较大时,在最大水平主应力方向上会产生拉伸损伤破裂区。值得关注的是,由于孔隙水压的存在,最大有效水平主应力与最小有效水平主应力之间的比值增大,即围岩发生拉伸破坏的风险增大。本文研究表明,竖井选址和设计过程中应避开构造应力大、孔隙水压大的区域,从而保障井筒施工安全。      

不同应力路径下岩石细观力学性能离散元研究

岩体工程中的应力状态对围岩的稳定性具有重要影响。为研究地下巷道中岩体应力状态对围岩稳定性的影响规律,基于离散元理论,对地下巷道开挖过程的应力状态进行分析,开展了围压卸载—轴压增加、围压卸载—轴压不变和围压卸载—轴压减少3种不同卸载路径下的三轴压缩数值模拟试验,并与常规三轴压缩试验进行对比,分析了不同应力路径下的岩石宏观强度特征及细观损伤过程差异性。结果表明：强度准则和应力张量状态不受卸载路径的影响,但不同应力路径下岩体的损伤过程不同,围压卸载—轴压不变应力路径下的微观裂纹发育最密集,而围压卸载—轴压增加应力路径下的裂纹丛集速度最快。研究结果可为地下巷道开挖过程中的围岩应力卸载破坏分析提供参考。