回温变形温度对微合金钢显微组织的影响

 通过单道次压缩变形热模拟试验,研究微合金钢加热到两相区变形时的组织演变规律,并分析加热温度对其的影响。使用OM、SEM和EBSD分析试验钢的微观组织和取向分布。结果表明,加热后奥氏体相变在晶界上发生,740～800 ℃时奥氏体体积分数为20%左右,830 ℃时奥氏体体积分数大幅增加到50%。加热到两相区变形时,形变铁素体发生动态回复或动态再结晶,随变形温度增加,形变铁素体由动态回复向动态再结晶发展,亚晶界减少,830 ℃时大角度晶界比例达到91.2%,冷却后得到均匀的细晶组织,平均有效晶粒直径3.9 μm。     

变形对微合金钢在两相区变形时显微组织的影响

通过热处理试验和单道次压缩热模拟试验,研究了微合金钢加热到两相区变形时的组织演变规律,并分析了变形量的影响,使用OM、SEM和EBSD技术分析了试验钢的微观组织和取向分布。结果表明,试验钢加热到两相区保温后,奥氏体相变在原铁素体晶界上发生,变形时晶界上的奥氏体发生应变诱导相变,形成细小的仿晶界铁素体,变形铁素体发生动态回复或动态再结晶。随变形量和变形温度的提高,硬度下降,800℃下增加变形量,动态回复向动态再结晶发展,动态再结晶形核机制是亚晶转动生长,名义变形量为70%时得到均匀的超细晶组织,有效晶粒平均等效直径为2.7μm,大角度晶界的体积分数达到92.8%。     

HTP X80管线钢的晶粒细化与组织控制

 通过热模拟实验研究了HTP X80管线钢的晶粒细化与组织控制的工艺要点,确定了奥氏体再结晶温度区和非再结晶温度区,揭示了高Nb含量的HTP钢在连续冷却过程中的相变特点。所得到的技术要点对细化奥氏体晶粒,避免混晶的出现,以及通过控制冷却得到理想的相变产物具有指导性。     

表层超细晶厚钢板的研制

采用一种特定的控轧控冷技术,在中厚板实验轧机上制备了具有表层超细组织的厚钢板.钢坯在较低温度(1 150℃)奥氏体化.钢坯经过第一阶段变形后,钢板表层加速冷却至B.点以下.厚板中心具有较高温度,使钢板表层回温至两相区,钢板表层重新奥氏体化.由于回温温度较低,以及由于微合金元素形成的碳氮化物对奥氏体晶界的钉扎作用,因此同温形成的奥氏体晶粒细小.回温后在相变点附近进行第二阶段变形,钢板表层发生形变诱导铁素体相变,形成了超细的铁索体晶粒.第二阶段变形以后以lO℃/s的冷却速度冷却到450～550℃,钢板中心的组织为较为粗大的铁索体和珠光体组织.     

GCr15轴承钢中形变奥氏体再结晶研究

一般控制轧制基本过程大致可由以下三个过程组成:1)奥氏体(γ)再结晶温度区域反复变形和再结晶使奥氏体晶粒细化;2)奥氏体未再结晶区或奥氏体和铁素体两相区中变形形成变形奥氏体或导入变形带;3)由以上两个过程得到细小的铁素体组织,再进一步分解生成低温相变组织。钢材     

高强度低合金厚板TMCP工业试验与生产

利用Q345D连铸坯料,采用TMCP工艺进行了规格90 mm高强度厚板工业试验,研究了奥氏体未再结晶区总变形量对厚板组织性能的影响.结果表明,终轧温度800～750℃,终冷温度670～630℃时,调整奥氏体未再结晶区总变形量,钢板强度可达Q420E级,表面组织为沿奥氏体晶界析出的多边形先共析铁素体+贝氏体,心部为铁素体+珠光体.随着未再结晶区总变形量由25%增加到36%,钢板晶粒细化,z向性能提高,内部质量改善.目前,钢板批量试制产量已达4 200 t.     

双相不锈钢热老化前后拉伸变形行为的电子背散射衍射表征

通过电子背散射衍射实验分析方法,研究变形量和热老化因素对双相不锈钢的拉伸性能、相边界、局部应变分布、重位点阵特殊晶界和取向分布的影响.研究结果表明:热老化后,双相不锈钢的强度提高,韧性降低;在大变形条件下铁素体晶粒内小角度晶界的数量和密度略有增加;热老化材料的铁素体的塑性变形和局部应变能力下降,大变形破坏初始奥氏体和铁素体以及Σ3孪晶边界的分布.      

奥氏体未再结晶区变形对连续冷却时相变影响的预测

以热力学软件Thermo-Calc所得到的热力学参数为基础，编制了一个对奥氏体连续冷却时的相变进行分析的程序。这一程序可以用于预测奥氏体非再结晶区变形并以不同速率冷却时的转变过程及最终组织。实验计算所得到的静态、动态CCT曲线与实验数据比较吻合。     

低合金高强钢针状铁素体组织特征和形成机理

针状铁素体是一种具有大角度晶界、高位错密度的板条状中温转变组织,该组织能有效细化晶粒并具有良好的强韧性匹配.因此,通常在低合金高强度钢焊缝和粗晶区中,利用细小的夹杂物来诱导针状铁素体形成,形成有效晶粒尺寸细小的针状铁素体联锁组织或者针状铁素体和贝氏体的复合组织,使其具有良好的韧性.然而,相关研究对针状铁素体组织的形成机理和控制原理的解释并不十分清楚,对于针状铁素体的定义和理解也存在差异.总结了针状铁素体的本质、相变、形核、形态、晶体学取向关系、长大行为、细化机理和力学性能等方面的特征,归纳了奥氏体晶粒尺寸、转变温度、冷却速度、夹杂物类型和尺寸等对针状铁素体形成的影响,提出了针状铁素体组织形态和转变机理方面几个仍需深入研究的问题和方向.     

Nb-V-Ti微合金化高强度钢08MnCr连续冷却转变曲线和组织

利用ThermecMaster-Z热模拟实验机测定了一种Nb-V-Ti微合金化高强度钢08MnCr(S2)在910～1 200℃不变形(静态)和变形(动态)奥氏体0.05～30℃/s冷速下连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线,并分析和观察了对应的相变及组织。实验结果表明,提高轧后的冷却速度使Ar₃降低,导致钢的晶粒进一步细化;冷却速度大于10℃/s开始出现贝氏体转变。提高加热温度时相变温度降低,变形奥氏体相变温度较不变形奥氏体相变温度高。冷速较低时,铁素体晶粒呈多边形;冷速高时,铁素体晶粒多呈尖角形。     

Effect of Processing Parameters on Crystal Orientation of Microstructure in High Niobium-Bearing Microalloyed Steel

The present studies are aimed at understanding the effect of cooling rate and prior strain on the evolution of morphology,orientation relationship (OR) and variant selection in pipeline steel with 0.09wt% niobium.In identical prior austenite grain,all products include granular bainite(GB) by coherent transformation,keep orientation relationship (OR) with parent austenite.Fast cooling and large deformation below T nr both can raise drive force of coherent transformation and weaken variants selection,and it can generate higher frequency of high angle boundaries (HABs) (≥15degree).Moreover,large deformation by few passes below T nr can accelerate nucleation of ferrite grains at the austenite boundary by incoherent transformation.These fine grains haven’t OR with prior austenite grain in any side of boundary,and exhibit significant misorientations between themselves.     

低合金高强度钢板坯窄面微裂纹产生机理分析和工艺改进

采用金相分析方法对低合金高强度钢(/%:0.16～0.18C,0.20～0.40Si,1.42～1.55Mn, ≤0.025P, ≤0.012S,0.015～0.025Nb,0.100～0.115V,0.010 0～0.0150N)连铸板坯窄面微裂纹的产生机理进行了分析研究。结果表明:板坯窄面表层显微组织不合理如奥氏体晶粒粗大、奥氏体晶界处先共析铁素体膜的形成以及第二相质点在奥氏体晶界处的偏析等是微裂纹产生的机理。通过优化连铸板坯窄面冷却工艺,将窄面冷却水量增加35%;细化了晶粒,抑制了铁素体膜的产生,改变了第二相质点析出,改善了铸坯表层组织,消除了铸坯窄面微裂纹缺陷。     

The effect of cooling rate on the microstructures formed during solidification of ferritic steel

This article describes in detail the effect of cooling rate on the microstructure of a low-carbon Fe-12 pct Cr alloy. The alloy was prepared using a relatively simple technique, i.e., rapid cooling of the melt in a copper wedge mold. The dependence of microstructure on the cooling rate (∼40 to 10⁵ K/s) has been determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), microhardness measurement, optical microscopy (OM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It has been found that the matrix structure over a large cooling rate range is composed of columnar ferrite grains, the size of which decreases with increasing cooling rate. Precipitation of second phases has been observed at either the ferrite grain boundaries or within the ferrite grains. The former takes place along the entire wedge sample, whereas the latter characterizes a region 12 mm away from the tip of the wedge sample. The essential structure of the grain boundary precipitates was identified as martensite, which is a transformation product of austenite precipitated at high temperatures. Retained austenite was identified at the tip region as isolated particles (<4 μm). The precipitates within the ferrite grains appeared as planar colonies consisting of two sets of needles. The density of these precipitates increases with increasing the cooling rate while their size decreases. Characteristic precipitate-free zones (PFZs) at the ferrite grain boundaries were observed and are discussed.     

微合金化控轧控冷钢筋纵向金相组织研究

 对微合金化控轧控冷钢筋的纵向金相组织进行了研究,并分析了不同成分试验钢纵向“条带”组织的差异及形成原因。研究结果表明：偏析元素（P、Si、Mn等）在轧制过程中沿轧制方向呈条状分布,是20MnSi、20MnSiV钢产生带状组织的原因。铌及其碳氮化物的溶质拖曳和“钉扎”作用,使20MnSiNb钢的奥氏体未再结晶轧制温度提高到1050℃,在冷却过程中,先共析铁素体在形变奥氏体晶界和内部变形带均匀析出,随后沿形变奥氏体晶界（在先共析铁素体与奥氏体的界面上）生成珠光体带,最后在形变奥氏体晶粒内部形成贝氏体条。研究条件下优势形核点的排序为：形变奥氏体晶界和形变奥氏体晶内变形带、偏析元素和夹杂、再结晶奥氏体晶界。     

Recrystallization and formation of austenite in deformed lath martensitic structure of low carbon steels

The effect of prior deformation on the processes of tempering and austenitizing of lath martensite was studied by using low carbon steels. The recrystallization of as-quenched lath martensite was not observed on tempering while the deformed lath martensite easily recrystallized. The behavior of austenite formation in deformed specimens was different from that in as-quenched specimens because of the recrystallization of deformed lath martensite. The austenitizing behavior (and thus the austenite grain size) in deformed specimens was controlled by the competition of austenite formation with the recrystallization of lath martensite. In the case of as-quenched (non-deformed) lath martensite, the austenite particles were formed preferentially at prior austenite grain boundaries and then formed within the austenite grains mainly along the packet, block, and lath boundaries. On the other hand, in the case of lightly deformed (30 to 50 pct) lath martensite, the recrystallization of the matrix rapidly progressed prior to the formation of austenite, and the austenite particles were formed mainly at the boundaries of fairly fine recrystallized ferrite grains. When the lath martensite was heavily deformed (75 to 84 pct), the austenite formation proceeded almost simultaneously with the recrystallization of lath martensite. In such a situation, very fine austenite grain structure was obtained most effectively.     

Austenite Grain Growth and the Surface Quality of Continuously Cast Steel

Austenite grain growth does not only play an important role in determining the mechanical properties of steel, but certain surface defects encountered in the continuous casting industry have also been attributed to the formation of large austenite grains. Earlier research has seen innovative experimentation, the development of metallographic techniques to determine austenite grain size and the building of mathematical models to simulate the conditions pertaining to austenite grain growth during the continuous casting of steel. Oscillation marks and depressions in the meniscus region of the continuously casting mold lead to retarded cooling of the strand surface, which in turn results in the formation of coarse austenite grains, but little is known about the mechanism and rate of formation of these large austenite grains. Relevant earlier research will be briefly reviewed to put into context our recent in situ observations of the delta-ferrite to austenite phase transition. We have confirmed earlier evidence that very large delta-ferrite grains are formed very quickly in the single-phase region and that these large delta-ferrite grains are transformed to large austenite grains at low cooling rates. At the higher cooling rates relevant to the early stages of the solidification of steel in a continuously cast mold, delta-ferrite transforms to austenite by an apparently massive type of transformation mechanism. Large austenite grains then form very quickly from this massive type of microstructure and on further cooling, austenite transforms to thin ferrite allotriomorphs on austenite grain boundaries, followed by Widmanstätten plate growth, with almost no regard to the cooling rate. This observation is important because it is now well established that the presence of a thin ferrite film on austenite grain boundaries is the main cause of reduction in hot ductility. Moreover, this reduction in ductility is exacerbated by the presence of large austenite grains.     

Phase-field model prediction of nucleation and coarsening during austenite/ferrite transformation in steels

A phase-field simulation is performed to study the kinetics of austenite to ferrite (γ → α) transformation in a low-carbon steel during continuous cooling. Emphasis is placed on the influence of nucleation, along with ferrite grain coarsening behind the transformation front, on microstructural evolution. Results show that grain coarsening is significant even before all nucleation has been completed and occurs via two different coarsening mechanisms, grain boundary migration and ferrite grain crystallographic rotation, both of which can be clearly observed occurring as the simulated microstructure evolves. For some grains, sudden growth jumps are predicted by the model—a phenomenon that has been observed before by synchrotron X-ray diffraction. This study quantitatively demonstrates the phenomenon that increasing cooling rate leads to nucleation off initial austenite grain boundaries, which is also verified by studying the morphology of ferrite grains as predicted using different nucleation mode assumptions. A relationship between nucleation site distribution and the nucleation rate is demonstrated by computer simulation.     

Effect of Strain Path Reversal on Austenite Grain Subdivision and Deformation Induced Ferrite Transformation Studied by Hot Torsion

The effects of large strain and strain path reversal on the deformation microstructure evolution in austenite below the recrystallisation temperature were studied by hot torsion using a non-transforming Fe-30wt%Ni model austenitic alloy.Results show that the high angle boundaries (HABs) can be generated by both microstructure mechanism through dislocation accumulation and texture mechanism via subgrain rotation.However,multiple strain path reversals lead to less well-developed HABs in the original grains compared to single reversal deformed to the same amount of total accumulative strain.This effect is attributed to the subgrain rotation mechanism being less effective at small strains.In comparison,the same hot torsion tests were conducted using a microalloyed steel at a temperature between Ae 3 and Ar 3.After single strain path reversal,substantial deformation-induced austenite-to-ferrite phase transformation was observed.Meanwhile,a test with multiple strain path reversals but with the same total strain produces much lower levels of strain-induced ferrite formation.This difference is correlated to the observations made in the Fe-30wt%Ni model alloy.It is believed that the different amount of strain-induced ferrite originated from the different levels of strain-induced HABs within the austenite which act as ferrite nucleation sites.     

等温压缩对高强度汽车钢WHT1300HF的马氏体相变及微观组织的影响

通过等温形变研究了形变参数(形变温度、形变速率、形变量)对高强度汽车钢WHT1300HF的微观组织转变和形貌的影响规律。研究结果表明:增加奥氏体等温形变量,有利于铁素体的缺陷形核,促进了形变奥氏体向铁素体转变;奥氏体的形变强化导致马氏体相变阻力增大,马氏体相变开始温度(Ms)下降,细小晶粒数量和小角度晶界数量增多;增加奥氏体等温形变(40%)速率能同时促进马氏体和铁素体相变,但马氏体体积分数和小角度晶界数量减少,细小晶粒数量略有提高;降低等温形变温度加剧奥氏体的形变强化,导致Ms温度下降,马氏体体积分数、小角度晶界比例减少,细小晶粒数量增多,铁素体含量明显增加。     

Modeling for Formation of Proeutectoid Ferrite in Steel during Continuous Cooling

A novel model of the evolution of microstructure during continuous cooling with the formation of proeutectoid ferrite in steel was proposed from a Voronoi construction for the austenite grains, based on the Rappaz‘s integral nucleation model and the assumption that the ferrite nucleates at the edges of the original austenite grains and the successive growth of the ferrite grain is radial. The model can be used to calculate the fraction of ferrite as a function of time or temperature during continuous cooling, and to determine the microstructure of ferrite. The calculated results are in agreement with experimental results investigated in 0.38C-0.28Si-0.55Mn-0.92Cr-0.20Mo steel under continuous cooling using a Gleeble 1500 thermomechanical simulator.