The Behavior of Polymers as Viscosity Index Improvers

In the present work, six copolymers were prepared by reaction of 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate with vinyl acetate monomer by different molar ratio to produce copolymers (ν₁, ν₂, ν₃, ν₄, ν₅, and ν₆). The composition of these copolymers were determined by molecular weight (using Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) Water 600 E.) and by ¹HNMR (by 300 MHz Spectrometer w-P-300, Bruker) which indicate that the copolymers are alternating copolymers with reactivity ratio of 2-ethyl hexyl methacrylate is 0.65 and vinyl acetate is 0.51. The efficiency of the prepared copolymers as viscosity index improvers for lube oil was studies. From the data obtained, it was found that the efficiency as viscosity index improvers increases by increasing the molecular weight of the prepared polymers and increasing the concentration of these copolymers. The data were discussed on light of the chemical structure and reactivity ratio of the prepared copolymers.     

Synthesis and Evaluation of Some Polymeric Compounds as Pour Point Depressants and Viscosity Index Improvers for Lube Oil

Abstract

In the present study, some polymeric additives were prepared and used as pour point depressants and as viscosity index improvers for lube oil via copolymerization of maleic anhydride and vinyl acetate with different esters of acrylic acid. The molecular weights of the prepared copolymers were determined by GPC. The efficiency of the prepared compounds as pour point depressant and viscosity index improvers was investigated. It was found that the efficiency of the prepared compounds as pour point depressant increases with decreasing the concentration of the prepared polymers, increasing the chain length of alkyl groups, and increases with decreasing the molecular weight. The efficiency of the prepared compounds as viscosity index improvers increases by increasing the concentration of these additives and by increasing the molecular weight of the polymer.     

Lubricants Additives from Maleate Copolymers

Abstract

This work aims to prepare and characterize dialkyl maleate via esterification of maleic anhydride with different alcohols (butanol, octanol, decyl alcohol, and dodecyl alcohol) to produce dibutyl maleate M₁, dioctyl maleate M₂, didecyl maleate M₃, and didodecyl maleate M₄. Then polymerization of the prepared dialkyl maleate with two different monomers (vinyl acetate and styrene) to produce dialkyl maleate-vinyl acetate copolymers (M_1v, M_2v, M_3v, and M_4v) and dialkyl maleate-styrene copolymers(M_1S, M_2S, M_3S, and M_4S). The molecular weight of the prepared copolymers were determined by using Gel Permeation chromatography (GPC) water 600E. The efficiency of the prepared copolymers for improving the viscosity index of the base lube oil was studied. It was found that the efficiency increases with increasing alkyl chain length of alcohol group in the prepared dialkyl maleat and increases with increasing the molecular weight of the prepared copolymers, and the efficiency of the prepared copolymers as viscosity index improvers for the lube oil increases with increasing the concentration of this compound in solution (base oil). It was also found that VI increases in presence of styrene monomer than that of vinyl acetate monomer.     

Study the Influence of Some Polymeric Additives as Viscosity Index Improvers,Pour Point Depressants and Dispersants for Lube Oil

Abstract

In the present work, some polymeric additives were prepared as pour point depressants, viscosity index improvers and dispersant additives for lube oil, these additives prepared by copolymerization of maleic anhydride with different esters of acrylic acids and then amination. The molecular weights of the prepared copolymers were determined by gel permeation chromatograph (GPC). The efficiency of the prepared compounds as pour point depressants and viscosity index improvers was investigated. It was found that the efficiency of the prepared compounds as pour point depressants increases with decreasing the concentration of the prepared polymers, increasing the chain length of alkyl groups and increases with decreasing the molecular weight. The efficiency of the prepared compounds as viscosity index improvers increases by increasing the concentration of these additives and by increasing the molecular weight of polymer. It was found that the amination of polymer enhance the efficiency of the prepared additives as pour point, viscosity index, and dispersant for sludge.     

Lubricants Additives from Maleate Copolymers

This work aims to prepare and characterize dialkyl maleate via esterification of maleic anhydride with different alcohols (butanol, octanol, decyl alcohol, and dodecyl alcohol) to produce dibutyl maleate M₁, dioctyl maleate M₂, didecyl maleate M₃, and didodecyl maleate M₄. Then polymerization of the prepared dialkyl maleate with two different monomers (vinyl acetate and styrene) to produce dialkyl maleate-vinyl acetate copolymers (M_1v, M_2v, M_3v, and M_4v) and dialkyl maleate-styrene copolymers(M_1S, M_2S, M_3S, and M_4S). The molecular weight of the prepared copolymers were determined by using Gel Permeation chromatography (GPC) water 600E. The efficiency of the prepared copolymers for improving the viscosity index of the base lube oil was studied. It was found that the efficiency increases with increasing alkyl chain length of alcohol group in the prepared dialkyl maleat and increases with increasing the molecular weight of the prepared copolymers, and the efficiency of the prepared copolymers as viscosity index improvers for the lube oil increases with increasing the concentration of this compound in solution (base oil). It was also found that VI increases in presence of styrene monomer than that of vinyl acetate monomer.     

Multifunctional Additives Viscosity Index Improvers,Pour Point Depressants and Dispersants for Lube Oil

Abstract

In the present work, some polymeric additives based on styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer were prepared and evaluated as multifunction lube oil additives (viscosity index improvers, pour point depressants, and detergent-dispersant additives). The styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer reacted with different alcohols (dodecyl alcohol, hexadecyl alcohol, octadecyl alcohol, and docosanol) to prepare four different types of esters and aminated with different types of amines (dodecyl amine, hexadecyl amine, and octadecyl amine) to prepare another three co-polymeric additives. Structure of the prepared compounds was confirmed by I.R. spectroscopy. The molecular weights of the prepared copolymers were determined by using gel permeation chromatograph and the percentage of esterification and amination were determined by ¹HNMR. The efficiencies of the prepared compounds as viscosity index improvers, pour point depressants, and detergents-dispersants were investigated. It was found that the efficiency of the prepared compound as viscosity index improvers increases with increasing the concentration of additives in the solution and with increasing the molecular weight of prepared compounds, while the efficiency of the prepared compounds as pour point depressants increases with decreasing the concentration of the prepared polymers. On the other hand, the prepared compounds showed excellent dispersion power.     

Synthesis and Evaluation of Viscosity Index Improvers and Pour Point Depressant for Lube Oil

Abstract

In the present work, four compounds were prepared by copolymerization of maleic anhydride with tetradecene to give (A), and then the copolymer (A) was esterified by a series of n-alkanol having different alkyl chain length. The compositions of prepared compounds were determined by molecular weight and by IR spectroscopy. The efficiency of the prepared compounds as viscosity index improvers for lube oil was studied. From the data, it was found that the efficiency as viscosity index improvers increases by increasing the concentration of these additives and by increasing the alkyl chain length of the alcohol used. The efficiency of the prepared compounds as pour point depressants for lube oil was studied also and shows that the prepared compounds depress the pour point of the lube oil successfully.     

Synthesis and Evaluation of Some C14MC-MCNR2 Copolymers and C14MC-MA-MCNR2 Terpolymers as Cold Flow Improvers in the Diesel Fuels

Abstract

In order to find efficient cold flow improvers for diesel fuels, a series of copolymers (C14MC-MCNR₂) derivated from long chain alkyl (i.e., tetradecyl) methacrylate C14MC and methacrylamide (MCNR₂) were prepared, and a series of terpolymers (C14MC-MA-MCNR₂) derivated from tetradecyl methacrylate C14MC, maleic anhydride (MA), and methacrylamide (MCNR₂) were also prepared. These copolymers and terpolymers were purified, and their structures were characterized by IR, ¹HNMR, and GPC. Their low temperature fluidities and filterability, such as solid point depression (ΔSP) and cold filter plugging point depression (ΔCFPP), used as cold flow improvers in two diesel fuels were evaluated. The results indicate that: (1) The C14MC-MCNR₂ copolymers possess good solid point depressing performance. (2) The C14MC-MA-MCNR₂ terpolymers exhibit dual function both as wax dispersants and flow improvers simultaneously, and they all possess very excellent solid point depressing performance, and can attain optimum effectiveness of CFPP depression when NR₂ is morpholine.     

Novel Terpolymers as Pour Point Depressants and Viscosity Modifiers for Lube Oil

Novel terpolymers were synthesized via free radical chain addition polymerization, using different molar ratios of the three used monomers (alkyl acrylate, styrene, and vinyl pyrrolidone). The structures of the prepared terpolymers were confirmed by FTIR, ¹H-NMR, and GPC. The prepared terpolymers were evaluated as pour point depressants and viscosity index improvers. It was found that terpolymers prepared from tetradecyl acrylate have a good efficiency than that prepared from hexadecyl acrylate as pour point depressants, and the viscosity index of lube oil increases with increasing the alkyl chain length of the alkyl acrylate used in the preparation of terpolymers.     

Alkyl methacrylate and styrene terpolymers as lubricating oil viscosity index improvers

The properties of styrene/dodecyl methacrylate/octadecyl methacrylate terpolymers as viscosity index improvers of lubricating mineral oils were investigated. Terpolymers of different composition and molar mass were prepared by peroxide-initiated polymerization of the monomer mixture in a mineral base oil solution. All the terpolymer solutions in base oil exhibited high kinematic viscosity and viscosity index values (> 130), proving their high thickening efficiency. The ratio of viscosity values at 100°C and 40°C of styrene/alkyl methacrylate additive solutions was between 0.95 and 1.0, showing the coherent thickening effect in a wide temperature range, comparable with pure alkyl methacrylate additives. Increasing content of styrene in the additive and decreasing molar mass of the terpolymer resulted in a decrease in viscosity and viscosity index while the shear stability increased. The obtained results give guidelines for optimization of the terpolymers composition and structure in order to assure the best lubricant application properties. Published in Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 5, pp. 23–27, September–October, 2007.     

Preparation and Evaluation of Acrylate Polymers as Pour Point Depressants for Lube Oil

Abstract

In the present work, twenty polymeric additives were prepared and used as pour point depressants for lube oil, via copolymerization of different ratios of styrene with different esters of acrylic acid. The efficiency of the prepared copolymers as flow improvers (pour point depressants) for a base lube oil were studied. It was found that the efficiency increases by decreasing the concentration of the prepared copolymers, decreasing the chain length of alkyl groups. The efficiency decreases by increasing the styrene content in the prepared copolymers.     

Synthesis and Evaluation of Viscosity Index Improvers and Pour Point Depressant for Lube Oil

In the present work, four compounds were prepared by copolymerization of maleic anhydride with tetradecene to give (A), and then the copolymer (A) was esterified by a series of n-alkanol having different alkyl chain length. The compositions of prepared compounds were determined by molecular weight and by IR spectroscopy. The efficiency of the prepared compounds as viscosity index improvers for lube oil was studied. From the data, it was found that the efficiency as viscosity index improvers increases by increasing the concentration of these additives and by increasing the alkyl chain length of the alcohol used. The efficiency of the prepared compounds as pour point depressants for lube oil was studied also and shows that the prepared compounds depress the pour point of the lube oil successfully.     

Viscosity behavior of maleic anhydride and long-chain alkyl methacrylate copolymers in mineral oil solutions

The viscosity behavior of diluted, semidiluted and concentrated solutions of maleic anhydride (MA), dodecyl methacrylate (DDMA), and octadecyl methacrylate (ODMA) terpolymers in mineral oil was investigated. Terpolymers with MA molar ratio of 5 and 10% were synthesized by free radical polymerization in mineral base oil. All the terpolymer solutions in base oil exhibited high kinematic viscosity and values of viscosity index (> 140), proving very high thickening efficiency. Increasing the MA content in terpolymer decreases solution viscosity. Viscosity-concentration dependences of dilute solutions at 40 and 70°C were described by Huggins’ equation, and intermolecular interaction were discussed. In comparison with conventional polymeric viscosity index improvers based on the pure alkyl methacrylates, copolymers of long-chain alkyl methacrylates with small amounts of MA show improved shear and thermal stabilities.     

Homo- and Copolymers of Decyl Methacrylate as Performance Additives for Lube Oil

Homopolymer of decyl methacrylate and its copolymer with styrene at different concentrations using two types of initiators (benzoyl peroxide [BZP] and azobisisobutyronitrile [AIBN]) were synthesized. All the prepared polymers are characterized by FT-IR and NMR. The molecular weight was determined by gel permeation chromatography. The performance of the prepared polymers in different base oils were evaluated as viscosity modifier, also known as viscosity index improver and pour point depressant. The molecular weight of homopolymer prepared by using BZP initiator is higher than homopolymer prepared by using AIBN initiator but molecular weight of copolymers prepared by BZP are lower than copolymers prepared by AIBN initiator. The theromogravimetric analysis value of the prepared polymers was determined by standard ASTM method and it is found that the thermal stability of copolymers decrease with increasing the styrene content.     

POLY(ETHYLENE-CO-VINYL ACETATE) (EVA) COPOLYMERS AS MODIFIERS OF OIL WAX CRYSTALLIZATION

ABSTRACT

This work describes the performance of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) copolymers as pour point reducer and organic deposits inhibitor. The molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and vinyl acetate content of the EVA copolymers were determined by gel permeation chromatography and thermogravimetric analyses, respectively. The copolymer with the highest vinyl acetate content (within the range analyzed, 28-41 wt %) exhibited the best performance as organic deposits inhibitor. Results from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) suggest that the EVA copolymer acts modifying the morphology of the wax crystals.     

Synthesis of phthalimide and succinimide copolymers and their evaluation as flow improvers for an Egyptian waxy crude oil

This paper describes the synthesis, characterization and performance evaluation of three phthalimide and three succinimide copolymers of vinyl acetate, styrene and methyl methacrylate as flow improvers for waxy crude oil. The prepared copolymers were named as; (VA)Ph; (St)Ph; (MMA)Ph; (VA)S; (St)S and (MMA)S. These copolymers were characterized by FTIR and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The molecular weights and nitrogen content of these copolymers were determined by using the GPC technique and the Kjeldhal method, respectively. The rheological properties of crude oil (with and without additives) were studied. From the obtained results, it was remarked that the styrene phthalimide copolymer (St)Ph exhibited the maximum pour point depression (ΔPP_500 ppm = 30). The results of the rheological flow properties showed that the Bingham yield values (τ_β) for crude oil without additives at 15, 27 and 39 °C were 0.286, 0.131 and 0.075 Pa respectively, whereas the τ_β for the treated crude oil by the styrene phthalimide (St)Ph copolymer were 0.021, 0.0164 and 0.0081 Pa at 500 ppm at the same temperatures.     

聚醋酸乙烯酯-b-聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯嵌段共聚物的合成及其表征

报道了醋酸乙烯酯与甲基丙烯酸甲酯嵌段共聚的一条新路径。用含碘端基的聚醋酸乙烯酯PVAc-I (M_n=2 000,M_w/M_n=1.26)作大分子链转移剂,90℃时在偶氮二异丁腈作用下使醋酸乙烯酯与甲基丙烯酸甲酯发生衰减链转移自由基聚合,产物收率大于70%。GPC图和~1H NMR结果表明,所得产物为聚醋酸乙烯酯-b-聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯嵌段共聚物,该共聚物具有较窄的相对分子质量分布(M_w/M_n=1.5)。     

n-DIOCTADECYL FUMARATE–VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER: SYNTHESIS,CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION AS FLOW IMPROVER FOR OILS

ABSTRACT

Monomer n-dioctadecyl fumarate (DOF), and copolymers (C₁₈FVA) of DOF with vinyl acetate were synthesized. Monomer and copolymers were characterized by IR, ¹H-NMR, VPO and DSC. Due to the special structure of DOF, only copolymers containing 45.9%–97.8% (mol) DOF were obtained. The crystalline CH₂ numbers on polymer side chain χ were calculated from enthalpy determined by DSC, and it was found that χ slightly decreased with increasing vinyl acetate content. C₁₈FVA can be used as flow improver for viscous oil and residual oil, and the more the crystalline CH₂ number on the side chains, the better lattice match between copolymer and wax crystal structure of oils.     

Synthesis and Performance Evaluation of Vinyl Acetate-Maleic Anhydride Based Polymeric Additives for Lubricating Oil

Copolymer of vinyl acetate with maleic anhydride was synthesised and the prepared copolymer was esterified with different long chain alcohols (octyl, decyl, and dodecyl alcohol). The performance of the polymeric additives in different base oils was evaluated as viscosity modifier (VM), also called viscosity index improver and pour point depressant by standard ASTM methods. Intrinsic viscosity and viscometric molecular weight of the polymers were determined by Huggins and Mark-Houwink equation, respectively. It was found that the efficiency of the polymers as a VM increases with increasing the alkyl chain length of the used alcohol. Whereas, the efficiency as a pour point depressant increases with decreasing alkyl chain length of the used alcohol of the polymers.     

Preparation and Evaluation of Acrylate Polymers as Viscosity Index Improvers for Lube Oil

This work is confined to the preparation and characterization of acrylate polymeric additives. These additives were prepared by esterification of acrylic acid with different alcohols (decyl, 1-dodecyl, 1-tetradecyl, and hexadecyl) and then copolymerization of the prepared esters with different moles of styrene. The molecular weights of the prepared copolymers were determined by GPC. The efficiency of the prepared copolymers for improving the viscosity index of the lube oil was studied. It was found that the efficiency increases with increasing the molecular weight of the prepared copolymers.