基于聚光太阳能的油品管道减阻与节能研究

针对输油管道阻力大的问题,提出了一种利用太阳能聚光加热输油管道的新型减阻集热方式。采用Fluent软件,对物理模型、网格、湍流方程、初始条件及边界条件等进行了合理的设置,对输油管路进行了数值模拟;研究了管长与聚光比对输油管段出口温度的影响,并与理论计算结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:出口温度随着管长的增加而增加,同时也随着聚光比的增大而增加;该管路在聚光比为5,入口温度为20℃,流速为1 m/s的条件下,对管道前8 km铺设复合抛物面聚光器(CPC)进行聚光加热可使油品温度提高到60℃,使摩阻系数大幅度降低,从而达到了减阻的目的。在输油管道的末端利用换热器可将油品得到的热量进行回收,达到能源的高效利用。     

长输原油管道设计方案优化研究

研究了原油管道优化设计中考虑加减阻剂输送工艺时数学模型的建立及求解.首先建立了加减阻剂后水力坡降和减阻剂浓度与原油流量、粘度及管径关系的两个数学模型.用遗传算法优化技术分别求得两个模型中的回归参数,实例检验其最大误差仅为2.9750%.以此模型为基础,建立了加减阻剂与不加减阻剂时原油管道优化设计数学模型,采用混合离散变量遗传算法,混合离散变量复合形法与数据库技术相结合的策略来求解模型.这样既保证了最优解的可靠性、准确性,又加快了寻优速度.给出了原油管道优化设计数学模型的求解流程.算例表明,采用加减阻剂输送方案进行优化设计时,必须考虑减阻剂、电力、燃料价格对年折合费用、运行管理费用的影响.该算例的最优方案是:先按平均流量下不加剂进行优化设计;运行输量超过平均输量时,采用加剂输送工艺进行优化运行.     

Viscosity Reduction of Heavy and Extra Heavy Crude Oils by Pulsed Electric Field

Abstract

The ever-increasing world energy demand would require the use of all hydrocarbon resources available, especially heavy and extra-heavy crude oils in the near future. However, transportation of these crudes is very difficult due to their high viscosity and low mobility. There are many different methods to reduce heavy crude oil viscosity. Some of these methods are heating, blending, water-in-oil emulsion formation, upgrading, and core annular flow. But each of these methods has several problems. The aim of this research is to investigate a new method to reduce viscosity for pipeline transportation. In this method asphalt molecules, which are mainly responsible for high viscosity, are aggregated temporarily to micronized clusters while going through a pulsed electric field, causing a reduction of the viscosity. This method does not change the oil's temperature and is very suitable for underwater pipelines. The authors applied electric fields in the range of 0.5 to 1.8 KV/mm an Iranian heavy crude oil and viscosity reduction up to 7% was observed.     

油气管输中减阻剂的应用现状及发展趋势

减阻剂广泛应用于原油、成品油和天然气管道输送,它是提高管道流通能力和降低能耗的重要手段。综述了目前减阻剂的分类和用途,油品、天然气管输减阻剂国内外发展概况,阐述了减阻剂在原油、成品油和天然气管输中的应用实例及未来发展趋势。     

多因素影响下Y型管内流动状态数值模拟研究

Y型管在油气集输管道中应用广泛,但容易发生应力集中而引起腐蚀泄漏事故,因此有必要对其影响因素进行研究。基于流体动力学原理,借助CFD软件对油气集输管网中Y型管件进行流场和应力分析。结果表明:Y型管道剪切力受到流体流速、黏度以及气含率等多种因素影响;管道内部流速升高以及黏度增大均会增强Y型管道最大剪切力;增大气含率和支管管径会减轻Y型管道最大剪切力。该研究结论可为管道冲刷腐蚀的防护提供一定的理论依据。     

Effect of dispersing time on the prediction equation of drag reduction rate and its application in the short distance oil pipeline

The effect of the drag reducer, which is a kind of effective chemical additive for the pipelines, is closely related to its dissolution dispersity in the oil product. In this paper, the effects of oil viscosity, temperature and concentration of the drag reducer on the dispersion rules of drag reducer in crude oil and refined oil are analyzed and the modified Equation for prediction of the drag reduction rate was proposed. For short distance pipeline, a method of drag reducer dispersed beforehand was developed and proved in diesel pipeline, which effectively promotes the application effect of drag reducer in short distance pipeline.     

A parametric study of the hydrodynamic roughness produced by a wall coating layer of heavy oil

In water-lubricated pipeline transportation of heavy oil and bitumen, a thin oil film typically coats the pipe wall. A detailed study of the hydrodynamic effects of this fouling layer is critical to the design and operation of oil–water pipelines, as it can increase the pipeline pressure loss(and pumping power requirements) by 15 times or more. In this study, a parametric investigation of the hydrodynamic effects caused by the wall coating of viscous oil was conducted. A custom-built rectangular flow cell was used. A validated CFD-based procedure was used to determine the hydrodynamic roughness from the measured pressure losses. A similar procedure was followed for a set of pipe loop tests. The effects of the thickness of the oil coating layer, the oil viscosity, and water flow rate on the hydrodynamic roughness were evaluated. Oil viscosities from 3 to 21300 Pa s were tested. The results show that the equivalent hydrodynamic roughness produced by a wall coating layer of viscous oil is dependent on the coating thickness but essentially independent of oil viscosity. A new correlation was developed using these data to predict the hydrodynamic roughness for flow conditions in which a viscous oil coating is produced on the pipe wall.     

The Viscosity Reduction of Heavy and Extra Heavy Crude Oils by a Pulsed Magnetic Field

Abstract

Ever increasing world energy demand requires the use of all hydrocarbon resources available, especially heavy and extra heavy crude oils, in the near future. However, transportation of these crudes is very difficult due to their high viscosity and low mobility. There are many different methods to reduce heavy crude oil viscosity. Some of these methods are heating, blending, water-in-oil emulsion formation, upgrading, and core annular flow, but each of these methods has several problems. The aim of this research is to investigate a new method to reduce viscosity for pipeline transportation. In this method, asphalt molecules, which are mainly responsible for high viscosity, are aggregated temporarily to micronized clusters while going through a pulsed electric field, causing a reduction of the viscosity. This method does not change the oil's temperature and is very suitable for underwater pipelines. Magnetic fields of 0.03 to 0.3 T were exerted on two kinds of heavy crude oils and viscosity reduction up to 7% was observed.     

降凝剂在海上含蜡原油管道中的应用

降凝剂在海上和陆上含蜡原油输油管道上的应用结果表明,降凝剂可降低含蜡原油凝点,改善含蜡原油低温流动性能,延长停输时间,减小停输再启动压力等,特别适用于海洋和沙漠中不宜建中问加热站的含蜡原油管道。对降凝剂的作用机理及其在海底管道的应用特点进行了介绍和论述。     

高含水、高粘、高凝点原油低温管输粘壁现象研究

一些高含水原油在低于凝点输送时,水包油乳状液中的水滴会以凝胶的形式粘在管道内壁,称“粘壁现象”,原油输送过程中粘壁现象会造成管道局部或全部堵塞,造成能源浪费。通过室内环道实验,研究了高含水、高粘、高凝点原油在管道内低温输送时的粘壁规律。发现含水率、剪切率是影响原油粘壁速率和粘壁温度的主要因素,水包油乳状液的含水率越低、剪切率越小粘壁现象越严重。提出粘壁温度判别式,建立粘壁速率模型,据此建立高含水时压降计算软件。     

The effect of a bio additive on the viscosity and the energy requirement on heavy crude oil flow

The influence of potato starch as natural additive on the flow of heavy crude oil-water in pipeline was investigated. Measured parameters were viscosity, drag, energy analysis and power requirement in a horizontal pipeline at various temperatures, flow rates and concentrations of potato starch. It was found that addition of 2000 ppm potato starch to the 85% Heavy crude oil+15% water mixture at 40°C decreased viscosity by 80.24% and head loss by 7.55 × 10^{? 4}?m at 60 LPM. Drag reduced up to 91% and power saving increased up to 38.24% after adding 2000 ppm of potato starch to same mixture at 60 LPM.     

热油管道安全经济输油温度研究

从热油管道安全经济输油的角度,讨论了确定热油管道安全经济输油温度的原则及其影响因素.分析指出,热油管道的允许停输时间,取决于管道环境、管道工作状态和输油企业的抢修能力;热油管道安全经济输油温度是满足管道允许停输时间要求的最低进站油温;热油管道安全经济输油温度取决于管道允许停输时间、管径、季节、所输原油的低温流变性、站间环境条件、管道保温条件等因素.同一地区输送同一种原油,管径大的管道与管径小的管道比,允许最低进站油温应偏低;同一条管道,夏季的允许最低进站油温应比冬季的油温低.确定热油管道允许最低进站油温不宜仅用凝点作为选择依据.     

原油降粘减阻新方法在渤海A油田稠油管道输送工艺设计中的应用研究

以渤海A油田稠油输送管道工艺设计为基础,在分析稠油管道降粘减阻措施的基础上,首次提出稠油管道回掺活性水新方法。实验分析及软件模拟结果表明,该方法可以在一定程度上改善稠油管道输送条件,能够有效解决稠油管道降粘减阻的难题,可为今后稠油管道输送工艺设计提供参考。     

BEM系列原油流动性改进剂及其应用

扼要讨论了原油流动性改进剂（降凝剂）的作用机理，性能要求及生产技术关键。分别介绍了华冠石油化工公司生产的降凝剂BEM-3在输送胜利原油的长655.37km的鲁宁（临邑-仪征）线和长252km的东（营）黄（岛）老线，BEM-5P在输送中原原油的长282.55km的中洛（濮阳-洛阳）线和长241.9km的濮（阳）临（邑）线以及在大港油田长47.8km的一段集输干线，BEM-6N在输送南阳原油的长422.1km的魏（岗）荆（门）线和输送高凝高粘胜利原油的长约51.6km的河（口）沾（化）线，BEM-7H在顺序输送国内外多种原油的长201km的洪（湖）荆（门）线的应用工艺，降凝降粘效果及降低输量下的高效，经济，安全运转。在魏荆线上用BEM-6N所作的现场测试表明，在析蜡高峰期的过泵剪切和重复加热使加剂原油低温流动性显著恶化，在析蜡点以上的剪切和重复加热则影响不大。     

天然气水合物储运天然气技术

随着世界能源需求的不断增长以及天然气资源的大力开发和利用,必然要求不断完善天然气储运技术。天然气水合物储运天然气技术具有安全可靠、成本低等优势,备受瞩目。概括了目前天然气主要的储运方式,简单介绍了天然气水合物的特性,从天然气水合物的制备、储存、运输、分解等几个方面分析了天然气水合物储运技术,比较分析了天然气水合物技术与其他天然气非管输技术的经济性。     

边远沙漠小型油田原油外输方式优化研究

为确定适用于边远沙漠小型油田的原油外输方式,采用数值模拟方法对不同工况下的输油管道水热力参数进行了优化计算。应用管道轴向温降公式计算了不同产能阶段的热力允许最小安全输量,发现仅依靠出站温度和压力不能顺利将原油输送至终点。根据最低经济流速对四个产能阶段进行管径初选,并在此基础上计算了不同阶段不同管径管道输油的水热力参数,结果表明:产能为10×10~4t/a、20×10~4t/a两个工况时不适合采用管道输油,应考虑建立原油中转库并使用汽车罐车外运原油;产能为30×10~4t/a工况时,管道输油需要沿线设置2~3座加热站及2座泵站,但建设和运行成本较高;产能增加至50×10~4t/a时,管线水热力状况明显好转,可以采用管道输油。     

超稠原油降黏剂管道减阻性能研究

将自制聚合物型降黏剂加入辽河超稠油中,在小型环道输送试验装置上进行减阻性能测试研究,并测定了流体流型对减阻效果的影响。结果表明:降黏剂具有独特的与超稠油较为相似的结构组成,使得大基团溶解而沉积难以形成,显示出其对超稠油独特的降黏、减阻效果,减阻率达到40%左右;不同的流动状态之下,雷诺数有最佳范围,只有流体在合适的流动状态之下流动时,流体的减阻率较高,降黏剂的应用效果较好。     

原油降凝剂在我国长输管线上的应用

我国已有多条原油长输管线应用降凝剂,革新了老管线传统的输油工艺和新管线传统的投产工艺,并取得了巨大的经济效益。在析蜡点以上,泵剪切和管流剪切对原油的低温流变性无影响;在析蜡高峰区内,泵剪切对原油的低温流变性有恶化作用,管流剪切对原油的低温流变性有改善作用,但这种作用是有条件的。     

Process Simulation and Modeling of Fluidized Catalytic Cracker Performance in Crude Refinery

The simulation of fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) process was performed using Aspen HYSYS. The effect of crude flow rate on naphtha flow, coke yield, and catalyst to oil ratio in FCC were simulated. The interaction effects of riser height, inlet crude flow rate and operating temperature on naphtha mass flow, catalyst to oil ratio, and coke yield were studied by Box-Behnken design. The maximum yield of naphtha (100000 kg/h) was obtained for FCC operating temperature within 520–600°C and riser height greater than 30 m. The catalyst to oil ratio of above 12 was obtained for operating temperature beyond 590°C for the entire riser height variation of 10 to 60 m in FCC. The increase in riser height resulted in increase production of naphtha, but beyond 60 m of riser height secondary cracking occurs resulting in reduction in yield of naphtha.     

石油管线蜡沉积试验研究进展

含蜡原油在开采和管输过程中由于环境温度的降低会沉积在井壁和管壁上,减小了管道的有效流通截面,降低管道的输送能力,甚至会造成管道堵塞事故。综述了国内外学者对于石油管线蜡沉积的试验研究进展,分析了不同蜡沉积装置的工作原理、特点和适用范围,并提出了一些研究建议。