Experimental Investigation of Miscible CO2 Flooding

Abstract

Management of water alternating gas (WAG) injection projects requires making decisions regarding the WAG ratio, half-cycle-slug size, and ultimate solvent slug size. The impact of these decisions affects the capital cost and ultimate incremental oil recovery. Core flooding runs were conducted on 2 and 4 ft core samples. Injection scheme (continuous gas injection [CGI] vs. WAG), WAG ratio, and slug size were investigated. In addition, miscible WAG flooding as a secondary process was investigated and its efficiency was compared to the conventional tertiary miscible gas flooding. Miscible gas flooding at different miscible WAG parameters (WAG ratio and slug size) indicate that 1:2 WAG ratio at 0.2 PV slug size is the best combination yielding the highest recovery and tertiary recovery factors. Miscible WAG flooding as a secondary process indicated a higher ultimate recovery compared to the conventional tertiary WAG flooding. However, a larger amount of gas injection is consumed particularly in the early stages of the injection process. Miscible CGI mode conducted using n-Decane as oleic phase appears to have better performance than miscible WAG injection in term of recovery. When light Arab crude oil was used as oleic phase, higher recovery was obtained for miscible WAG flooding. The reversal trend seen in is believed to be due to the presence of crude oil, which alters the rock wettability toward an oil-wet condition, preventing the water blockage during the WAG process.     

Modeling of Asphaltene Deposition During Miscible CO2 Flooding

The authors present the results of numerical tests and simulations to investigate and analyze the likelihood of asphaltene precipitation and deposition during CO₂ flooding in a reservoir. The effects of asphaltene precipitation on oil properties such as oil viscosity and density during miscible CO₂ flooding process were elaborated by using Winprop software of Computer Modeling Group. Also oil properties change during CO₂ miscible flooding by numerical slim tube were investigated by a compositional simulator (GEM). A fluid sample of Saskatchewan Reservoir that had been flooded miscibly with CO₂ was chosen for performing the sensitivity analyses. The results showed that asphaltene precipitation reduces the oil viscosity and density that is in favor of production increasing. On the other hand asphaltene deposition causes resistance in oil production due to porosity and permeability reduction. The competition between these two effects declares the positive or negative effect of asphaltene on recovery that could be different for each reservoir. The results also show that decreasing the rate of CO₂ injection leads to an increase in asphaltene deposition near the injective well. Due to this phenomenon in higher injecting rates the increment in well bottom-hole pressure becomes less.     

突变论在CO2混相驱油藏综合评价中的应用

应用突变理论和模糊数学相结合的方法产生突变模糊隶属度函数, 并由此建立CO2 混相驱油藏综合评价模型。该模型首先建立CO2 混相驱油藏指标体系结构, 并对油藏参数进行归一化处理; 然后应用突变模糊隶属度函数法, 对CO2 混相驱油藏进行综合评价和筛选。该模型避免了模糊评价、因子分析及层次分析等方法的弱点, 减少了主观性又不失科学性, 对注CO2 混相驱油藏的筛选具有指导意义。     

沙一下油藏CO2混相驱替提高采收率的研究

以沙一下区块油藏为对象,研究了CO2混相驱技术可行性及提高采收率,通过PVT实验和细管模拟实验,确定了油藏原油的最小混相压力为18.41 MPa,原油采收率达90.01%。实验结果表明,注气驱达到混相压力后,注入压力对驱油效率影响不大,而在混相压力以下的近混相区,注入压力对驱油效率影响非常大。通过长岩心驱替模拟实验,对比了水驱和CO2驱替效率,结果表明CO2混相驱提高采收率达40.8%。     

华北BN油藏注二氧化碳混相驱室内试验评价

对CO2 与华北BN油藏原油之间的相态特性和驱替特性进行了较系统的实验室试验评价 ,内容包括 :油气系统的相态特性试验研究、注CO2 驱油模型试验研究和CO2 与地层原油间的界面特性测量。通过这些试验认为 ,CO2 溶于地层原油后 ,可以较大幅度地降低油气界面张力和原油粘度 ,提高驱油效率。     

注CO_2混相驱油藏合理采收率确定

为确定CO2混相驱油藏合理采收率,基于水驱油分流量方程、Buckley-Leverett水驱油非活塞理论及CO2混相驱特性(即混相驱油藏不存在界面张力,各相渗透率与对应相饱和度成正比),将水驱油分流量方程进行适当改进,其物理性影响因素更加明显,更适用于CO2混相驱油藏,并推导出CO2气体分流系数关系式和原油采出程度与累积注气量之间的关系式,用来设计和预测CO2混相驱开发参数。同时对采出程度与累计注气量之间的数学关系式求导,得到了注CO2混相驱油藏合理采收率导数方程的数学模型,可为计算合理注入CO2量及注CO2混相驱最终采收率提供参考。     

二氧化碳混相压裂吞吐实验

针对南堡凹陷高5断块V油组常规水力压裂开发效果不佳的问题,通过开展PVT和岩心混相吞吐实验,明确CO₂混相压裂吞吐提高采收率作用机理,并利用矿场试验进一步验证技术有效性。研究结果表明：在目前地层压力(33.00 MPa)下,CO₂与原油可实现混相,且注入摩尔分数为60%的CO₂后原油体积膨胀41.01%,黏度降低33.08%,密度增加7.28%,表明CO₂对原油具有较好的增溶、膨胀、降黏作用;CO₂混相压裂吞吐采出程度可达到60%以上。试验井CO₂混相压裂吞吐后稳定生产26个月,累计增油2 200 t,原油重质组分得到了有效动用。该研究为低渗及致密油藏效益开发提供了有效技术途径。     

注气混相驱机理评价方法

室内实验研究和相应的模拟研究是混相驱机理研究和油藏注气工程评价的基础,在此基础上提出了注气压力-组成实验、多级接触实验的相平衡计算理论模型。建立了应用状态方程和现有的工程工具模拟实验室PVT(压力、体积、温度)数据,拟合注气压力-组成实验、 混相和非混相细管实验来对注气驱的混相能力及驱替机理进行系统评价的方法。通过对一个具体的油藏注气混相驱混相能力及驱替机理的评价,验证了所建立的通过扩展实验室结果的评价方法,可为油田注气混相驱设计提供可靠的室内和理论评价依据。     

低渗透油藏CO2混相驱注采耦合波及特征及气窜阶段定量划分方法

针对CO₂混相驱注采耦合波及特征认识不清,气窜阶段无法定量识别的问题,运用数值模拟方法,分析CO₂混相驱注采耦合波及特征,明确气窜程度表征指标和划分标准。结果表明:与CO₂连续气驱相比,注采耦合开发通过增压储能、放压释能过程,地下渗流场不断变化,扩大气驱波及面积,延迟气窜时间,提高油藏最终采出程度;新方法计算的气窜阶段划分结果与矿场监测数据吻合,可作为矿场气窜阶段识别的依据;储层孔隙度越大,注采耦合开发无气采油阶段变长,气窜发育阶段推迟;生产井离注气井越近,气体突破时间越早,反九点法井网、排状井网、五点法井网进入完全气窜时间分别为3 148、4 120、5 610 d。研究成果可为低渗透油藏CO₂混相驱注采耦合开发提高采收率提供理论指导。     

判断CO2混相段形成时机的方法

分析了两相流体稳定发展过渡带的存在特点,引入瞬时换油率随注入孔隙体积倍数的三段式变化规律,定义最小稳定注入量概念,并阐述了其物理意义.设计常规细管实验,在混相驱状态下测试瞬时换油率曲线,通过图解法得到瞬时换油率开始转向近水平的A点,进而确定最小稳定注入量.实验还发现,混相程度越高,最小稳定注入量越小,混相段形成的越早.     

深层缝洞型油藏烃气混相驱可行性及影响因素

针对塔河油田深层缝洞型油藏,基于室内相态实验,采用经验公式法、拟三元相图法和细管模拟法计算烃气与原油最小混相压力,并通过数值模拟,研究了油藏前期注入氮气和原油品质对烃气混相驱的影响。研究结果表明：3种方法计算得到的原油最小混相压力远小于地层实际平均压力,研究区深层缝洞型油藏烃气混相驱具有较好的可行性;油藏前期注入氮气对烃气混相驱影响显著,注入氮气波及的储集层区域,烃气与原油的最小混相压力变高,氮气含量与注入烃气含量比大于1.208时,无法形成混相;原油品质对烃气混相驱影响显著,原油中的轻组分含量越高,烃气与原油最小混相压力越低,原油中的重组分含量越高,烃气混相驱最终采收率越低。     

一种新型的油井流入动态曲线

建立了一种新型的油井流入动态曲线方程,它适用于注水保持压力开发的油田采油井底出现油、气、水三相流动时流入动态的计算.该方程很好地解释了矿场稳定试井中出现的“拐弯型“流入动态曲线的特征,并可用来确定油井最低允许流动压力,预测不同含水、不同流动压力下采油井的产量.     

文184断块二氧化碳混相驱及油藏数值模拟研究

依据１８４断块油藏条件和原油物性特点,认为采用ＣＯ２混相驱是提高该区采收率的一种有效方法。通过对全区注水处理的历史拟合,设计了两种不同注入方式－－单段塞注气和水气交替注入。油藏数值模拟结果表明,ＣＯ２与１８４断块地层流体在目前压力下可以混相,水气交替注入方式比单段塞柱气方式提高采收率幅度要高。     

葡北油田混相驱矿场混相特征

葡北油田 是我国第一个采用注天然气混相开采的油田,注气混相驱项目是国家九五攻关课题之一。1998 年油田投入注气开发以来,目前全油田生产稳定,采油速度5.6%,采出程度15.74%,油 田综合含水率为零,油田开发效果比较显著。对注气投产以来流体特征变化和数值模拟研究认为,目前注气区块达到了方案设计的混相要求,并认为注入气在地层中与原油是混相的。这将为西部油田特别是高气油比油田利用丰富的伴生气、采用注气混相驱开发有一定的借鉴意义。     

注二氧化碳混相驱试井模型及压力分析

基于注二氧化碳混相驱试井分析理论,分析了二氧化碳与原油混相过程中混合物组分的扩散模型和温度、粘度的变化规律,研究了此过程中组分突变与温度突变（粘度突变）对压力的影响,将压力变化分成了求解两区复合试井模型得到的压降和由温度与粘度突变引起的附加压降。通过推导,给出了井底的整体压力响应;利用数值反演方法,计算了考虑组分与粘度...     

低渗透油藏 CO2混相条件及近混相驱区域确定

为了探究CO_2在低渗透油藏中与原油的混相条件及在近混相条件下的驱油效果,采用室内物理模拟方法,通过均质、非均质长方体岩心实验,在评价影响CO_2驱油效果的渗透率、岩心长度、渗透率级差和压力因素的基础上,借助采收率与各影响因素参数指标,分析非混相、近混相和混相不同阶段的曲线特征,建立了近混相驱区域的确定方法。采用该岩心实验方法,在模拟油藏条件下,CO_2与原油的最小混相压力为18.5 MPa左右,比传统细管实验确定的17.8 MPa高出0.7 MPa,同时根据驱油曲线特征,划分了CO_2非混相、近混相和混相区域,并根据驱油效率确定出近混相驱的压力区域为16.5数18.5 MPa。建立的最小混相压力岩心测定方法和近混相驱区域划定的方法,为进一步深化CO_2近混相驱油机理的认识及YC油田CO_2矿场驱油方案的设计提供了参考。     

An Experimental and Modeling Study of Asphaltene Deposition Due to CO2 Miscible Injection

The authors studied deposition and entrainment of asphaltene particles as major mechanisms that occur in porous media. Deposition mechanisms that contribute to permeability reduction and entrainment of deposited particle improve the damaged permeability value. While in most previous works the effects of entrainment mechanism are considered negligible, in this study miscible CO₂ injection tests were conducted by core flood apparatus to investigate the effect of asphaltene deposition on permeability and porosity alterations. Results indicated that proposed model for entrainment mechanism is affected by deposition mechanism. The asphaltene deposition core's characteristics have undeniable roles in core impairment.     

The Effects of Miscible CO2 Injection on Oil Biomarker Parameters

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of CO₂ injection on the geochemistry of crude oil in order to determine the probability of using geochemical parameters for monitoring CO₂ injection. In this process, four oil samples from different offshore oil fields were collected, synthetic steady state oil reservoir (porous media) were made by slim tube apparatus, then CO₂ injection process was done in different pressures. Various geochemical analyses were also carried out on the injected oil before and after the injection. The results show that the bulky changes on oil sample by CO₂ injection. CO₂ injection is more likely to precipitate complex and large molecules such as asphaltenes-resins and also large normal alkanes. In this case, the percentage of aromatic molecules was increased during injection. In general view on chromatograms, the height and abundance of all saturated compound peaks after CO₂ injection were significantly decreased. However, biomarker analysis shows that CO₂ injection has a tendency to change source and maturity biomarker parameters.     

用含有杂质的CO2提高混相驱采收率

当实施提高采收率（EOR）项目把CO2作为溶剂时,主要有三个寻求CO2注入剂来源的选择。这三个选择是天然CO2沉积物、人为烟道气捕集,或来自EOR项目早期阶段的循环CO2。所有这些来源可能都含有改变注入剂性质的杂质,潜在地影响系统的所有阶段。例如,捕集的烟道气可能含有N2,而采出或循环CO2源可能含有CH4和／或NGL。两者或其中之一可能含有SO2或H2S。这些杂质的每一种都对CO2的热力学和流体流动特征有不同影响,显示出对注入剂的混相能力、密度和黏度及其与地下油气相互作用的有利或有害影响。这些杂质还能够改变压缩能力、腐蚀控制和管道技术要求。本文描述了CO2杂质对EOR项目所有阶段（从CO2捕集到驱替效率预测）的影响。混相能力、密度和黏度以及岩石性质是给定岩石和流体系统驱替效率的主要决定因素。开发出了一个筛选工具以便预测不同原油的EOR动态。该筛选工具的一个关键组成部分是基于溶解度参数的方法,为了获得一个原油范围的混相能力,该方法可以用于筛选含有杂质的CO2注入剂。结合世界作业经验,应用这一技术评价了符合压力、温度和流体组成条件的油藏的EOR潜力。通过准确评价杂质在注入剂中的影响,能够在不增加处理液流来清除所有杂质的费用的情况下,能够找到确保和利用注入剂供给的最佳经济解决办法。通过矿场实例,讨论了混相能力、密度和黏度对CO2混相驱工艺效率的影响。     

CO2驱采油实现温室气体减排研究概述

由于环境保护的需要,减少CO2的排放量成为世界各大石油公司重要的研究课题。采用CO2驱油工艺不仅可以显著提高原油的采收率,还可以减少CO2向大气层的排放量(简称CO2减排),同时可减少90%以上的天然气注入量。现有烟气控制技术可满足收集燃煤电厂CO2的需求。在石油行业,也可利用高含盐采出水沉淀和合成聚合物来实现CO2减排。