水基蜡晶改进剂型防蜡剂的研制与应用

为了克服油基清防蜡剂存在的有毒、易燃、密度小等缺点,解决水基清防蜡剂存在的清蜡效率低、防蜡效果差及乳液型防蜡剂稳定性差等不足,利用表面活性剂亲水亲油基团结构特点,将蜡晶改进剂均匀地分散在水中,研究出具有低毒不易燃烧、密度较大、清蜡效率高、防蜡效果好等优点的水基蜡晶改进剂型防蜡剂。室内实验表明,该防蜡剂在最佳的配比条件下,降黏率和动态防蜡率大于70%。现场试验表明,采用连续加药方式,可有效减少洗井次数,提高油井产油量。     

Studies of Wax Deposition Onset in the Case of Indian Crude Oil

Abstract

Before taking any decision regarding strategies for prevention and remediation of wax deposition problems in the production tubing, pipeline, and process equipment, it is essential to identify the conditions of wax deposition and to predict wax deposition rates. In this article a study on the prediction of wax deposition, different factors affecting the deposition, and the practical applications of laboratory results obtained for characterization of the Indian crude oils have been presented. The waxy crude characterization study was performed on both stock tank crude oil and recombined integrated crude oil. The results of it exemplify the influence of composition, temperature, and pressure on the solid behavior of Indian paraffinic crudes.     

水溶性清防蜡剂FL-3研究及现场试验

随着长庆油田开发时间的延长,中高含水井数量逐渐增多,同时中高含水井结蜡现象也日趋凸出,常规使用的油溶性清防蜡剂CX-3针对高含水井适应性相对较弱,本文通过对水溶性清防蜡剂防蜡效果评价,以及选取油井开展现场试验,综合评价水溶性清防蜡剂对于高含水井的适应性。     

An Experimental Study on Wax Deposition of Water in Waxy Crude Oil Emulsions

Abstract

The key factors affecting wax deposition of water-in-oil emulsion were studied experimentally using a cold finger device. Wax deposition characteristics of emulsions were obtained. The results showed that the wax deposition profile of emulsions as a function of temperature parameters was similar to that of single oil. However, the effect of the extent of water cut on wax deposition was obviously different at different temperatures. Furthermore, the relative mass of deposit was proposed and found independent of water cut, from which wax deposition rate at different water cuts could be predicted and the predicted values were in good agreement with experimental data.     

清防蜡剂的作用机理及影响因素

概括了油井蜡沉积的原因和危害,分析了油基、水基、乳液型清防蜡剂及固体防蜡剂的特性,并综述了清防蜡剂的作用机理及影响因素,提出了清防蜡剂的未来发展方向.     

一种高效防蜡降凝剂的研制与应用

姬塬油田部分区块原油蜡质、胶质含量高,油井结蜡严重,现有防蜡技术在该区块应用效果不佳,针对上述问题利用蜡晶晶格扭曲机理和微乳液机理,将蜡晶改进剂以纳米颗粒的形式均匀分布在水中,制备出一种不易燃烧、防蜡降黏效果好、密度较大、冬季可方便使用的高效防蜡降凝剂。研究结果表明,在最佳的合成工艺条件下制备出的高效防蜡降凝剂,纳米粒子的平均粒径为100 nm左右。与现场在用产品相比防蜡率由33.56%提高到88.2%,降黏率由31.06%提高至84.1%,原油凝点由22℃下降至14℃。现场采用连续加药方式实验182口井,使用高效防蜡降凝剂后,油井载荷平均下降0.75 kN,油井平均结蜡周期可延长4倍以上,可有效减少洗井次数,提高油井产油量。     

宁东油田清蜡、防蜡技术分析

在原油开采过程中,随着温度、压力的降低和气体的析出,溶解的石蜡便以结晶体析出、逐渐长大聚集最终沉积在管壁等固相表面上,即出现所谓的结蜡现象.结蜡会堵塞产油层,降低油井产量,同时也会增大油井负荷,造成生产事故.油井结蜡是影响油井高产、稳产的主要因素之一,清蜡和防蜡是高含蜡油井常规管理的重要内容.通过收集整理现场资料、分析原油性质和综合评价不同清防蜡技术的经济效果,确定宁东油田采用热力清蜡和化学防蜡技术较为合适.     

EFFECT OF ASPHALTENE AND RESINS ON THE STABILITY OF WATER-IN-WAXY OIL EMULSIONS

ABSTRACT

Asphaltene, resins and paraffin waxes, their mutual interactions and their influence on the stability of water-in-oil emulsions have been studied. 20 wt % paraffin wax dissolved in decalin was used to model the waxy crude oil. Asphaltene and resins separated from a crude oil were used to stabilize the water-in-oil emulsions. Synthetic formation water was utilized as the aqueous phase of the emulsion. The emulsion stability increased with increasing the concentration of asphaltene with a subsequent decrease in the average particle size distribution of the emulsion. Resins alone are not capable of stabilizing the emulsion, however, in the presence of asphaltene they form very stable emulsions. Dynamic viscosity and pour point measurements provided evidence for resins-paraffin waxes interactions. Asphaltene in the form of solid aggregates form suitable nuclei for the wax crystallites to build over with a mechanism similar to that of paraffin wax crystal-modifiers. As asphaltene are polar in nature they are derived at the oil/water interface which was proved by the ability of asphaltene to reduce oil/water interfacial tension. Consequently, nucleation of the wax crystallites by asphaltene and resins at the interface will add to the thickness of the oil-water interfacial film and hence increase the stability of the emulsion.     

原油管道清防蜡技术研究进展及应用*

为了防止油井结蜡造成输油管道减径或堵塞影响油井生产效率,造成重大的经济损失及事故的发生,从结蜡机理、结蜡影响因素以及油管清防蜡技术等方面进行了分析综述。分析认为,不同的清防蜡技术均有其自身优点与不足,对于不同井下环境应当采用相应清防蜡技术;同时,在进行清防蜡工作前,需要对井况进行充分研究,针对井下结蜡层特点及成因结合各技术优点,选择适合的清防蜡技术工艺或多种技术结合应用;化学清蜡技术中安全环保乳液型清蜡剂是现阶段研究的热点,而清蜡与防蜡作用并举起到降凝、降黏作用的多功能清蜡剂是未来发展的方向。     

Experimental Investigations of the Mitigation of Paraffin Wax Deposition in Crude Oil Using Chemical Additives

Abstract

Wax deposition from crude oil is a very expensive problem for oil producers around the world. The objective of this study is to understand the characteristics of paraffin wax deposition and to test the effectiveness of solvents in the inhibition of the crystallization and subsequent precipitation of the paraffin wax and to test the most effective concentration of the solvent used. The oil used here is from the Dakota formation from the Fourteen Mile Field in the Big Horn Basin of Wyoming. Two paraffin inhibitors were tested for this crude oil on a horizontal flow system. The inhibitors are mixtures of solvents, pour point depressants, and wax crystal modifiers. These inhibitors were tested at different concentrations and temperatures and the deposition rates were obtained for each. One inhibitor especially designed for this crude oil was relatively successful, reducing the deposition by up to 59% depending on the temperature.     

An Evaluation of the Performance of Selected Wax Inhibitors on Paraffin Deposition of Nigerian Crude Oils

Paraffin deposition in oil production constitutes a critical and difficult to control problem, in terms of productivity and production operation costs, going from the reservoir to surface facilities. In Nigeria, operators spend millions of dollars each year to control the deposition of paraffin and to deal with other paraffin deposition related problems. Expenditures of this magnitude obviously have a significant impact on profits. The main purpose of this work is to assess the net effect of many commercial wax inhibitors on paraffin deposition from a wide range of waxy crude oil systems in Nigeria for the selection of an efficient additive. Deposition from a wide range of waxy crude oil systems from Nigerian oilfields were examined with and without chemical wax deposition inhibitors. The devices used to produce the deposits investigated were cold spot and dynamic flow wax deposition apparatus capable of producing field-like deposits with relatively small volumes of oil in minutes. Results show that most of the commercial wax inhibitors tested could decrease the deposition of wax, but none has the economical capability to solve the paraffin deposition problem for an extended period of time. One intriguing result was that the addition of xylene improved the performance of three wax inhibitors tested. It was also observed that there are subtle differences in inhibitor performance depending on deposition tendencies of crude oil.     

一种微乳液清蜡剂的研制

为克服油基清蜡剂有毒、易燃、密度小,水基清蜡剂溶蜡效率低等缺陷.通过对有机溶剂、表面活性剂、助表面活性剂及分散剂的研究,开发了一种微乳液型高效清蜡剂.室内实验表明：该清蜡剂在最佳的配比条件下,闪点为51℃,凝固点≤-30℃,密度≥0.95 g/cm^3,45℃C条件下平均溶蜡速率≥0.028 g/min.     

Wax Deposition in Flow Lines Under Dynamic Conditions

The wax deposition in the tubing, pipeline, and surface flow line is the major problem in the oil fields. It generates additional pressure drop and causes fauling and ultimately increases the operating cost during production, transportation, and handling of waxy crude oil. In this work, attempts were made to study the wax deposition in the flow lines due to Indian crude oil under dynamic condition. The experimental work was carried out for neat crude oil and pour point depressants treated crude oil at different ambient/surface temperature and pumping/reservoir temperature. It was observed that temperature has significant effect on the wax deposition of the crude oils. From these studies, ideal temperature of crude oil to pump in the pipeline or flow line was determined. The present investigations also furnishes that the selected pour point depressant in this work decreases the wax deposition significantly and may be used for controlling the wax deposition problems in case of Indian crude oil.     

模拟延长油田CO_2驱油过程原油结蜡特性研究

通过对某CO2驱油区块的不同CO2分压条件下原油结蜡倾向和原油结蜡特性评价,计算出原油的结蜡速率、结蜡率及蜡含量,分析了原油的析蜡曲线特性。结果表明,CO2分压增大时原油的结蜡速率和结蜡率提高,蜡含量降低,蜡析出更明显;经CO2处理作用后原油析蜡点向低温方向移动,其蜡含量也相应地比未处理油样的蜡含量降低。     

热处理温度对长庆原油蜡沉积特性的影响

通过Couette蜡沉积装置及DSC热分析探究了热处理温度对长庆原油蜡沉积特性的影响,发现随着热处理温度的升高,长庆原油蜡沉积速率减缓,蜡沉积层老化速率加快;经50 ℃和60 ℃热处理的长庆原油,蜡沉积层出现了分层现象,其表层为流动性较强的凝油状蜡沉积层,底层为结构较为致密的类固态蜡沉积层;经70 ℃热处理的长庆原油,蜡沉积层极薄且致密,无分层现象,其表面无凝油状蜡沉积层。采用沥青质分散程度分析、DSC热分析及蜡晶形貌显微观察探究了其影响机理,发现随着热处理温度的升高,长庆原油沥青质分散程度增大,从而使其析蜡点降低,蜡晶团聚性增强,原油低温流动性得以改善,进而对其蜡沉积特性产生了显著影响。     

长庆白豹油田固体防蜡技术研究

长庆白豹油田在油田的开发过程中存在着比较严重的结蜡问题,影响原油的正常生产。本文分析了白豹油田结蜡井的原油和蜡样:结蜡井原油中蜡含量高,在15%~20%,胶质和沥青质含量相对较小;蜡样碳数分布主要集中在C26~C39,以微晶蜡为主。应用原油动态结蜡率测试仪和流变仪两种方法测试了MH化学固体防蜡器的性能,它能降低高含蜡原油粘度>80%,降低原油凝点达11℃,防蜡率可达到75%以上。MH化学固体防蜡器在白豹油田现场试验15口油井。现场试验表明,化学固体防蜡器应用后,抽油机载荷明显低于加药前,且能有效地减少常规的清防蜡作业,延长检泵周期。     

普适性结蜡模型研究

根据原油在管道内流动特性及析蜡规律,提出了有效析蜡量的计算方法.利用F检验法筛选了原油结蜡的主要影响因素,包括原油黏度、管壁处剪切应力、温度梯度及管壁处蜡晶溶解度系数.利用9种原油室内环道结蜡实验数据,按照逐步线性回归的方法,得到了含蜡原油的普适性结蜡模型.该模型不需进行结蜡模拟实验,只需根据原油的黏度、析蜡特性及密度等物性参数就可预测原油的结蜡规律.在未进行室内结蜡模拟实验的情况下,利用普适性结蜡模型预测了中宁-银川输油管道不同工况下沿线结蜡分布,并和现场运行参数进行了对比,平均误差为6.32%,最大误差为20%,预测结果为现场清管作业提供了依据.     

海上高含蜡油田井筒清蜡周期预测图版建立及应用

渤海部分高含蜡油井投产后面临比较严重的井筒结蜡问题,现场作业人员一般根据生产经验确定清蜡周期,导致准确度低、清蜡作业成功率有限。根据海上油井生产管柱特征,以Ramey温度场计算数学模型为基础,结合井筒结蜡速率模型计算得到了井筒结蜡剖面,推导建立了电潜泵井清蜡周期预测方法,并进一步绘制了某油田A区块清蜡周期和清蜡深度预测图版。结果表明,清蜡周期随产液量的下降呈幂函数形式变短,随含水率增加呈指数函数形式增加。根据清蜡周期预测图版,预测3口井的清蜡周期分别为11 d、15 d、46 d,实际清蜡周期分别为8 d、12 d、39 d,预测结果与实际基本吻合。该方法同样适用于陆地油田自喷井确定清蜡周期和清蜡深度,对高含蜡电潜泵井、自喷井及时制定清防蜡措施具有借鉴意义。     

大庆原油管输结蜡规律与清管周期的确定

在确定不同流态区管壁处剪切应力、蜡晶溶解度系数、径向温度梯度及管道沿线温降分布的基础上,回归建立了适用于描述大庆油田某两联合站间输油管道蜡沉积的结蜡模型。根据差压法原理,建立了研究原油管输结蜡过程室内模拟试验装置,并覆盖该输油管道的典型工况条件开展了管输原油结蜡模拟试验。相对偏差分析表明,结蜡模型预测结果与试验值的适配性良好。进而在预测运行时间对该输油管道结蜡影响的基础上,结合结蜡层厚度对管道轴向温降及压降的作用,确定了年季节最高与最低土壤温度期的清管作业周期分别为4个月和3个月。     

EFFECT OF ASPHALTENE AND RESINS ON THE STABILITY OF WATER-IN-WAXY OIL EMULSIONS

Asphaltene, resins and paraffin waxes, their mutual interactions and their influence on the stability of water-in-oil emulsions have been studied. 20 wt % paraffin wax dissolved in decalin was used to model the waxy crude oil. Asphaltene and resins separated from a crude oil were used to stabilize the water-in-oil emulsions. Synthetic formation water was utilized as the aqueous phase of the emulsion. The emulsion stability increased with increasing the concentration of asphaltene with a subsequent decrease in the average particle size distribution of the emulsion. Resins alone are not capable of stabilizing the emulsion, however, in the presence of asphaltene they form very stable emulsions. Dynamic viscosity and pour point measurements provided evidence for resins-paraffin waxes interactions. Asphaltene in the form of solid aggregates form suitable nuclei for the wax crystallites to build over with a mechanism similar to that of paraffin wax crystal-modifiers. As asphaltene are polar in nature they are derived at the oil/water interface which was proved by the ability of asphaltene to reduce oil/water interfacial tension. Consequently, nucleation of the wax crystallites by asphaltene and resins at the interface will add to the thickness of the oil-water interfacial film and hence increase the stability of the emulsion.