The Applicability of Inverse Water-in-oil Emulsion as a Selective Plugging Agent

The presence of homogeneous porous media allows a uniform sweep during a waterflooding process, but it is very rare to find homogeneous reservoirs. The typical heterogeneous character of most formations causes an uneven production from different permeability sands in the reservoir. The preferential movement of the injected water to zones with less resistance to flow causes earlier water breakthrough time than if the formation was homogeneous. This phenomenon will exacerbate at offshore reservoirs and the wells with water production potential. To suggest a solution to this problem, the use of emulsions as a mobility control and selective plugging agent has been studied here. Three different W/O emulsion formulations were injected into high-permeable heavy oil saturated waterflooded sandpacks and the one with the best recovery factor was injected to sandpacks with different permeabilities. The change in oil recovery pattern is considered as the main aim of this work. Experiment results revealed that invert W/O emulsions with high viscosities could act as a selective plugging agent and help the displacement process.     

环己烷-水-十二烷基硫酸钠-添加剂O/W乳状液的分层速率和稳定性

通过新制备的电导电极 ,测定了不同组成的环己烷 -水 -十二烷基硫酸钠 (SDS)乳状液在富水相不同时间的电导率。为了定量讨论乳状液的稳定性 ,提出了增比电导率的概念 ,根据富水相增比电导率时间曲线 ,求得了乳状液的初始分层速率常数。同时进一步讨论了不同添加剂 (正丁醇和聚乙二醇 )对乳状液初始分层速率的影响。结果表明 ,用初始分层速率常数的大小来衡量乳状液的稳定性 ,是简明直观、行之有效的方法     

压井用高热稳定性W/O乳状液的制备

报道了用作压井液的高热稳定性油包水基冻胶乳状液的制备、性能及应用。该乳状液代号SO-1,水相中加有0.2%~0.5%羟丙基瓜尔胶和0.2%~0.5%有机硼或有机钛延迟交联剂,油相(柴油)中加入1%~2%乳化剂Span40或Span60,水相油相体积比65~70∶35~30,密度0.95~1.05 g/cm3,85℃粘度240~280 mPa.s,85℃、静态稳定时间≥32 d(相应的常规W/O乳状液稳定时间只有几小时);85℃静置32 d后,在2.0 MPa、60℃和85℃下测定的滤失量分别为1.1和3.6 mL。含泥质约40%的泥岩颗粒在该乳状液中浸泡数天,散失率仅为1%~2%,在密度1.1 g/cm3的卤水压井液中浸泡3~4 h,散失率达25%~30%。85℃下该乳状液对含钠土填砂管油相渗透率的伤害率仅为5.25%,而卤水压井液的伤害率高达27.8%。在胜利临盘、滨南地区高泥质含量(>10%)区块井温70~90℃的10余口油井作业中用该乳状液压井,作业时间7~20 d,压井液漏失比使用卤水、KCl压井液的井减少约30%,作业后油井均增产。图3表3参1。     

The Performance of a High Paraffin Reservoir Under Non-isothermal Waterflooding

This study analyzes the performance of a high paraffin reservoir under cold waterflooding for 17 years using a 3-D finite difference simulator and analytical solution of injection wellbore temperature profile to upgrade reservoir management strategies. The reservoir has been marked by injectivity issues, early injection rate decline by half initial values and low incremental recovery, hence subject to alternate developmental schemes. The influence of cold waterflooding is assessed from simulated temperature maps due to nonisothermal injection and solution of injection well temperature profile.     

陆9井区薄层底水油藏水驱油规律研究

陆梁油田陆9井区由于受低幅度构造影响,成藏过程中单层(砂层厚度5～10m)未被充满,造成所有的油井同一层内形成上油下水的分布特点。油藏开发初期采用反九点面积注水井网开发,目前已进入中高含水期,采出程度为20%左右,为了挖掘剩余油潜力,应用油藏数值模拟结合实钻穿层井验证方法对薄层底水油藏水驱油规律进行了研究。研究结果表明,陆9井区薄层底水油藏水驱特征为底部水淹型,剩余油呈船底形状分布规律。     

纸浆废液调剖剂在文明寨油田的应用

以铵法造纸的纸浆废液为原料，利用固相堵塞，液相驱油的在中原石油勘探局寨高含水小断块油田上进行了注入井调剖工艺研究，并已在现场试验了５１井次。结果表明，纸浆废液调剖剂适合文明寒油田次生大孔道调剖。     

The Formation of Waxy Crude Oil-in-water Emulsions for the Reduction of Pour Point and Viscosity

Waxy crude oil is characterized by high pour point and poor flow properties, which bring great difficulty to the oil exploitation and transportation. In this study, the fluidity of waxy crude oil with the pour point of 47°C was highly improved by emulsification with synthetic formation water used as aqueous phase. It was found that the combination of CAO-35 and sodium oleate was an effective emulsifier mixture to form stable waxy crude oil-in-water emulsion and when the mass ratio of oil to water was 7:3, the optimum composition of emulsifying additives with respect to the total mass of the emulsion was obtained as follows: emulsifier mixture (the mass ratio of CAO-35 to sodium oleate was 8:2) 0.4% (w/w), sodium triphosphate 0.028% (w/w), NaOH 0.05% (w/w), and polyacrylamide 0.15% (w/w). Diverse factors affecting the pour point of the formed emulsion were also studied. It was found that the pour point of emulsion increased as oil content increased and the optimum mixing speed and cooling rate were 600 rpm and 0.5°C/min, respectively. Under the optimum emulsifying conditions, when mixing speeds were 250 and 600 rpm, respectively, by forming O/W emulsions with the oil content of 70%, the pour point reductions were 20 and 25°C, respectively, and the corresponding viscosity reductions were 89.79% and 97.46% (40°C), respectively. Thus the pour point and viscosity of waxy crude oil are obviously reduced by forming oil-in-water emulsion, which is highly promising for the exploitation and transportation of waxy crude oil.     

川中莲池大安寨油藏渗吸注水开发的研究及应用

川中莲池大安寨油藏具有低孔、低渗和非均质性特征。开采难度大,一次采收率低。在室内实验研 究的基础上实施了渗吸注水开发,取得了一定的效果,既补充了地层能量又增加了产量。同时形成了一套切合川 中实际的注水配套工艺技术、动态监测技术和水处理及监测技术。为川中下一步扩大在其桂花和公山庙油田的注 水开发提供了宝贵的经验。     

边水油藏调剖调驱潜力评价与效果分析

针对G油藏的实际地质情况,通过考虑剩余油分布、可采储量、油藏非均质性以及水流优势通道等参数对其调剖调驱潜力进行了评价。运用双对数模型、威布尔模型、俞启泰模型、灰色系统模型对G油藏产油量进行了预测。对比调剖调驱后的产油量与按自然递减计算得出的产油量,来评价调剖调驱增油效果,并结合油田实际生产数据进行了相关计算。计算结果表明,G油藏通过调剖调驱治理边水是可行的。认为G油藏调剖调驱前用威布尔模型预测较好。调剖调驱后用灰色系统模型预测较好。     

两次成胶的聚合物凝胶堵剂的研制及应用

采用2种不同的交联剂,研制了在地面温度下形成流动凝胶,注入地层后形成强凝胶的聚合物水基凝胶堵剂,通过组份用量优选得到了最佳配方:聚合物HPAM(M=1.9×107,HD=25%)8.0g/L+有机铬交联剂(以Cr3+计)0.5g/L+20%有机树脂溶液5.0g/L+增强剂(无机盐)1.0g/L,以淡水配液。该优化配方堵剂液在20℃下2h内第一次成胶,粘度升至5～6Pa·s,在72℃下4～12h第二次成胶,强度达到G级。将优化配方堵剂液1.0PV注入含1.7～2.0mm宽裂缝的人造砂岩岩心,在72℃候凝72h后突破压力梯度为32～61MPa/m。介绍了在克拉玛依油田八区下乌尔禾组裂缝性油藏一个一注六采井组,用该堵剂实施注水井调剖和采油井(2口)堵水的良好结果。图2表5参6。     

The Effect of Surfactant Content and Mixing Speed on the Properties of Vacuum Residua in Water Emulsions

Abstract

In the last years, Mexico has been working on the development of new alternative fuels. The work presented here is focused on emulsifying the vacuum residua (Vr) from the crude oil refining process. This work was done using a kind of surfactant and a mixing tank with an appropriated impeller diameter. The results show how the viscosity of the emulsion produced with 77% of Vr depend on the particle size and distribution. Here we studied the behavior of this property as a function of the surfactant content and the mixing speed; the results show that the combination of the breaking and coalescence phenomenon during the formation of the emulsion will govern the limits for the surfactant content and the mixing speed in order to produce the minimum particle size and the maximum uniformity in the particle size distribution.     

新型控水窜泡沫剂的室内研制与评价

针对氮气调剖的工艺技术，先后对发泡剂和稳泡剂进行了筛选后，开发出了几种性能优良的控水窜泡沫剂。对新型控水窜泡沫剂在不同温度、地层水矿化度和含油饱合度条件的泡沫性能进行了评价。新型控水窜泡沫剂可满足地层温度低于55℃的油藏使用；可以在矿化度小于7000mg／L时使用，其中WT—1泡沫性能对矿化度不敏感，当矿化度在8000mg／L以上时，发泡体积有所下降，但稳泡性能增强；可以在含油饱和度小于20％时形成有效的封堵。     

预交联体膨颗粒类调剖剂性能评价方法研究

预交联体膨颗粒调剖剂作为一种新型的调剖剂已在油田上得到广泛应用,并取得了较好的应用效果。为了保证油田用体膨颗粒类调剖剂的性能稳定和调剖剂的质量,在室内对体膨颗粒调剖剂进行了测定和评价,并建立了一套体膨颗粒类调剖剂的评价方法。     

The Use of Amines in the Stabilization of Acidic Hydrocarbons in Water Emulsions

Abstract

The effect of amines in the aqueous phase, on the interfacial behavior of acidic crude oils/water systems was investigated. The results show over a wide range of concentrations, that water soluble aliphatic amines with less than four carbon atoms per molecule, promote an abrupt decrease in the interfacial tension of such systems, from 20 dynes/cm, to approximately 0.5 dynes/cm. When sodium chloride was incorporated into the aqueous phase, interfacial tension values lower than 10^?2 dynes/cm were obtained and spontaneous emulsification detected. At any sodium chloride concentration, the interfacial tension decreased with the temperature. In heavy hydrocarbon in water emulsions prepared with a constant amine concentration, a decrease in the mean droplet diameter and in the electrophoresis mobility was observed as the sodium chloride concentration was increased. The results are explained, taking into account the properties of the amines, the influence of the electrolytes on the solubility of the carboxylate ions adsorbed at the hydrocarbon/water interface, and the effect of those electrolytes on the behavior of the electrical double layer formed as a result of the surfactant adsorption.     

The Use of Amines in the Stabilization of Acidic Hydrocarbons in Water Emulsions

The effect of amines in the aqueous phase, on the interfacial behavior of acidic crude oils/water systems was investigated. The results show over a wide range of concentrations, that water soluble aliphatic amines with less than four carbon atoms per molecule, promote an abrupt decrease in the interfacial tension of such systems, from 20 dynes/cm, to approximately 0.5 dynes/cm. When sodium chloride was incorporated into the aqueous phase, interfacial tension values lower than 10^-2 dynes/cm were obtained and spontaneous emulsification detected. At any sodium chloride concentration, the interfacial tension decreased with the temperature. In heavy hydrocarbon in water emulsions prepared with a constant amine concentration, a decrease in the mean droplet diameter and in the electrophoresis mobility was observed as the sodium chloride concentration was increased. The results are explained, taking into account the properties of the amines, the influence of the electrolytes on the solubility of the carboxylate ions adsorbed at the hydrocarbon/water interface, and the effect of those electrolytes on the behavior of the electrical double layer formed as a result of the surfactant adsorption.     

An Experimental Study on Wax Deposition of Water in Waxy Crude Oil Emulsions

Abstract

The key factors affecting wax deposition of water-in-oil emulsion were studied experimentally using a cold finger device. Wax deposition characteristics of emulsions were obtained. The results showed that the wax deposition profile of emulsions as a function of temperature parameters was similar to that of single oil. However, the effect of the extent of water cut on wax deposition was obviously different at different temperatures. Furthermore, the relative mass of deposit was proposed and found independent of water cut, from which wax deposition rate at different water cuts could be predicted and the predicted values were in good agreement with experimental data.     

延迟硅酸凝胶堵剂研究

用模数2．8～3．2、含量40％的硅酸钠(工业水玻璃)、一种活化剂(HHJ)和2种延迟活化剂(YHJ-1和YHJ-2)在清水中配成了可延迟胶凝的硅酸溶液，根据初凝时间和凝胶相对强度(用加荷圆锥沉入法估测)评价其胶凝性能。由3．0％水玻璃、0．1％HHJ、3．0％YHJ-1和0．3％YJH-2组成的基本配方溶胶溶液的初凝时间，60℃下为15d，80℃下为94h，110℃下为6．5h。对基本配方作适当调整，在不同温度下考察了组分用量的影响，得到以下结果：水玻璃最低必需量为2．0％；胶凝温度低时可加大HHJ用量；在高温(90℃)下加大YHJ-1用量，低温(40℃)下加大YHJ-2用量，均可导致初凝时间缩短。在初始水测渗透率1．97～2．63μm^2的3支洗油砂填充管中注入实验配方溶胶并在90～95℃胶凝，水测渗透率降至0．164—0．263μm^3，堵塞率为90．0％～91．7％，突破压力为1.0～1．5MPa／m。表7参4。     

水平井选择性堵剂的室内性能评价及矿场应用

针对目前胜利油田筛管完井水平井堵水现状,对水分散乳液聚合物凝胶、相渗调节剂和油溶性树脂选择性水平井堵剂进行了性能评价及矿场应用.其中,水分散乳液聚合物为聚丙烯酰胺,相渗调节剂为阴阳离子表面活性剂,油溶性树脂为改性酚醛类树脂.结果表明,水分散乳液聚合物凝胶可用于非均质油藏点状出水或部分井段出水水平井堵水,油溶性树脂可用于...     

配注水质对二元驱油剂黏度的影响研究

二元驱地面工艺技术的核心是控制聚合物溶液的黏度损失率,黏度损失率的增加会导致驱油效果下降,同时增加运行成本。文章介绍了通过筛选和优化二元驱地面工程配注水源,采用软化工艺去除水中的铁离子、钙离子和镁离子,减小了上述离子对聚合物溶液抗剪切性能的不利影响,有效地降低了二元驱注入体系的黏度损失。     

深部调剖剂YG聚合物微球性能评价与应用

为考查深部调剖剂YG型聚合物微球在中原油田高温高矿化度油藏中的性能,通过透射电镜显微照相、吸水膨胀实验、岩心驱替实验和现场先导试验对其进行了性能评价与矿场应用。性能评价结果表明：该聚合物微球体积微小,可均匀分散在溶液中,与地层水表现出良好的配伍性;在95℃文留油田回注污水中,吸水膨胀倍数达40倍以上,具有较好的耐温抗盐和吸水膨胀性能;向中、低渗透率岩心注入微球体系过程中,呈现开始压力迅速上升、然后趋于稳定、压力略有下降的波动过程,具有较好的注入性;向中、高渗透率岩心注入微球体系过程中,随溶胀时间的延长,封堵率逐步增加,第10天达到最大,为17.14%。采用YG型微球在文留油田文10东块进行了深部调剖先导试验,取得了较好的开发效果。图6表4参5