The surface properties of aluminated meso–macroporous silica and its catalytic performance as hydrodesulfurization catalyst support

Aluminated mesoporous silica was prepared by multiple post-grafting of alumina onto uniform mesoporous SiO_2 ,which was assembled from monodisperse SiO_2 microspheres.Hydrodesulfurization(HDS)catalyst was prepared by loading Ni and Mo active components onto the aluminated uniform mesoporous SiO_2 ,and its HDS catalytic performance was evaluated using hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene as the probe reaction at 300°C and 6.0 MPa in a tubular reactor.The samples were characterized by N_2 physisorption,scanning electronic microscopy,Fourier transform infrared spectrum,X-ray diffraction(XRD),temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia(NH_3-TPD),~(27)Al nuclear magnetic resonance(~(27)Al-NMR)and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM).The results showed that the Si–OH group content of SiO_2 was mainly dependent on the pretreatment conditions and had significant influence on the activity of the Ni Mo catalyst.The surface properties of the aluminated SiO_2 varied with the Al_2O_3-grafting cycles.Generally after four cycles of grafting,the aluminated SiO_2 behaved like amorphous alumina.In addition,plotting of activity of Ni Mo catalysts supported on aluminated meso–macroporous silica materials against the Al_2O_3-grafting cycle yields a volcano curve.     

非负载型NiMoW加氢催化剂的制备、表征和性能评价

以NiMoW复合氧化物为前躯体制备高活性非负载型NiMoW加氢催化剂,考察了制备过程中黏结剂、胶溶剂、熟化处理等因素对催化剂性能的影响。采用BET、XRD、SEM、TEM、强度测定、堆密度测定等手段对催化剂进行表征,采用模拟柴油体系和真实柴油为原料对催化剂进行活性评价。结果表明,选择合适的黏结剂、胶溶剂以及适宜的熟化处理方法,不但可以保持催化剂原有活性相结构,而且能减小催化剂颗粒度,增大比表面积及孔容、孔径,提高催化剂的机械强度。在345℃、7.0 MPa、空速2.0 h^-1条件下,采用熟化处理制备的NiMoW-H催化剂,可将柴油中的硫质量分数由3690 μg/g降低到9 μg/g,而NiMoP/Al₂O₃参比催化剂仅降低到103 μg/g。     

金属助剂对Ni2P/SBA-15催化剂结构及二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫性能的影响

 以介孔分子筛SBA-15为载体,硝酸镍为镍源,磷酸氢二铵为磷源,采用共浸渍法制备了 P/Ni 摩尔比为0.8的 Ni₂P/SBA-15催化剂,然后添加 Li、Na、K、Mg、Ca、Sr 和 Ba 等金属助剂,制备了一系列不同金属助剂的M-Ni₂P/SBA-15(其中M为 Li、Na、K、Mg、Ca、Sr 和 Ba)催化剂。采用 XRD 对该系列催化剂的结构进行了表征,并以二苯并噻吩质量分数为1%的二苯并噻吩/十氢萘溶液为模型化合物,在微型固定床反应器上评价它们的加氢脱硫(HDS)性能。结果表明,M-Ni₂P/SBA-15催化剂的活性相为 Ni₂P。不同的金属助剂对催化剂性能的促进作用不同,其中碱土金属Ca能够明显地提高 Ni₂P/SBA-15催化剂的 HDS 活性,Ca 质量分数为3.5%的Ca-Ni₂P/SBA-15催化剂的 HDS 活性最好。在反应压力3.0 MPa、反应温度360℃的条件下,3.5%Ca-Ni₂P/SBA-15催化剂催化的二苯并噻吩 HDS 的转化率达到98.6%。不同金属助剂以不同方式影响加氢脱硫反应的机理。       

Effect of Carbon Supports on Pd Catalyst for Hydrogenation Debenzylation of Hexabenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane (HBIW)

A series of carbon material–supported Pd catalysts was prepared and used for hydrogenation debenzylation of hexabenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane (HBIW). The structures and morphologies of carbon supports were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), physical adsorption, and Raman spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction (XRD), H₂-TPR, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize Pd-supported carbon. The species Pd, with the states, Pd° and PdOx, were presented to the catalysts and can be reduced to Pd° as the active centers during the reaction. Among layer, tube, and ordered/disordered pore structures, disordered mesoporous carbon exhibited a high content of Pd on the surface and can be used as an efficient support in terms of high catalytic activity and good recycled stability for hydrogenation debenzylation of HBIW.     

An Investigation of the Deactivation Behavior of Industrial Mo/Al2O3 and Ni-Mo/Al2O3 Catalysts in Hydrotreating Kuwait Atmospheric Residue

Abstract

The catalyst system for fixed-bed residue hydrotreating processes usually consists of different types of catalysts designed to promote hydrodemetallation (HDM), hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) reactions to desired levels. Overall catalyst life is determined by the performance of the individual catalysts in the different reactors. Therefore, information about the activity, stability, selectivity, and deactivation behavior of the individual catalyst is highly desirable to design improved catalysts that can prolong catalyst life, increase stream efficiency, and improve process economics. In the present work, residue hydrotreating experiments were conducted on two types of industrial hydrotreating catalysts, namely Mo/Al₂O₃ and Ni-Mo/Al₂O₃, that have been used as HDM and HDS catalysts, respectively, in an industrial ARDS process. The primary objective of the study was to compare the deactivation behavior of both types of catalyst. The characterization of the used catalysts by elemental analysis, surface area, pore volume, and pore size measurements along with TPO-MS, ¹³C NMR, and electron microprobe analysis showed significant differences in the nature of the coke and metal deposits on the two types of catalysts. The role of initial coking, the relative importance of the coke, and metal depositions on the deactivation of the two types of catalyst are discussed.     

Hydrotreating of Maya Crude Oil: I. Effect of Support Composition and Its Pore-diameter on Asphaltene Conversion

Abstract

A systematic study for a concept governing support effect in heavy oil hydrotreating (HDT) catalysts is performed. Different Al₂O₃ and its mixed oxides supports were prepared and CoMo supported catalysts were tested for Maya heavy crude oil hydrotreating. Fresh and spent catalysts are characterized with N₂ adsorption-desorption, element analysis, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersion analysis by x-ray (SEM-EDAX), which confirms that coke and metals deposition on the surface of catalyst is most probably near the pore mouth. It is also demonstrated from these results that asphaltene conversion depends on the pore diameter of the catalyst, while other hydrotreating conversions (hydrodesulfurization (HDS), hydrodenitogenation (HDN), and in some extent hydrodemetallization (HDM)) are more likely affected by the nature of active metal distribution. The evaluation of alumina mixed oxide (TiO₂, ZrO₂, B₂O₃, and MgO) supported catalysts indicates that supports with basic nature have better stability than the acid ones.     

ZSM-5/MCM-41介孔硅铝分子筛担载Pd和Pt制备加氢脱硫催化剂

将ZSM-5溶于偏硅酸钠水溶液,以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵作模板剂,用水热合成法自组装合成了具有较强酸性和不同SiO₂/Al₂O₃摩尔比(n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃))的ZSM-5/MCM-41介孔硅铝分子筛（记为ZM(x),x=n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃)）。以二苯并噻吩（DBT）质量分数为0.8%的十氢萘溶液为模型化合物,考察了Si-MCM-41和ZM(x)担载的Pd和Pt催化剂催化加氢脱硫（HDS）反应的活性。结果表明,担载Pt和Pd不会破坏ZM(x)的介孔结构;DBT在Pd催化剂上主要通过加氢路径脱硫,而在Pt催化剂上则直接脱硫和加氢2条反应路径并重;Si-MCM-41为载体的催化剂HDS活性较低并且失活较快,以ZM(x)为载体的Pd和Pt催化剂加氢活性、加氢脱硫活性、加氢裂化活性及稳定性都有显著提高;ZM(x)担载的Pt和Pd催化剂催化HDS反应的活性可能与其活性组分分散度以及载体的B酸和L酸比例（B/L）有关,具有较好的活性组分分散度和较高B/L比例的ZM(60)担载的Pd和Pt催化剂表现出最佳的加氢脱硫活性和稳定性。     

Synthesis,Characterization, and Evaluation of Mesoporous MCM-41-supported Molybdenum Hydrotreating Catalysts

Abstract

Mesoporous MCM-41 material with high surface area and narrow pore size distribution was synthesized and used as a support for Mo, CoMo, and NiMo catalysts. The molybdenum loading was varied from 2–14 wt% on MCM-41. On 10 wt% Mo/MCM-41, the promoter Co or Ni concentration was varied from 1–5 wt%. All the catalyst samples were characterized by surface area, low temperature oxygen chemisorption, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and temperature programmed reduction methods. Characterization results show that Mo is well dispersed on MCM-41 up to 10 wt%. The catalytic activities were evaluated for thiophene hydrodesulphurization (HDS), cyclohexene hydrogenation (HYD), and furan hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). All three catalytic functionalities vary in a similar manner to that of oxygen chemisorption as a function of Mo loading, indicating that there is a correlation between oxygen uptake and catalytic sites. The activities of these catalysts were compared with γ-Al₂O₃- and amorphous SiO₂-supported catalysts. It was found that MCM-41-supported Mo catalysts displayed superior activities.     

Influence of catalyst support structure on ethene/decene metathesis and coke formation over WO3/SiO2 catalyst

8wt%WO3/SiO2 metathesis (disproportionation) catalysts with different pore structures were prepared by the incipient-wetness-impregnation method. The as-synthesized catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and scanning transmission electron microscopy-high-angle annular dark field (STEM HAADF). The results of STEM HAADF showed that WO3 species were not uniformly distributed on the SiO2 support. The experimental results of 8wt%WO3/SiO2 performance in ethene/decene metathesis revealed that the catalytic effect of 8wt%WO3/SiO2 catalyst and coke formation over it were closely related to the support pore structure: The 8wt%WO3/SiO2 catalyst with a more complicated pore structure showed better catalytic performance but the coke deposition rate was also faster.     

Characterization of Al2O3–ZrO2 Mixed Oxide Supported Mo Hydrotreating Catalyst

Abstract

A series of molybdenum catalysts supported on Al₂O₃–ZrO₂ mixed oxide containing 50% ZrO₂ and 50% Al₂O₃ were prepared by incipient wetness technique and characterized by BET surface area, X-ray diffraction, temperature programmed reduction and oxygen chemisorption. The catalytic activities for hydrodesulphurization (HDS), hydrogenation (HYD), and hydrocracking (HYC) were determined using thiophene, cyclohexene, and cumene as model compounds, respectively. Results indicate that up to 8 wt% Mo loading, the catalyst is well dispersed and crystallite growth occurred beyond this loading. Also both oxygen uptake and catalytic activities increase with Mo loading up to 8 wt% and then decreases at higher loading. A linear correlation was obtained between oxygen uptake and all catalytic activities and the correlation coefficients obtained suggest that the order of catalytic activities for HDS, HYD, and HYC is: HDS > HYD > HYC. Furthermore, the catalytic activities of the mixed oxide supported catalyst for HDS, HYD, and HYC were higher than those supported on pure alumina and pure zirconia. The incorporation of 3% Co on 8% Mo catalyst was determined to result in enhanced activity for HDS, HYD, and HYC.     

Structure and Reactivity of Vanadia/Dolomite Catalysts

Abstract

Supported vanadium oxide catalysts containing surface vanadia species on oxide supports are extensively employed as catalysts for many hydrocarbon oxidation reactions. This article studies the structure and reactivity of surface vanadia species supported on purified natural dolomite. CaO-MgO oxide support was derived from purified calcined dolomite mineral. Ammonium metavanadate was used as a source of V₂O₅, and the vanadia contents were varied from 10–18 wt%. The CaO-MgO support and the prepared vanadia catalysts (V₁, V₂, V₃) were characterized by means of X-ray, FTIR, and scanning electron microscopy. The activity of the prepared catalysts and the influence of vanadium loading on the catalytic performance for oxy-dehydrogenation of methyl cyclohexane were investigated at reaction temperatures ranging from 250°C to 450°C and under atmospheric pressure.     

硫化行为对Ni2P/SBA-15催化剂结构和加氢脱硫性能的影响

以介孔分子筛SBA-15为载体、硝酸镍为镍源、磷酸氢二铵为磷源,等体积浸渍法制备了Ni2P/SBA-15催化剂前驱体,然后在H2流中程序升温还原,得到Ni2P/SBA-15催化剂,再用CS2溶液对催化剂进行了硫化处理,制备出了硫化态xCS2-Ni2P/SBA-15催化剂。采用XRD、N2吸附-脱附、XPS对催化剂的结构进行了表征,对催化剂的二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫活性进行了评价,考察了硫化条件对催化剂结构和二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫催化活性的影响。结果表明,xCS2-Ni2P/SBA-15催化剂的物相有Ni2P、Ni12P5、Ni3S2,催化剂的比表面积随硫化溶液中CS2质量分数的增加有一定程度的增加,催化剂表面的Ni以Niδ+和Ni 2+形式存在,P以Pδ-和P5+形式存在。采用5%CS2硫化溶液硫化的催化剂对二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫具有最高的催化活性,380℃时二苯并噻吩的转化率可达99.3%。硫化过程形成的Ni3S2活性物相对二苯并噻吩的转化和直接脱硫都有利。     

The Support Effect on Hydrogenolysis of Thiophene and Gas–Oil

Abstract

Results are reported on the support effect on the catalytic activity in thiophene hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of sulfided Ni-Mo catalysts supported on pure niobia, mixed oxides of Nb₂O₅-TiO₂ prepared by sol-gel method, and Nb₂O₅/TiO₂ and Nb₂O₅/Al₂O₃ prepared by surface deposition. The prepared samples were characterized using N₂ adsorption at ?196°C, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) techniques. This study showed activity variation as a function of support composition. The activity of niobia-rich catalysts was no longer promoted by the synergy between Ni and Mo. The absence of synergy between molybdenum and nickel on niobia can be explained by the strong interaction of each metal with niobia at the expense of interaction with each other. It was found that 5 wt% Nb₂O₅/TiO₂-supported catalyst was the better catalyst for thiophene HDS. It was shown that by means of an adequate support design it is possible to significantly increase the functionalities of HDS catalysts. Semiconducting supports like TiO₂ can improve the HDS activity by exerting electronic effects on the active phase, helping in this way the formation of sulfur vacancies. The 5 wt% Nb₂O₅/TiO₂ was also tested at high pressure with gas oil feedstock. It is observed with the hydrogeolysis of sulfur compounds against time-on-stream that the activity of this catalyst decreases fast with time.     

Surface Properties and Reactivity of Iron-Doped Titanium Oxides Catalysts in Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethylbenzene with CO2

Abstract

The effect of Fe³⁺ doping level on the surface properties and catalytic performance of a series of iron-doped titanium oxide catalysts (1–7 mol% Fe³⁺) prepared using an acid-catalyzed sol-gel method was investigated in oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene with CO₂. The characterization of catalysts was carried out by means of x-ray powder diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), and the method of Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET). It was found that the capacity of isolated Fe³⁺ centers in titania matrix is responsible for the catalytic performance; the catalysts exhibit the best activity at the loading level of Fe³⁺, about 3 mol%. In addition, it was shown that the appropriate pore size of the catalysts ranges from 5 nm to 25 nm; the selectivity to styrene increases with an increase in the specific surface area of the appropriate pores.     

Can Mesoporous TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-Supported NiMoS OR CoMoS Effectively Perform in Ultra-Deep Desulfurization of Gas Oil?

Waste aluminum foil was used for preparation of mesoporous TiO₂-Al₂O₃ using starch as a textural modifier. The catalytic species, Mo and Ni or Co were loaded onto the mesoporous support, following incipient wetness sequential impregnation. To gain an insight into the pore dimensions effect, Ni and Mo species with the same mass ratio were loaded onto the TiO₂-Al₂O₃, prepared from analytical grade chemicals without templating. TPR spectra, TEM images and BET analysis showed how the promoter (Ni or Co), TiO₂ and the template (starch) affect the ease of reduction of Mo species, the morphology of the active MoS₂ phase and the pore dimensions of the catalysts. The catalysts were employed in hydro-desulfurization process of gas oil using a fixed bed down flow microreactor at varying operating conditions, viz., temperature (320–400°C), Liquid hourly space velocity (0.5–4 h^–1), H₂/oil ratio of 450 v/v, and 6 MPa operating pressure. The results showed that the promotion effect prevails over the textural effect, where Ni promoted catalyst (with lower surface parameters) exhibits higher activity than Co promoted one. The dual layer catalytic bed system achieved the sulfur level less than 10 ppm.     

介孔TiO2晶须-γ-Al2O3复合载体催化剂的制备及其对二苯并噻吩的加氢脱硫性能

以介孔TiO2晶须作为钛源,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了介孔TiO2晶须与γ-Al2O3复合载体(TiO2-Al2O3),在此基础上,通过等体积浸渍法制备了不同MoO3负载量的MoO3/ TiO2-Al2O3催化剂,采用N2吸附-脱附(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼(Raman)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、场发射扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征技术对催化剂结构进行剖析,并考察了其对二苯并噻吩(DBT)的加氢脱硫性能。XRD和Raman等结果显示,当MoO3负载质量分数低于20%时,MoO3能够在TiO2-Al2O3复合载体上分散良好,当MoO3负载质量分数超过20%时,复合载体催化剂上出现晶态的MoO3物种;TPR结果显示,出现晶态的MoO3会增加其还原温度,不利于形成活性相;所有催化剂拥有良好的介孔结构,比表面积均大于200 m2/g。DBT的加氢脱硫结果显示,MoO3/ TiO2-Al2O3复合载体催化剂的MoO3负载质量分数为20%时具有最佳催化性能,DBT转化率达到了56%,优于相同条件纯γ-Al2O3为载体的催化剂(49%)。     

Hydrogen treatment of vacuum gas oil on sulfide catalysts: Influence of composition and porous structure

Three samples of γ-Al₂O₃ with different textural characteristics have been synthesized from AlOOH powders (Sasol). Ni(Co)Mo/Al₂O₃ catalysts have been prepared by single impregnation of the γ-Al₂O₃ samples with solutions of active ingredients. The morphology of the active phase of the sulfided samples has been studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The catalytic activity has been measured with the use of vacuum gas oil (VGO) as a feedstock at temperatures of 360, 390 and 420°C. After catalytic activity measurements, the catalysts have been investigated by means of differential thermal and thermographic analysis (DTA-TGA). Textural characteristics of the catalysts in the oxide and sulfide forms have been determined, including those after the measurement of activity in VGO hydrotreating. The textural characteristics of the samples have been shown to correlate with the extent of the hydrogenation reactions of aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrodesulfurization. The highest hydrogenating and hydrodesulfurizing activity has been displayed by the sample on the support with the largest specific surface area and the smallest effective pore radius.     

多级孔分子筛对4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫反应性能的影响

以多级孔Y分子筛为酸性组分,采用孔饱和浸渍法制备了含分子筛的CoMoP/Al2O3加氢催化剂,通过X射线衍射、N2吸附-脱附、高分辨透射电镜、吡啶吸附红外光谱等表征手段对分子筛样品进行物化性质分析,并以4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩为模型化合物,在固定床高压微反装置上考察多级孔分子筛的加入对4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫反应活性的影响。结果表明,多级孔Y分子筛较高的外表面积和介孔体积有利于提高分子筛B酸中心的可接近性。与参比剂CoMoP/Al2O3-Y相比,B酸酸量较高的多级孔Y分子筛催化剂的酸催化反应活性明显增强,总加氢脱硫反应活性提高。随着分子筛强B酸酸量的增加,含Y分子筛催化剂的甲基转移反应活性明显提高。     

Effect of Asphaltene Contained in Feed on Deactivation of Maya Crude Hydrotreating Catalyst

Abstract

The effect of asphaltene contained in Maya heavy crude on the deactivation is studied. Different heavy feeds are prepared by the mixing of Maya with desulfurized diesel. A standard NiMo catalyst is used in a batch reactor to evaluate hydrodemetallation (HDM), hydrodesulphurization (HDS), and asphaltene (HDAsp) conversion. Textural properties of the spent catalysts are studied by pore size distribution and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Metals and coke deposition on the deactivated catalysts are also measured. It is found that HDM and HDAsp activities decrease with increasing concentration of asphaltene in feed, whereas the opposite trend is observed in the case of HDS. Both deposits of coke and vanadium on the catalyst's surface increase with the concentration of asphaltene in feed. The presence of asphaltene is the main reason to decrease surface area and total pore volume and hence it causes deactivation.     

Co-Mo/meso-A12O3蜡油加氢处理催化剂的制备

以Pluronic P123作结构导向剂,通过酸碱中和法制备氧化铝作载体,分别采用共浸渍法及分步浸渍法制备Co-Mo型蜡油加氢处理催化剂,其中MoO3的负载量为20.0% (w),CoO的负载量为7.81% (w)。样品的表征分析结果表明,与商用氧化铝相比,自制氧化铝具有部分有序的介孔结构、较高的比表面积及孔体积、较大的孔径及较高的结晶度;与分步浸渍法相比,共浸渍法制备的催化剂具有更大的比表面积以及更多的酸性位,且这两种催化剂中的活性组分都均匀地分散在载体上。在实验室固定床微反上对催化剂进行加氢处理性能评价,实验结果表明,以自制氧化铝为载体、采用共浸渍法制备的催化剂具有良好的加氢脱硫及脱氮活性。在反应温度380 ℃、反应压力15 MPa、体积空速0.6 h-1、氢油体积比1000:1的条件下,催化剂的加氢脱硫率可达到99.75%,加氢脱氮率为99.86%,产品中的S含量为9.4 μg/g,N含量为1.1 μg/g,满足后续工艺的要求。