煤和陆源有机质生油岩有机岩石学特点及评价

煤和陆源有机质生油岩是我国第三类主要的生油岩，其中的有机质以高等植物来源为主。由于其明显不同于海相和湖相腐泥型生油岩，在常规性油岩有机地球化学评价中易低估其生油潜力。根据对我国煤和陆源有机质生油岩的对比分析，本文从有机岩石学角度认识和分析了这类生油岩的 特点，生油组分组成和演化，并提出煤和陆源有机质生油岩有机岩石学评价方法。     

GEOCHEMICAL CORRELATION OF CRUDE OILS IN THE NW NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA

Sixty-six oils from eleven offshore and onshore fields in the NW Niger Delta, Nigeria were analyzed geochemically for their biomarker and isotopic compositions. Multivariate statistical analysis was employed to distinguish generic oil families from the large, complex data set. Biomarker and isotopic source parameter distributions were used to group the oils into three generic families. Family A oils, located in the onshore swamp to transitional area, received charges from predominantly Late Cretaceous or younger marine source rocks laid down in a sub-oxic to oxic depositional environment. Family B oils occur in the near-offshore area and are derived from Tertiary source facies that received an input of mixed terrigenous and marine organic matter. Family C oils, which dominate the offshore area, were derived from Tertiary source rocks typical of those deposited in oxic, nearshore or deltaic settings receiving significant terrestrial organic matter. Biomarker maturity parameters showed that the onshore (swamp) oils were generated at the peak of the oil generating window, while the transitional to offshore oils were expelled at an earlier stage of oil generation.     

SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL OF ORGANIC‐RICH SHALES IN THE TERTIARY BHUBAN AND BOKA BIL FORMATIONS,BENGAL BASIN,BANGLADESH

Sandstones in the Miocene Bhuban and Lower Pliocene Boka Bil Formations contain all of the hydrocarbons so far discovered in the Bengal Basin, Bangladesh. Organic‐rich shale intervals in these formations have source rock potential and are the focus of the present study which is based on an analysis of 36 core samples from wells in eight gasfields in the eastern Bengal Basin. Kerogen facies and thermal maturity of these shales were studied using standard organic geochemical and organic petrographic techniques. Organic matter is dominated by Type III kerogen with lesser amounts of Type II. TOC is 0.16–0.90 wt % (Bhuban Formation) and 0.15–0.55 wt % (Boka Bil Formation) and extractable organic matter (EOM) is 132–2814 ppm and 235–1458 ppm, respectively. The hydrogen index is 20–181 mg HC/g TOC in the Bhuban shales and 35–282 mg HC/ g TOC in the Boka Bil shales. Vitrinite was the dominant maceral group observed followed by liptinite and inertinite. Gas chromatographic parameters including the C/S ratio, n‐alkane CPI, Pr/Ph ratio, hopane Ts/Tm ratio and sterane distribution suggest that the organic matter in both formations is mainly derived from terrestrial sources deposited in conditions which alternated between oxic and sub‐oxic. The geochemical and petrographic results suggest that the shales analysed can be ranked as poor to fair gas‐prone source rocks. The maturity of the samples varies, and vitrinite reflectance ranges from 0.48 to 0.76 %VR_r. Geochemical parameters support a maturity range from just pre‐ oil window to mid‐ oil window.     

ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY AND PETROLOGY OF A LOWER JURASSIC (PLIENSBACHIAN) PETROLEUM SOURCE ROCK FROM AÏT MOUSSA,MIDDLE ATLAS,MOROCCO

Organic‐rich silty marls and limestones (Pliensbachian to earliest Toarcian) exposed at Aït Moussa in Boulemane Province are the only known example of an effective petroleum source rock in the Middle Atlas of Morocco. In this study, petrological and organic‐geochemical analyses (vitrinite reflectance measurements, Rock‐Eval pyrolysis, GC‐MS) were carried out in order to evaluate the maturity, quality and quantity of the organic matter (OM) and to investigate the depositional environment of these source rocks. Results indicate the presence of Type I/II kerogen which was deposited under marine conditions with an input of predominantly algal‐derived organic matter. The presence of woody particles indicates minor input of terrestrial material. Organic‐geochemical and biomarker analyses are consistent with deposition of carbonate‐rich sediments under oxygen‐depleted but not anoxic conditions. In terms of thermal maturity, the sediments have reached the oil window (0.5–0.6 %VR_t) but not peak oil generation, although petroleum generation and migration are indicated by organic geochemical and microscopic evidence. Kinetic parameters derived from an investigation of petroleum generation characteristics show that the kerogen decomposes within a narrow temperature interval due to the fairly homogenous structure of the algal‐derived organic matter. The kinetic parameters together with vitrinite reflectance data were used to construct a ID model of the burial, thermal and maturation history of the Aït Moussa locality. The model suggested that deepest burial (approx. 3200 m) for the Pliensbachian succession took place in the Eocene (approx. 40 Ma). Two phases of hydrocarbon generation occurred, the first in the Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous (approx. 150 Ma), and the second at the time of deepest burial (Eocene).     

SOURCE ROCK QUALITY VARIATIONS OF UPPER JURASSIC – LOWERMOST CRETACEOUS MARINE SHALES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO OILS IN THE VALDEMAR FIELD,DANISH NORTH SEA

The main source rocks for the hydrocarbons at the Valdemar field (Danish North Sea) are the Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous organic-rich marine shales of the Farsund Formation. However, geochemical analyses of retained petroleum in reservoir cores show variations in oil type and maturity which indicate a complex charging history. This paper reviews the organofacies and source rock quality variations in 55 samples of the Farsund Formation from the North Jens-1 well (Valdemar field) within a sequence stratigraphic framework in order to discuss the source of the hydrocarbons. Petrographic and geochemical data, including biomarker analyses, were integrated in order to characterize the kerogen composition, original source rock potential and depositional environment of the Farsund Formation. The thermal maturity, source rock quality and kerogen quality all vary at the sequence level, and in general change upwards from early mature, primarily gas-prone Type II kerogen in the Kimmeridgian Kimm-2 and Kimm-3 sequences to immature, highly oil-prone sapropelic Type II kerogen in the Volg-4 and Ryaz-1 sequences (Volgian, Ryazanian). The kerogen has a maceral composition dominated by fluorescing amorphous organic matter (AOM) and liptodetrinite, with variable but generally minor amounts of terrigenous organic matter. The stratigraphic distribution of organic matter is similar to that in regional observations from the Danish Central Graben but minor differences occur, especially in the amount of fluorescing AOM in the Kimmeridgian sequences. The decrease in terrigenous input (vitrinite) upwards through the marine shale succession likely reflects a marine transgression of the Danish Central Graben area during Late Jurassic time. The source potential of the Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous shales in the North Jens-1 well is generally lower than that observed regionally, including an absence of relatively organic-rich, oil-prone intervals in the older part of the succession which have been demonstrated to occur elsewhere in the Danish Central Graben. However, in agreement with the regional trend, back-calculated source rock data and calculated Ultimate Expulsion Potentials show that the uppermost Volgian (Volg-4) and Ryazanian (Ryaz-1) sequences are the most oil-prone intervals. The Ryaz-1 sequence represents a condensed section formed during a period characterised by low sedimentation rates and high preservation of algal organic matter. Biomarker compositions from source rock extracts from the North Jens-1 well cannot be directly correlated to Valdemar reservoir oils, suggesting that the mature organofacies which charged the oils are not represented in the samples from North Jens-1.     

Tricyclic terpane geochemistry of source rocks from Northwestern and Central Niger Delta

This distribution of tricyclic terpanes in source rocks from the northwestern and central Niger Delta was used to evaluate their origin, depositional environment and thermal maturity. The rock samples were extracted using Soxhlet extraction method and the saturated hydrocarbon fraction was analysed for biomarkers using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The values of soluble organic matter (SOM) and total hydrocarbons for wells AW and OP source rock samples exceeded the minimum 500 ppm and 300 ppm, respectively with values indicating very good to excellent potential source rocks. The tricyclic terpane source parameters and the complementary distribution of hopanes, regular C₂₇-C₂₉ steranes, n-alkanes and acyclic isoprenoid hydrocarbons showed that samples from well AW consist of mixed marine/terrestrial organic matter while those from well OP consist of organic matter largely from terrestrial origin. The values of Pr/Ph ratio for source rock samples from wells AW and OP indicate deposition of the organic matter under suboxic conditions. Sterane and hopane biomarker maturity parameters indicated that the source rock samples from wells AW and OP are at onset of oil generation and main oil window, Most of the source rock samples from well AW are more thermally mature than those from well OP. The results of tricyclic terpane maturity parameters indicated low thermal maturity for the rock samples from both wells with samples from well AW more thermally mature than those from well OP.     

API gravities,vanadium, nickel,sulfur, and their relation to gross composition: Implications for the origin and maturation of crude oils in Western Desert,Egypt

In the present study, the geochemical analyses of API gravities, vanadium, nickel, sulfur, and bulk composition were performed on eight samples from productive wells in Gindi, South Deep Abu-gharadig, Abu-gharadig, Dahab-Merier, and Faghure basins locates in the North Western Desert. The results were used to describe the source organic matter input, depositional environment, assess the degree of thermal maturity, and to correlate between crude oils to determine the genetic relationship between hydrocarbon generation and their source rock for the studied oil samples. The results showed that a wide range of crude oil parameters exists in this data, indicating that a variety of oil types is represented. Crude oils range from unaltered to altered by vanadium, nickel, and sulfur concentrations, V/Ni and saturate fraction were used to classify the oils. Oils are classified into two groups. Group I contains oil samples from Gindi, South deep Abu-gharadig and Abu-gharadig, and Dahab-Merier that are generated from organic matter input deposited in marine environment under anoxic to suboxic conditions. Group II from Faghur basin possess high Pr/Ph ratios suggesting high contribution of terreginous organic matter deposited under relatively oxic conditions.     

松辽盆地陆相生油特征

引言松辽盆地是我国东北部的一个大型中新生代陆相沉积盆地,成北北东向展布,面积26万平方公里。自晚侏罗世到新生代,盆地经历了断陷、拗陷、上升三个阶段。它是在侏罗纪断陷盆地沉积的基础上,由于地壳的长期拗陷,大面积快速沉降,堆积了一套以砂泥岩为主的碎屑岩,并夹有油页岩及少量的生物灰岩,鲕状灰岩、泥灰岩、白云岩等。     

Origin of Bahariya oil in Salam oil field,Western Desert- Egypt

The origin of Bahariya oil is a debatable issue. Bahariya Formation produces oil from the Lower sandstone unit by normal pressure mechanism, while the Upper Bahariya shale produces oil by fracking mechanism. The main question is: is there any genetic relationship between the two oils.To answer this question, “50” ditch samples, “12” extract samples and “2” oil samples represent Khatatba and Bahariya formations and Abu Roash ‘G’ Member, collected from six wells drilled in Salam oil field, have been geochemicaly analyzed, using LECO SC632, Rock–Eval- 6 pyrolysis, GC and GC/MS techniques.The analysis shows that the Total Organic Carbon content (TOC) for the studied formations ranges from fair to v.good, with poor to good hydrocarbon potentiality. The maturity evaluation using Tmax, and calculated Vitrinite reflectance (R_o) showed that the studied samples have good thermal maturation reaching the stage of oil generation. Also the analysis revealed that the kerogen is a mixture of type II/III kerogen, reflecting the potential generation of oil and gas. The GC and GC/MS data showed that the organic matter is a mixed marine/terrestrial input deposited in transitional environment under prevailing reducing conditions. The oil samples fingerprint of the saturated hydrocarbons fraction from Baharyia reservoir (Lower and Upper) members suggest that the oil samples have a mixed organic source with significant terrestrial organic matter input deposited under saline to hypersaline environment with slightly oxidizing environment.Based on the obtained results, it is suggested that the Bahariya oil has been sourced mainly from deeper horizons (Khatatba Formation) with some contribution from upper and lower Bahariya source rocks.     

Organic geochemistry of the Upper Triassic–Middle Jurassic Shemshak Group (Alborz Mountains,NE Iran)

Abstract

The organic geochemistry of shale samples of Shemshak Group at Dehmolla section in Eastern Alborz Mountains in the present study are discussed throughout the Rock-Eval pyrolysis. The results used to describe the quantity, type, maturity, and petroleum potentials of the Shemshak Group sediments. The pyrolysis data show that the total organic carbon values of the shale samples are between 0.08 and 20.98?wt% and the generation potential (S1+ S2) of the studied samples ranges from 0.02 to 9.47?mg HC/g rock revealing the organic richness of these samples varies from poor to good. The type of hydrocarbon products (S2/S3) ranging from 0.06 to 2.33 and the type of hydrocarbon determined from Tmax versus HI indicate mainly well for gas generation. Based on the HI versus OI plot diagram, the type III of kerogen is the main type of organic matter in studied samples. These data also show that most of the samples were deposited in oxic environments with low sedimentation rate and high amount of organic matter from the terrestrial source. “Tmax” values ranging from 416?°C to 602?°C in studied samples indicate that most of the samples are over mature and located in gas zone.     

Maturity and Source Rock Evaluation of the Gadvan Formation,Persian Gulf,South of Iran

Rock-eval pyrolysis is used to rapidly evaluate the petroleum generation potential and maturity of rocks. In the current paper, the geochemical characteristics of a probable source rock, Gadvan Formation, in south of Iran, Persian Gulf, was studied. To get the goal 56 ditch-cutting samples of 17 wells, drilled in Persian Gulf, were collected and analyzed using Rock-Eval pyrolysis. Pre-analyses of Rock-Eval outputs shows that only 33 samples are suitable for further investigations, as other ones has been contaminated by migrated hydrocarbons. Kerogen type III is dominating type in the samples, while few of them are type II. It seems that Gadvan is a gas prone formation, which can generate hydrocarbon due to its fair maturity in some intervals. The possible organic facies of Gadvan Formation are mainly reducing and deep marine environments with moderate rate of sedimentation, which confirm its potential to perform as a source rock in the area; however, few of samples were deposited in oxidizing condition based on the results of Jones diagram. Finally, the diagram of S₂ versus total organic carbon proved negligible mineral matrix effect and inert carbon in the understudied samples of Gadvan.     

准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷芦草沟组烃源岩地球化学特征与生烃潜力研究

准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷作为盆地内最大的富烃凹陷,其烃源岩地球化学特征、沉积环境和生烃母质等研究不足,限制了对该区探明资源量较低问题的理解。基于阜康凹陷东斜坡新钻揭的烃源岩样品实验分析结果,对阜康凹陷芦草沟组源岩进行了地质地球化学分析研究。阜康凹陷芦草沟组烃源岩总体属于中—很好质量的烃源岩,有机质类型为Ⅱ—Ⅲ型,主体处于低熟—成熟演化阶段;生物标志物特征显示,芦草沟组烃源岩的有机质为陆源高等植物和水生菌藻类的混合,可能具有类杜氏藻的绿藻贡献,总体沉积于贫氧—次富氧、淡水—半咸水的间歇性分层水体环境中,泥岩沉积特征明显。阜康凹陷芦草沟组烃源岩平面上地球化学特征变化较大,阜中凹槽和阜北凹槽显示出更大的生烃潜力。     

Fingerprinting of biomarker characteristics of some Egyptian crude oils in Northern Western Desert as evidence for organic matter input and maturity level assessment

This study describes the fingerprinting of crude oils from different Egyptian oil formations using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The samples were obtained from Gindi, Abu El gharadig, south deep Abu El gharadig, Dahab- Merier and Faghur basins from Western Desert. Diagnostic biomarkers parameters applied in this study provide evidences about the source of organic matter, the depositional environment and maturity of the studied oils. The results showed that the crude oils of Faghur basin are believed to be originated from mixed source predominately terrestrial with chief contribution of clastic rocks deposited under oxic conditions. However, the crude oils from Gindi, Abu El gharadig, South deep Abu El gharadig and Dahab- Merier basins were generated from marine carbonate source rock deposited under anoxic depositional environment.     

Petroleum that has migrated into an outcropping of the Jurassic Ayad Salt Dome of Shabwah depression,Yemen

Two oil seep samples were collected from outcropping Jurassic Ayad Salt Dome of Shabwah depression. The results of this study have been used to provide information of the origin of the oil seeps and the type of organic matter and maturity of their potential source rock in the basin. Although these are surface oil seeps, their high saturated hydrocarbon content indicates that they are non-degraded oils, probably due to an arid environment of the thick salt sediments. The analyzed oil seep samples are characterized by full complement of n-alkanes, a very high component of phytane, relatively low CPIs of less than unity, and an unusually high content of aliphatic HCs. These features suggest that the analyzed oil seeps are generated from an algal marine organic matter in the source rock that deposited under highly anoxic hypersaline conditions and indicate a moderately low level of maturity. The geochemical characteristics of the analyzed oil seeps in this study are similar and consistent with the source rock characteristics of the Safer Member in the Sabatayn Basin.     

柴达木盆地中南部第三系石油地质条件与勘探前景

柴达木盆地中南部处于盆地西部第三系含油气系统和盆地东部第四系含油气系统之间，第三纪接受了巨厚的湖相沉积。该区具备有利的构造圈闭、泥岩盖层条件，烃源岩以E3^2-N2为主，累计厚度为2000m，具备一定的资源潜力。与盆地西部油田区相比，该区烃源岩厚度变薄、有机质丰度降低、埋藏深度大，有机质热演化多已进入高成熟阶段，砂岩储层不发育、物性差，是制约油气成藏的不利条件。柴达木盆地中南部地区勘探应以找气为主、找油为辅，寻打构造裂缝为主的裂缝性集层是取得勘探突破的一个关键环节。位于甘森湖凹陷边缘的土疙瘩构造是一个可以进行重点评价的目标。     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORGANIC MATTER,SULPHUR AND PHOSPHATE CONTENTS IN UPPER CRETACEOUS MARINE CARBONATES (KARABOGAZ FORMATION,SE TURKEY): IMPLICATIONS FOR EARLY OIL GENERATION

In this paper, we discuss the relationship between the organic matter, sulphur and phosphate contents of Upper Cretaceous marine carbonates (Karabogaz Formation) in the Adiyaman Petroleum Province of SE Turkey. The results of organic geochemical analyses of core samples obtained from the Karabogaz Formation suggest that phosphate deposition occurred in settings where the water column was oxic to sub-oxic. However, the preservation of organic matter was favoured in anoxic environments. Moreover, the presence of sulphur (especially sulphur incorporated into kerogen) in organic matter-rich layers led to early oil generation. The results of stepwise py-gc analyses are consistent with a model in which, with increasing maturity, S-S and C-S bonds are the first to be eliminated from the macromolecular kerogen structure. Study of the maturity evolution of S-rich kerogen by laboratory pyrolysis implies that marginally mature and/or mature kerogen in the Karabogaz Formation, which may be classified as classic “Type II” kerogen, was most probably Type II/S at lower maturity stages. This enabled oil generation to occur at relatively shallow burial depths and relatively early stages of maturation. It is reasonable to conclude that Type II/S kerogen, overlooked in previous studies, was abundant in TOC-rich intervals in the Karabogaz Formation. Early generation (and expulsion) from Type II/S kerogen may have sourced the sulphur-rich oils in the Adiyaman area oilfields.     

苏丹M盆地储集层流体地球化学特征与油藏注入史

苏丹M盆地萨加隆起带Dar群稠油油藏的原油为典型的陆相盆地生成原油。m／z 191萜烷系列中，三环、四环萜烷含量较低，C29新藿烷、C30-重排藿烷含量较高，伽马蜡烷含量较低；m／z 217甾烷系列中，C27、C29重排甾烷含量高，C27、C28、C29甾烷呈“V”型分布，C29甾烷4个异构体中αββ构型含量低。这些地化特征反映原油母质发育于淡水沉积的水介质，以陆源有机质与水生生物混合输入为主，原油为生油高峰之前正常成熟的原油。包裹体中油的成熟度比孔隙中油的低，母质以陆源有机质占绝对优势，包裹体中的油是陆源有机质早期低温生成的原油。A．G．组油藏充注较早，在Dar群沉积末期（距今90Ma）就有油气充注储集层，主要充注时期应该是Amal组沉积时期（距今55～80Ma），Amal组沉积期末（距今50～55Ma）的剥蚀期是Dar群稠油油藏形成的主要时期，轻组分散失是Dar群稠油油藏形成的主要原因。     

和什托洛盖盆地北缘泥盆系海相烃源岩评价

应用地表露头样品的有机地球化学分析测试资料,从有机质丰度、类型、成熟度等方面,对和什托洛盖盆地北缘沙尔布尔山泥盆系海相烃源岩进行评价。研究表明:和布克赛尔组灰岩有机碳平均含量为0.31%、呼吉尔斯特组有机碳平均含量为0.72%,校正后分别达到中等烃源岩、好烃源岩的标准;有机显微组分以腐泥组为主,有机质类型全部为Ⅰ型;热演化程度适中,处于成熟阶段。虽然露头样品风化严重,导致各项分析测试数据存在不同程度的偏差,但沙尔布尔山地区泥盆系海相烃源岩具有一定的生烃能力是毋容置疑的。     

汤原断陷生物标志化合物的分布及其地球化学意义

主要论述了汤原断陷生物标志化合物及原油(显示)生物标志化合物的分布特征及其地球化学意义,指出汤原断陷内检出丰富的正烷烃、类异戊二烯烷烃、萜类化合物及甾类化合物.源岩及原油(显示)生物标志化合物和原油碳同位素的分布特征研究表明,该区源岩有机质以陆源输入为主,水生生物只在个别样品中占有一定比例;沉积环境普遍存在着弱氧化-弱还原的成煤环境;古气候条件比较湿润;成熟度普遍较低,多数样品尚未进入生油门限.区内的原油(显示)应该来自类型不同的两种源岩,在探井中油显示未见高、过成熟特征,多为低熟到成熟阶段的产物.相对而言,宝泉岭组和白垩系的源岩母质类型较好,而新安村组、乌云组、白垩系的成熟度更有利于生油.     

Oil Families and Their Potential Sources in the Southern Gulf of Suez, Egypt

Four oil families are identified in the southern Gulf of Suez, through high-resolution geochemical studies including gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and carbon isotope analyses. Biological features characterize oils in family 1a, suggesting tertiary carbonate source rocks for these oils, rich in type II organic matter and deposited under anoxic depositional environment. Family 1b oil shows minor variations in the source of organic matter and the depositional environment, as it was derived from carbonate source rock with more algal and bacterial contribution and minor input of terrestrial organic sources, deposited under less saline condition compared to family 1a oil. Family 2 oil, although genetically related to family 1a oil, has some distinctive features, such as diasterane to sterane and pristane to phytane ratios, which suggest clay-rich source rocks and a more oxic depositional environment. Also, the lack of oleanane indicates pre-tertiary source rocks for this oil. In contrast, family 3 oil is of mixed sources (marine and non-marine), generated from low sulfur and clay-rich source rock of tertiary and/or younger age. Family 4 oil seems to be mixed from family 1b and family 3 oils, sourced mainly from carbonate source rocks rich in clay minerals with algal and bacterial contributions. Family 4 oil is highly mature, family 1b oil lies within equilibrium values (peak oil generation stage), while the other families are more or less near equilibrium.