Improved Purification of Petroleum Coke for Grease Lubricants by a Flotation Process

The surface and thermodynamic properties of the anionic surfactant were studied together with its efficiency on being used as a collector in the flotation of petroleum coke. The surface tension of the aqueous solution was measured at 25°C and the surface excess concentration as well as the critical micelle concentration of the mixtures were investigated. There was a good relationship between the adsorption effectiveness of the phase transfer catalyst (cationic) and the efficiency of the collector. A synergistic effect was observed for the phase transfer catalyst and the anionic collector reducing the surface tension of the aqueous solution in the purification of petroleum coke. The results showed the best mole fraction of mixture (anionic/ cationic)which is preferable to be used as the flotation collector. The optimum conditions for purification of petroleum coke were determined so as to acceptably use this coke for the lubricating grease.     

Improved Purification of Petroleum Coke for Grease Lubricants by a Flotation Process

Abstract

The surface and thermodynamic properties of the anionic surfactant were studied together with its efficiency on being used as a collector in the flotation of petroleum coke. The surface tension of the aqueous solution was measured at 25°C and the surface excess concentration as well as the critical micelle concentration of the mixtures were investigated. There was a good relationship between the adsorption effectiveness of the phase transfer catalyst (cationic) and the efficiency of the collector. A synergistic effect was observed for the phase transfer catalyst and the anionic collector reducing the surface tension of the aqueous solution in the purification of petroleum coke. The results showed the best mole fraction of mixture (anionic/ cationic)which is preferable to be used as the flotation collector. The optimum conditions for purification of petroleum coke were determined so as to acceptably use this coke for the lubricating grease.     

Evaluation of Interfacial Tension Between SP Solution and Simsim Oil

Surfactant–polymer (SP) flooding has been proved to be an effective enhanced oil recovery method. Producing ultra-low interfacial tensions is an important mechanism relating to SP flooding for enhanced oil recovery. The interfacial tension between surfactant (PJS-1 and BE)/polymer solution and Simsim oil was evaluated in the work. The influence of surfactant and polymer concentration on interfacial tension between Simsim oil and these solutions is discussed. The interfacial tension between the oil and the surfactant solution reduces as the surfactant concentration increases. In the same concentration of surfactant, the interfacial tension between the surfactant solution and the oil becomes larger when the polymer was added in the solution.     

Synthesis and Interfacial Behavior of Decyl Methylnaphthalene Sulfonate

Abstract

High purity decyl methylnaphthalene sulfonate (DMNS) surfactant was synthesized. The purity of product was determined by HPLC, and the structure was confirmed by IR, UV, and ESI-MS. The surface and oil-water interfacial activities of DMNS surfactant were studied. The effects of concentrations of the surfactant, alkali, and inorganic salt on the dynamic interfacial behavior of crude oil/Shengli Oil Field/surfactant oil flooding systems were studied, and comparitive studies of systems with strong and buffered alkali were also carried out. Results showed that DMNS surfactant possessed great capability and efficiency for lowering solution surface tension and oil-water interfacial tension. The critical micelle concentration (cmc) was 0.02% and the surface tension at this concentration was 31.61 mN.m^?1. At proper concentrations of the surfactant, alkali, and inorganic salt, the dynamic interfacial tension between the crude oil of the Shengli Oil Field and the surfactant oil flooding system reached a minimum value of 10^?5–10^?6 mN.m^?1 in a very short time (3–20 min) and maintained an ultra-low value (< 10^?2 mN.m^?1) for a long period of time (15–87 min). The crude oil/surfactant systems presented satisfactory interfacial behavior. DMNS has great potential to be used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) with low cost and high efficiency.     

Treatment of contaminated wastewater

The environmental impacts of petroleum are often negative because they are toxic to almost all lifestyles, and there is a possibility of causing climate change. Oil pollution in the air and in the water can be toxic and dangerous to the human body. Preliminary researchers have thoroughly studied and discussed the methods of treatment of oily wastewater. Removing oily wastewater from the oil without damaging the environment is an important problem for the oil industry. The three-phase solid, water, and oil blends can be separated from each other when a continuous oil–water separator system is used. Oil contaminated wastewater is generally treated by gravity sedimentation, coagulation, flotation, coagulation composite flotation, demulsification, membrane separation, flocculation treatment, chemical precipitation, and biological treatment and filtration.     

无碱二元体系的黏弹性和界面张力对水驱残余油的作用

三元复合驱含碱驱油体系会大幅度降低聚合物溶液的黏弹性,引起地层粘土分散和运移、形成碱垢及导致地层渗透率下降。为此提出利用不加碱可形成超低界面张力的聚合物/甜菜碱表面活性剂二元复合体系驱油。通过流变性实验及微观模型驱油实验,分析了表面活性剂对聚合物表面活性剂二元复合体系黏弹性的影响和聚合物表面活性剂二元复合体系的黏弹性及界面张力对采收率的影响。对聚合物表面活性剂二元复合体系提高水驱后残余油采收率机理的研究表明:在驱替水驱后残余油过程中,聚合物表面活性剂二元复合体系利用了聚合物溶液的黏弹特性和表面活性剂的超低张力界面特性,水驱后残余油以油丝和乳状液形式被携带和运移,随着二元驱油体系的黏弹性的增加和界面张力的降低,水驱后二元驱后的采收率增加,降低界面张力的驱油效果(指达到超低)比提高体系的黏弹性的效果更明显。     

克拉玛依油田B21井区油藏表面活性剂性能评价

为了评价克拉玛依油田B21井区二类砾岩油藏驱油用HW表面活性剂的可行性,评价了表面活性剂界面活性、稳定性、乳化性能和模拟驱油性能。结果表明：HW表面活性剂质量分数为0.1%~0.5%时,界面张力在10-2 mN/m量级,最小界面张力为0.006 0 mN/m,该表面活性剂具有良好的稳定性,长期放置界面张力不发生明显变化,有利于通过降低界面张力提高原油采收率;表面活性剂的质量分数和水油比均对其乳化性能有显著影响,乳化能力随质量分数增加而增大,破乳后析出水较为清澈且界面清晰,有利于表面活性剂驱油后的油水分离。驱油实验结果显示,质量分数为0.3%的HW表面活性剂溶液可提高采收率10.5%     

以大庆减压渣油为原料的高效、廉价驱油表面活性剂OCS的制备与性能研究

针对现有三元复合驱油体系化学剂费用投入大，经济效益差的缺点，以廉价的大庆减压渣油为原料在实验室内合成出廉价的驱油用表面活性剂OCS，并初步评价了所得OCS样品的性能。结果表明，OCS表面活性剂制备重复性好，性能稳定。OCS表面活性剂具有优异的降低原油一地层水界面张力的能力，在NaOH存在条件下，能在较宽的碱浓度范围内使大庆四厂原油的油-水界面张力降至10^-3mN／m。在Na2CO3存在条件下，能在较宽的碱浓度范围内使大庆四厂原油、华北油田古一联原油及胜利孤东采油厂原油的油-水界面张力降至10^-3mN／m。在无碱条件下，对于大港油田枣园1256断块原油，当OCS表面活性剂含量达到0．1％时，油-水界面张力即可降至10-3^mN／m。对大庆四厂原油的驱油试验结果表明，OCS表面活性剂、碱和聚合物三元复合体系(ASP)的驱油效率比水驱提高20％以上。     

葡北低渗透油田三元复合驱室内实验研究

对葡北油田开展三元复合驱室内实验研究时,应用大庆长垣北部油田三元复合驱配方不能满足葡北的油藏条件。对此应用复合碱改善了复合体系与原油间界面张力,使用牺牲剂降低表面活性剂在油砂上的吸附损失达４０％以上,筛选出适合葡北油田的三元复合驱配方。天然岩心驱油实验结果表明：采收率比水驱提高１８％以上。此复合驱技术对今后外围低渗透油田开展复合驱具有指导作用。     

Preparation and Characterization of Petroleum Sulfonate Directly from Crude

Abstract

Sulfonate surfactants used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) need not be very pure, such as linear alkyl benzene sulfonate, but should be similar in terms of surface activity. The possibility of preparation, isolation, and purification of petroleum sulfonate directly from crude is studied in the lab. Crudes chosen in this study are GSPC and Panna supplied by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), India. Crude is digested with sulfuric acid (98%) or oleum (20%) for sulfonation and then neutralized with sodium hydroxide. Finally, sulfonate surfactant is isolated and purified by a series of solvent extraction procedures using alcohols and alkanes. The sulfonate surfactant obtained is characterized with respect to EOR applicability, e.g., surface tension measurement and interfacial tension measurement against benzene. The dosing of the sulfonating agent was verified to study its effect on yield of sulfonate and surface tension value. The yield of sulfonate increases with the increase in dosing of the sulfonating agent; however, the surface activity of sulfonate decreases. Optimum yield and surface activity are obtained for sulfonate surfactants produced from GSPC crude when a crude-to-sulfonating agent volume ratio of 1:5 is used. Surface activity of sulfonate surfactant obtained from GSPC crude compares well with commercially available surfactant, TRS 10-80, used in EOR. This study also brings the possibility of an in situ generation of sulfonates in oil fields for EOR.     

D相乳化法微乳液的制备及物理模拟应用

用D相乳化法 ,由十二烷基苯磺酸钠与醇醚硫酸钠、多元醇、甲苯等制备了微乳液 ,以正交实验考察了各种组分质量比对所得溶液界面张力的影响 ,最佳配方为 :5 0 g质量分数为 2 0 %的多元醇溶液 ,7g甲苯 ,31g表面活性剂混和溶液。微乳液的界面张力为 3.70mN/m ,微乳液澄清、透明 ,热力学稳定 ,久置不分层。以此微乳液复配了驱油剂并进行了驱替试验 ,结果表明 ,可提高采油率 18.0 6 % ,提高剩余油采收率 2 9.97%。     

两级内循环浮选处理三元复合驱污水

利用两级内循环浮选技术处理三元复合驱污水,考察了PAM质量浓度、SDBS质量浓度、污水温度、供气量、pH值和水力停留时间对油-水分离的影响。利用显微镜成像技术分析油粒数量随时间的变化规律。结果表明,PAM的存在能够减小SDBS对油-水分离性能的影响,提高油去除率。三元复合驱污水温度和初始油浓度对油去除率影响较小,而污水pH值、供气量和水力停留时间的影响较大。当pH＞9.5、供气量为1.5~2.0 m3/h和水力停留时间2.0 h时,三元复合驱污水油去除率较高,达到85％以上。显微镜成像显示,油粒直径在3.0~15.0 μm范围,水力停留时间前1.0 h中污水中油粒数量减少较多,而后1.0 h中减少缓慢。     

界面张力对相对渗透率曲线的影响

本文研究了界面张力对相对渗透率曲线的影响。为此进行了一系列非稳态驱替实验。实验是采用非胶结岩心和不同界面张力的流体体系进行的。 流体体系中,被驱动相采用的是模拟原油,驱动相分别是:地层水、表面活性剂溶液、下相微乳液和中相微孔液。研究结果表明:①界面张力对相对渗透率曲线有实质性影响。随着界面张力的降低,驱替相和被驱替相的相对渗透率曲线均升高。特别是在界面张力σ<10~(-2)mN/m时此影响更明显。②随着界面张力的降低原油采收率有明显的提高。     

PRODUCING ULTRALOW INTERFACIAL TENSION AT THE OIL/WATER INTERFACE

In view of the world-wide shortage of petroleum and the fact that a large amount of residual oil will remain in the reservoir after the primary recovery and water flooding stages, the use of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods to recover as much as possible of this residual oil has become increasingly important worldwide. The predominant and most promising EOR technique is the micellar-polymer flooding process which uses a surface active agent (a surfactant) to decrease interfacial tension and hence allows oil to freely move from its original location through the porous media. The purpose of this paper is to present an experimental study of the factors affecting the equilibrium interfacial tension (IFT) at the oil/water interface. A large number of experiments was conducted to study the variations of IFT as a function of many parameters including reservoir temperature, pressure, surfactant concentration, and salinity. An Arabian heavy crude oil was used in the analysis along with three different synthetic surfactants and two formation waters. The pendent drop technique enhanced by video imaging was employed for measuring IFT. It was found that for the ranges of variables considered in this study, IFT decreases with temperature and salinity, increases with pressure, and decreases exponentially with surfactant concentration.     

An evaluation of modified silica nanoparticles’ efficiency in enhancing oil recovery of light and intermediate oil reservoirs

The role of nanoparticles in enhancing oil recovery from oil reservoirs is an increasingly important topic of research. Nanoparticles have the properties that are potentially useful for enhanced oil recovery processes, as they are solid and two orders of magnitude smaller than colloidal particles. This paper presents a comparison between the efficiency of modified silica nanoparticles in enhancing oil recovery from two different Iranian light and intermediate oil reservoirs. The mechanisms used to recover additional oil would be oil–water interfacial tension reduction and wettability alteration. Oil phase contact angles and oil–water interfacial tensions were measured in the absence and the presence of nano fluids’ different concentrations (1–4 g/L). Results showed that the interfacial tension reduces dramatically in the presence of nanoparticles for both light and intermediate oil. In addition oil phase contact angle results showed a transformation of rock wettability from water-wet toward oil-wet condition. However, these nanoparticles are more capable in the reduction of the interfacial tension and the alteration of wettability in the case of light oil reservoir. A comparison between recovery results indicated that these nanoparticles are more efficient in light oil reservoirs and produce more incremental amount of oil after primary and secondary processes.     

克拉玛依油田三元复合驱相渗曲线研究

在用稳定法测定三元复合驱油体系与油的相渗曲线时,用聚合物分子滞留条件下的碱、表面活性剂体系(AS)与油的相渗曲线来代替ASP驱油过程中的相渗曲线。研究了聚合物分子在孔隙介质中的滞留程度、体系的界面张力对相渗曲线的影响,将聚合物的作用归结为对不可动水相饱和度、油水相的相渗曲线高低的影响;将碱和表面活性剂的作用归结为通过降低界面张力来影响残余油饱和度及水相相渗曲线的高低,得出了聚合物的滞留程度与不可动水相饱和度、油水相端点相对渗透率值之间的关系曲线和界面张力与残余油饱和度、界面张力与水相端点相对渗透率之间的关系曲线。     

Dynamic Interfacial Tension Between Crude Oil and Novel Surfactant Flooding Systems Without Alkali

The surface tensions of tetradecylmethylnaphthalene sulfonate (TMNS) surfactant aqueous solution and the dynamic interfacial tension (DIT) between crude oil, from Shandong Shengli oil field of China, and the surfactant solution without alkaline, was measured. Results indicate that the TMNS surfactant had great capability and efficiency of lowering the solution surface tension. The critical micelle concentration (cmc) is 0.001 mass% and the surface tension at this concentration is 28.19 mN.m^-1. It was also found that the TMNS surfactant is greatly effective in reducing the interfacial tensions and can lower the tension of crude oil-water interface to ultra-low at very low concentration, 0.002 mass%, without alkali and other additives. Both chromatogram separation of flooding and breakage of stratum are avoided effectively. The lower salinity is favorable for the flooding systems, lowering the DIT. The synthesized TMNS surfactant flooding systems without alkali and sodium chloride, decreasing the cost of oil recovery and avoiding the stratum being destroyed, would have a great prospect for enhanced oil recovery (EOR).     

表面活性剂对超低渗透油藏渗流特征的影响

针对超低渗透岩心,通过宏观驱替实验研究不同界面张力的表面活性剂对单相启动压力、油水两相启动压力、相对渗透率曲线、降压效果及提高采收率效果的影响,分析表面活性剂对超低渗透油藏渗流规律的影响。研究结果表明,随驱替液界面张力的降低,单相启动压力明显降低。油水两相启动压力实验中,在油水两相相同流速比下,随界面张力的降低,油水两相启动压力梯度逐渐降低,含水饱和度逐渐增大。从束缚水饱和度到残余油饱和度,随含水饱和度的增加,油水两相启动压力梯度先缓慢下降,后迅速下降。相渗曲线实验中,随表面活性剂质量分数的增加,油水两相渗流区增大,油相相对渗透率增大,残余油下水相相对渗透率增加,残余油饱和度降低,油气采收率升高,水相(端点以内)渗透率基本没有变化。表面活性剂段塞驱替实验中,岩心一次水驱后,注入表面活性剂可明显降低超低渗透岩心的注入压力、提高岩心采收率,且油水界面张力越低,降压效果越好,提高采收率幅度越大。     

PRODUCING ULTRALOW INTERFACIAL TENSION AT THE OIL/WATER INTERFACE

ABSTRACT

In view of the world-wide shortage of petroleum and the fact that a large amount of residual oil will remain in the reservoir after the primary recovery and water flooding stages, the use of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods to recover as much as possible of this residual oil has become increasingly important worldwide. The predominant and most promising EOR technique is the micellar-polymer flooding process which uses a surface active agent (a surfactant) to decrease interfacial tension and hence allows oil to freely move from its original location through the porous media. The purpose of this paper is to present an experimental study of the factors affecting the equilibrium interfacial tension (IFT) at the oil/water interface. A large number of experiments was conducted to study the variations of IFT as a function of many parameters including reservoir temperature, pressure, surfactant concentration, and salinity. An Arabian heavy crude oil was used in the analysis along with three different synthetic surfactants and two formation waters. The pendent drop technique enhanced by video imaging was employed for measuring IFT. It was found that for the ranges of variables considered in this study, IFT decreases with temperature and salinity, increases with pressure, and decreases exponentially with surfactant concentration.     

阴离子双子表面活性剂GA8-4-8油水界面张力研究

表面活性剂的油水界面张力是评价其提高原油采收率能力的重要指标.采用旋转滴界面张力仪测定了阴离子双子表面活性剂GA8-4-8溶液与油相间的界面张力,考察了油相类别、温度、pH值、盐类和矿化度对其油水界面张力的影响.结果表明,GA8-4-8溶液在不同油相的油水界面表现出不同的界面活性,质量浓度为100 mg/L的GA8 -4 -8溶液与煤油间的油水界面张力达1.4×10-3 mN/m;升高GA8-4-8溶液的温度(30～70℃),有利于其降低油水界面张力;GA8-4-8溶液在pH值为7时,界面张力最低;GA8-4 -8溶液中加入单一无机盐NaCl及高矿化度地层水(质量浓度为50～250 g/L)均能有效提高其降低油水界面张力的能力,单一 CaCl2对其影响较小.GA8 -4 -8溶液在不同矿化度下均具有良好的界面活性,可满足高温、高矿化度油藏条件下提高原油采收率的需要.