Effect of nano titanium dioxide on heavy oil recovery during polymer flooding

In recent years, polymer flood of heavy oil has been extensively studied in laboratories and successfully applied in several fields. Polymer flooding is the most successful chemical enhanced oil recovery method. However, still, the need for a large amount of polymer, leading to high operational costs, presents a big challenge in technologies. This challenge can be addressed by considering the newly emerging nanomaterials. In this work, the author focuses on roles of TiO₂ nanoparticles on polymer viscosity and improve recovery in heavy oil recovery. He present the results obtained from a coreflood experiment with polymer injection in heavy oil at 1320 mPa.sec viscosity. Nanopolymer exhibits an outstanding flow behavior and enhanced oil recovery performance in coreflood displacement tests compared to base polymers. The results indicate that polymer flooding with higher viscosity can significantly improve oil recovery. Flooding test showed about 4% increase in oil recovery for nanopolymer solution in comparison with polymer solution after one pore volume fluid injection.     

Application of nano-fumed silica in heavy oil recovery

The resources of heavy oil in the world are more than twice those of conventional light crude oil and the technology utilized for the recovery of heavy oil has steadily increased recovery rates. Polymer flooding is the most commonly applied chemical enhanced heavy oil recovery technique. However, still there is a need for a large amount of polymer, leading to high operational costs, presenting a big challenge in technologies. This challenge can be addressed by considering the newly emerging nanomaterials especially those made from silica. In this work, the author focuses on roles of silica nanoparticles on polymer viscosity and improvement of recovery in heavy oil recovery. The author presents the results obtained from a coreflood experiment with polymer injection in heavy oil at 1320 mPa.sec viscosity. The results indicate that polymer flooding with higher viscosity can significantly improve oil recovery. These laboratory results will be helpful for the planning of nano silica polymer flooding for heavy oil reservoirs. Also flooding test showed a 8.3% increase in oil recovery for nanosilica polymer solution in comparison with polymer solution after one pore volume fluid injection.     

Optimum effective viscosity of polymer solution for improving heavy oil recovery

Severe viscous fingering during waterflooding of heavy oil leaves a large amount of oil untouched in the reservoir. Improving sweep efficiency is vital for increasing heavy oil recovery. Polymer flooding, a widely recognized mobility control enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology for conventional oil, is generally not recommended for oils with viscosities higher than 200 mPa s according to the traditional EOR screening criteria. However, polymer flooding of heavy oil reservoirs is becoming increasingly feasible with the wide use of horizontal wells and because of relatively high oil price.This study investigated the relationship between the tertiary oil recovery by polymer flooding and the effective viscosity of polymer solution. Twenty-eight sandpack flood tests were conducted using oils with viscosities ranging from 430 mPa s to 5500 mPa s. Results showed that there existed a minimum value and an optimum value of effective viscosity for the injected polymer solution. Rapid increase in oil recovery was observed when the effective viscosity of the polymer solution was increased between these two values. Outside of this range, the increase in the effective viscosity of polymer solution resulted in only small incremental oil recovery. It was also found that both the minimum and optimum effective viscosities of polymer solution increased with increasing oil viscosity.     

Improvement of heavy oil recovery and role of nanoparticles of clay in the surfactant flooding process

Increasing demand and dwindling supply of crude oil have spurred efforts toward enhancing heavy oil recovery. Recently, applications of nanoparticles (NPs) for heavy oil recovery have been reported. In this study, the use of clay NPs is investigated for enhanced oil recovery. Surfactant solutions and newly developed nanosurfactant solutions with 1600–2000 ppm SDS were tested. The crude oil had a viscosity of 1320 mPa.sec at test conditions. In this study, the role of NPs in the adsorption of surfactant onto solid surfaces of reservoir core is studied. The core flooding experiments showed high potential of using nanoclay for enhancing heavy oil recovery, where 52% of surfactant flooded heavy oil was recovered after injecting the NPs solvent. Moreover, nanoclay has generally better performance in enhancing the oil recovery at surfactant solution, near CMC conditions. The nanoclay surfactant solutions improved oil recovery. The nanoclay, however, showed improved performance in comparison with clay.     

Thermal Resistance and Application of Nanoclay on Polymer Flooding in Heavy Oil Recovery

High molecular weight and water-soluble synthetic organic polymers are currently being used in the field with the hope of enhancing the recovery of oil by water flooding. Nanotechnology has been used in many applications and new possibilities are discovered constantly. Recently, a renewed interest arises in the application of nanotechnology for the upstream petroleum industry. The author focuses on roles of clay nanoparticles on polymer viscosity. Polymer-flooding schemes for recovering residual oil have been in general less than satisfactory due to loss of chemical components by adsorption on reservoir rocks, precipitation, and resultant changes in rheological properties. Rheological properties changes are mainly determined by the chemical structure and mix of the polymers, surface properties of the rock, composition of the oil and reservoir fluids, nature of the added polymers, and solution conditions such as salinity and temperature. On the other hand, the author's focus is on viscosity, temperature, and salinity of solutions polyacrylamide polymer solutions with different nanoparticles. Results show that ultimate oil recovery by nanoclay polymer flooding enhances by a factor of 5.8% in comparison to polymer flooding high salinity and temperature.     

Use of Oil-in-water Pickering Emulsion Stabilized by Nanoparticles in Combination With Polymer Flood for Enhanced Oil Recovery

Efficient flooding agents are required to produce additional oil from mature reservoir. In this work, oil-in-water Pickering emulsion systems stabilized using nanoparticles, surfactant, and polymer have been developed and tested for enhanced oil recovery with and without a conventional polymer flood. Stability of nanoparticles in the dispersion of surfactant-polymer solution was tested using zeta-potential before use. Several flooding experiments have been conducted using Berea core samples at 13.6 MPa and temperatures of 313 and 353 K. It has been observed that a combination of 0.5 PV polymer flood with 0.5 PV Pickering emulsion was efficient and have resulted in 1–6% additional oil recovery as compared to 0.5 PV Pickering emulsion flooding alone. The injection of polymer flood have shown to enhance the pressure drop in the core sample after emulsion flooding and considered as an important factor for an additional recovery of oil. The effect of temperature on the viscosity of flooding agents in relation to pressure drop and oil recovery have also been investigated. Viscosity and pressure drop of emulsion flood systems have shown to marginally decrease with increase in temperature. Studies on nanoparticle retention using SEM have shown that nanoparticles were retained in the core sample during emulsion flooding which may be detrimental for permeability of core sample. It is observed that Pickering emulsion flood with polymer flood would be effective for the enhanced oil recovery suitable for matured reservoirs.     

超稠油三元复合吞吐中CO2溶解驱油实验研究

通过实验测定了不同温度压力下含CO2超稠油的粘度和不同含水率体系中的溶解度变化规律.研究结果表明,超稠油溶解CO2后,体积会膨胀增大,原油粘度降低;CO2在超稠油中的溶解度随压力增加而增加,随温度升高而降低;CO2在油水系统油中所溶解的比例随温度升高而减小,随压力升高而减小,随含水增加而下降;CO2在稠油中的溶解有利于...     

新型聚合物溶液粘度稳定剂研究

随着注水开发的深入 ,孤东油田有些区块综合含水急剧上升 ,为了提高油田最终采收率 ,达到控水稳油的效果 ,对综合含水高的区块开展了三次采油试验 ,对油层注入聚合物开发 ,但聚合物溶液在配制及注入过程中粘度会降低。为了增加聚合物注入粘度 ,提高聚合物驱油效果 ,研制了一种不含重金属的粘度稳定剂Ⅰ型和含有机铬的粘度稳定剂Ⅱ型 ,并对其增粘和稳粘效果进行了考察。     

大庆油田聚合物驱后微观剩余油分布规律

聚驱后微观剩余油分布规律是进行聚驱后剩余油预测和挖潜的基础。利用冷冻制片、紫外荧光和激光共聚焦扫描显微分析方法,对大庆油田聚合物驱后不同水洗程度岩样微观剩余油分布规律进行研究。分析认为,聚驱后弱水洗岩样剩余油以簇状和粒间吸附状自由态剩余油类型为主,中水洗样品束缚态剩余油所占比例达到42.9%,强水洗样品的剩余油以颗粒表面薄油膜状的束缚态分布为主。聚驱后随着驱油程度增加,轻质组分比例减少明显,而重质组分比例增加,重质组分呈连片型分布在岩石颗粒表面,轻质组分则呈小片状和较为连续的整体零散、局部富集的状态分布在粒间孔隙中。粒内微孔和粒间微小喉道处黏土矿物与轻质组分共存,在颗粒内被黏土矿物完全充填的粒内裂隙和微孔中没有原油分布。     

稠油油藏污水活性碱/聚二元复合驱室内试验研究

羊三木油田碱/ 聚驱先导试验存在现场污水配制碱/ 聚二元复合驱体系时出现结垢堵塞地面管线、聚合物严重降解等问题，为此开展了污水配制新型碱/ 聚合物二元复合驱体系研究。采用抗钙镁结垢能力强、降低界面张力幅度大的活性碱与污水聚合物匹配，分析在污水配制条件下，不同碱型与聚合物匹配的驱油能力，以及在原油黏度高达530 mPa·s 时能否继续开展二元复合驱的问题。研究结果表明 :原油黏度为530 mPa·s，污水配制活性碱/ 聚合物二元复合体系溶液黏度为45 mPa·s 时，油水界面张力达到10－3 数量级，活性碱/ 聚合物二元复合驱比纯水驱提高采收率17% 以上；在原油黏度确定及油水界面张力已降至超低值时，超过碱/ 聚二元体系溶液浓度技术临界点后，即使继续增加溶液黏度，采收率也不会大幅度增加。该研究为普通稠油油藏注水开发后期化学驱提高采收率提供了新型有效的技术手段。     

Research into polymer injection timing for Bohai heavy oil reservoirs

Polymer flooding has been proven to effectively improve oil recovery in the Bohai Oil Field. However, due to high oil viscosity and significant formation heterogeneity, it is necessary to further improve the displacement effectiveness of polymer flooding in heavy oil reservoirs in the service life of offshore platforms. In this paper, the effects of the water/oil mobility ratio in heavy oil reservoirs and the dimensionless oil productivity index on polymer flooding effectiveness were studied utilizing relative permeability curves. The results showed that when the water saturation was less than the value, where the water/oil mobility ratio was equal to 1, polymer flooding could effectively control the increase of fractional water flow, which meant that the upper limit of water/oil ratio suitable for polymer flooding should be the value when the water/oil mobility ratio was equal to 1. Mean while, by injecting a certain volume of water to create water channels in the reservoir, the polymer flooding would be the most effective in improving sweep efficiency, and lower the fractional flow of water to the value corresponding to D Jmax. Considering the service life of the platform and the polymer mobility control capacity, the best polymer injection timing for heavy oil reservoirs was optimized. It has been tested for reservoirs with crude oil viscosity of 123 and 70 mPa s, the optimum polymer flooding effectiveness could be obtained when the polymer floods were initiated at the time when the fractional flow of water were 10 % and 25 %, respectively. The injection timing range for polymer flooding was also theoretically analyzed for the Bohai Oil Field utilizing relative permeability curves, which provided methods for improving polymer flooding effectiveness.     

An Experimental Study of Surfactant Polymer for Enhanced Heavy Oil Recovery Using a Glass Micromodel by Adding Nanoclay

The nanotechnology has been widely used in several other industries, and the interest in the oil industry is increasing. Nanotechnology has the potential to profoundly change enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and to improve mechanism of recovery, and it chosen as an alternative method to unlock the remaining oil resources and applied as a new EOR method in last decade. Conventional production procedures give access to on average only one-third of the original oil in place, the use of surfactants and polymers allows for recovery of up to another third of this oil. Chemical flooding is of increasing interest and significance due to high oil prices and the need to increase oil production. Objective of this research is Identification of potential of nanoclay as an appropriate agent for improving the efficiency of surfactant polymer flooding in five-spot glass micromodels. In this work a series of solvent injection experiments was conducted on horizontal glass micromodels at same conditions. Observations showed that in the case of nanoclay concentration, the nanoparticles concentration increased the slope of recovery curve and consequently improved the final oil recovery. Also, the results of experiments illustrated that improvement of heavy oil recovery in micromodel test with nanoclay (60.6%).     

化学驱中动态界面张力现象对驱油效率的影响

本文测定了两种原油在不同化学驱配方下的油／水动态界面张力变化。通过一系列驱油效率实验，研究了动态界面张力最低值，稳态值，油、水相粘度的变化对驱油效率的影响。实验结果表明：动态界面张力平衡值的大小控制岩心驱替过程化学驱段塞提高采收率的能力。如果仅仅动态界面张力最低值达到超低，将难以获得高的采收率。在含有聚合物的复合驱中，由于协同效应的存在，启动残余油所需的界面张力值不必要达到１０＾－３ｍＮ／ｍ。聚合     

The Evaluation of a Technological Trend in Polymer Flooding for Heavy Oil Recovery

This work evaluated an emerging technological trend in polymer flooding for heavy oil recovery in the near future (i.e., the injection of polymer solution with higher viscosity [concentration] and larger slug size). The rheological properties and flow behavior in porous media of two typical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) polymers (a partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and a xanthan gum) and a novel hydrophobic polymer were first investigated to identify their potential functionality in displacing heavy oil. Tertiary oil recovery was then conducted by polymer flooding using a heavy oil of 1000 mPa·s. The results indicate that polymer flooding with higher viscosity and larger slug size can significantly improve oil recovery and produced water/oil ratio, which proves the technical and economic feasibility of this trend in oil fields. Xanthan gum exhibits an outstanding flow behavior and EOR performance in sandpack displacement tests compared to other polymers, making it a promising candidate for this trend.     

影响聚合物驱采收率因素的研究

通过室内物理模拟驱油实验,考察了水油黏度比、地层渗透率、聚合物注入量对聚合物驱效果的影响.结果表明,当岩心渗透率为1.5μm2,地下原油黏度为50.7 mPa·s时,聚合物驱的合理水油黏度比为0.06 ～0.6;聚合物驱提高采收率的最佳地层渗透率为2.0 μm2;水驱后转注浓度为3 000 mg/L的聚合物溶液,提高采...     

三元复合驱的驱油特征研究

大量室内研究和矿场试验结果表明,在高效的表活剂条件下,三元复合驱是一种非常有效的三次采 油方法,具有良好的应用前景。文中应用数值模拟技术并结合室内研究,给出了三元复合体系不同界面张 力和粘度比条件下,在非均质油层中的驱油特征。分析结果表明,三元复合驱与聚合物驱相比,对油层非 均质性有更大的适用范围;对于非均质油层的三元复合驱,采用增加体系的粘度和降低体系的界面张力的 方式都能获得较好的提高采收率效果,但高粘度是获得好的提高采收率的关键;采取分层注入的方式,或 者在三元复合驱后对高渗透层进行封堵,能更有效地采出中、低渗透层的剩余油,进一步提高采收率。本 项研究对认识三元复合驱的驱油机理和编制调整矿场试验方案提供了重要依据。     

普通稠油超高分子聚合物驱适应性评价

以国外油田普通稠油油藏聚合物驱试验区实际地层水及原油物性为基础,对超高分子聚合物驱进行了适应性评价,设计了填砂管和胶结模型的物理模拟试验,通过油藏数值模拟方法,对试验区4个五点井组的开发技术策略进行了优化设计。结果表明,超高分子聚合物较中分子和普通聚合物有更强的黏弹性和稳定性,更有利于驱出盲端剩余油,提高驱油效率;与水驱相比,超高分子聚合物驱尤其在聚驱前调剖可大幅度提高采收率,增幅达27.2个百分点,整体段塞注入方式优于段塞组合方式,且驱替相与被驱替相黏度比为3时效果最佳;该试验区最佳转聚驱时机为含水率达90%,且超高分子聚合物体系浓度为1500 mg/L。该结果与物理模拟结果较为接近。     

聚驱后缔合聚合物三元复合驱提高采收率技术

三元复合驱是大庆油田聚驱后进一步提高采收率的重要途径,其驱油体系须保证超低油-水界面张力,且能大幅提高波及能力。通过研究烷基苯磺酸盐（ABS）-缔合聚合物（HAPAM）-NaOH三元复合驱体系的性能,并与超高分子量部分水解聚丙烯酰胺（HPAM）三元复合体系进行对比。研究结果表明,HAPAM三元复合体系在NaOH浓度为0.5%~1.2%、ABS浓度为0.025%~0.300%时具有良好的界面活性,油-水界面张力可达10^-3mN/m数量级。0.16%HAPAM-0.3%ABS-1.2%NaOH三元复合体系黏度达108.8 mPa ·s,采用HPAM达到相同黏度其浓度为0.265%,因此HAPAM可降低聚合物用量40%。驱油实验结果表明,在相同黏度下,HAPAM三元复合体系在不同孔隙介质中均能提高聚驱后采收率13%以上,比HPAM三元复合体系多提高采收率6%以上。HAPAM三元复合体系具有更高的阻力系数与残余阻力系数、更好的黏弹性以及乳化稳定性,可以为大庆油田聚驱后提高采收率提供新的技术手段。     

多孔介质的润湿性对聚驱稠油微宏观效率的影响

岩石表面的润湿性影响聚合物微观和宏观驱油效率。采用可视化微观模型和微观照相技术研究了强水湿和油湿多孔介质下聚合物微观驱油效率和驱替机理。分析了束缚水与稠油分别在两种润湿介质下的微观形态和分布对聚合物的吸附、滞留,连续性和非连续性流动,驱替前缘以及洗油效率的影响。微观模型实验结果表明,在水湿环境,地层水趋向分布于岩石骨架表面并在孔壁附近形成较厚的水膜,聚合物趋于附着在孔壁处,在这些区域聚合物的洗油效率较高;在油湿环境,束缚水主要以非连续相分布在孔隙介质中,聚合物溶液发生咬断效应,原油吸附在孔喉处,聚合物只能部分扫除原油,乳液的形成能辅助聚合物溶液驱替油相。聚合物在水湿介质的微观驱油效率明显高于油湿介质。岩心流动实验结果与微观模型分析一致,相同浓度的聚合物溶液在强水湿岩心前缘突破所需的时间长于油湿岩心,突破前缘更规整,水湿岩心和油湿岩心的水驱采出程度分别为21.5%OOIP和15%OOIP。聚合物在油湿岩心的"门槛"黏度较大。聚合物黏度为500mPa·s时,水驱后水湿岩心和油湿岩心的原油采收率增幅分别为23%OOIP和17%OOIP。     

大庆油田微生物采油技术研究及应用

大庆油田微生物采油技术始于20世纪60年代,历经50多年的持续攻关,基础研究和现场应用均取得一定进展.研究发现微生物存在主动趋向原油、黏附原油、产表面活性剂乳化原油3种趋向原油方式,确定实验菌株以氧化方式降解烷烃、芳香烃的降解机理.在室内研究的基础上,针对特低渗透油田开展外源微生物现场试验,实施微生物吞吐试验93口井,...