Polarization and Polarizability of the Binary Mixtures of Tetraethylene Glycol With Benzene and Toluene at 20°C and 30°C

Abstract

The refractive index of the binary mixtures of tetraethylene glycol (TETEG) with benzene and toluene at 20°C and 30°C and atmospheric pressure have been measured at the whole composition range of mixtures. The polarizabiltiy (α), atomic polarization (P_a), solvated radii (r), and excess refractive indices (n^DE) were calculated and represented in figures versus concentration.     

Effect of gamma-ray and microwave treatment on the shelf-life of beef products stored at 5°C

The effect of gamma radiation and microwave treatments of different beef products were investigated with respect to survival and growth of bacteria, shelf-life, chemical content and sensory quality. When beef samples with an initial bacterial count of 4.9×10⁶ CFU/g were exposed to gamma rays at a dose level of 5.0 kGy, counts of bacteria were reduced by 2–3 log cycles and when heated in a microwave oven, bacterial counts were reduced by 1 log cycle in 20 s and by 2 log cycles in 30 s exposure. Untreated samples had a shelf-life of less than 7 days, whereas samples that were irradiated at a dose level of 3 kGy, then heated in microwave oven for 20 s had a shelf-life of at least 2 weeks at 5°C. Gamma-rays treatment had a very little effect on the odor and flavor of the pretreated sample. The combined treatment shows either no change or loss of thiamine levels and free fatty acids but increased the peroxide values during storage at 5°C. It was concluded that the combined treatment of gamma ray and microwave at lower levels can greatly enhance the microbial safety of beef products.     

Catalytic arylation and alkylation of phenol with components of the 130–170°C fraction of pyrolysis products

The results of phenol aralkylation with components of the 130–170°C fraction of pyrolysis products on zeolite impregnated with orthophosphoric acid in a flow reactor are presented. The optimal conditions of p-aralkylphenol synthesis have been found. Under the optimal conditions, the yield of the desired aralkylphenol was 53.6% of the theoretical value and the selectivity was 95.5%. A p-aralkylphenolamine resin was synthesized on the basis of p-aralkylphenol and hexamethylenetetramine and was tested as an antioxidant for M-8 motor oil at high temperatures.     

Antilisterial effects of different hop acids in combination with potassium acetate and potassium diacetate at 7 and 37 °C

This study was conducted to assess the effect of eight hop acid extracts (α-acid, β-acid, acid-iso, acid-tetra, potassium-iso, potassium-hexa, potassium-tetra, and potassium-rho) with/without potassium acetate/potassium diacetate salts (PAPD) on inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes in trypticase soy broth with yeast extract (TSBYE). Following overnight incubation at 37 °C, 50 ppm α-acid decreased Listeria from 6.0 to <1.0 log CFU/mL, with significant reduction to 3.6–3.8 log CFU/mL using β acid, acid-tetra, K-tetra, or K-hexa.No inhibition was seen for acid-iso, K-iso, K-rho and the control. After incubating Listeria with the five hop acids (α-acid, β-acid, acid-tetra, K-tetra, and K-hexa) at 25 ppm with/without 0.5% PAPD, Listeria population decreased from 5.7 log CFU/mL) to < 1.0 log CFU/mL in PAPD/α-acid, PAPD/β-acid, or PAPD/acid-tetra, with reduction to 1.8–4.2 log CFU/mL for the remaining except the control. When the hop acids at 25 ppm were exposed to 85 °C up to 30 min, α-acid maintained the most effective antilisteiral activity by reducing Listeria from 5.0 to <2.9 CFU/mL, regardless of heat exposure time. The minimal inhibitory concentration was 6.3 ppm for α-acid, β-acid and acid-tetra, with 12.5 ppm seen for K-tetra and K-hexa. During the incubation of hop extracts at 5 ppm/7 °C for 6 days, listeristatic effect was observed in the hop/PAPD mixtures and PAPD at 0.5 and 1%, with no listeristatic effect seen for a single addition of hop acids except β-acid. These findings indicated that the combination of hop/PAPD provided both stable and synergistic effects against Listeria growth compared to any single addition, regardless of incubation temperature and addition amount.     

Microbiological,physico-chemical and organoleptic attributes of a country tomato salad and fate of Salmonella enteritidis during storage under aerobic or modified atmosphere packaging conditions at 4°C and 10°C

The effect of initial head spaces of air and 5%CO₂/95%N₂, on the microbial flora of tomato salad (Greek style) was studied at 4°C and 10°C. The microbial flora of tomatoes comprised of lactic acid bacteria, pseudomonads and yeasts. Lactic acid bacteria were the predominant organisms in all samples. The pH dropped during the storage of country salad and this was more pronounced at 10°C. The concentration of different organic acids such as lactic, acetic, formic and propionic increased in all samples stored under modified atmosphere (MA) packaging conditions at both temperatures. The spoilage of tomatoes stored under 5%CO₂/95%N₂ was delayed, as indicated by the changes in their texture, color and odor, compared with those samples stored under air. When country salad was inoculated with Salmonella enteritidis, the pathogen survived but did not grow regardless of the packaging system used at both temperatures.     

Growth and biofilm formation by Listeria monocytogenes in cantaloupe flesh and peel extracts on four food-contact surfaces at 22 °C and 10 °C

The nationwide listeriosis outbreak that occurred in the United States during 2011 highlighted the importance of preventing cantaloupe contamination with Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) within farm and processing environments. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of strain and temperature on growth and biofilm formation of Lm in cantaloupe flesh and peel extracts on different food-contact surfaces. Growth of Lm strains was markedly greater at high concentration of cantaloupe extracts and temperature in comparison to low concentration and temperature. For 50 mg/ml of cantaloupe extract inoculated with 3 log CFU/ml, the growth of Lm was 8.5 log CFU/ml in 32 h at 22 °C and 6–7 log CFU/ml in 72 h at 10 °C. For 2 mg/ml of cantaloupe extract that was inoculated with Lm, the growth was 7–7.5 log CFU/ml in 72 h at 22 °C and 3.5 log CFU/ml in 72 h at 10 °C. There were no differences (P > 0.05) among Lm strains for biofilm formation in cantaloupe extracts, but biofilm formation was greater at high temperature and high concentration. For 50 mg/ml cantaloupe extracts inoculated with 3 log CFU/ml, the biofilm formation of Lm on stainless steel surface was approximately 7 log CFU/coupon at 22 °C in 4–7 days and 5–6 log CFU/coupon at 10 °C in 7 days. For 2 mg/ml cantaloupe extracts, the biofilm formation of Lm on the stainless-steel surface was approximately 5–6 log CFU/coupon at 22 °C and 4–4.5 log CFU/coupon at 10 °C in 7 days. The biofilm formation by cantaloupe outbreak strain Lm 2011L-2625 in cantaloupe extracts was least on buna-n rubber when compared to stainless steel, polyethylene and polyurethane surfaces (P < 0.05). These findings show that a very low concentration of nutrients from cantaloupe flesh or peel can induce Lm growth and subsequent biofilm formation on different food-contact processing surfaces.     

Shelf life of snow crab clusters (Chionoecetes opilio) stored at 0 and 4 °C

Snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) presents a commercial and economical important product with attractive sensory attributes. Today, snow crab is captured in the North Pacific, Arctic and Northwest Atlantic and it is mainly exported to the US, Canada, Japan, South-Korea and Europe as live, cooked and refrigerated or frozen. The aim of this work was to estimate shelf life of leg meat in cooked and raw snow crab clusters (one claw plus 4 legs) using sensory, microbial and chemical analysis when stored at 4 and 0 °C. The results revealed a shelf life of 10 and 14 days for cooked clusters stored at 4 and 0 °C, respectively. Corresponding maximum levels of TVC and pseudomonads at 4 °C were log 5.5 and 3.2 CFU/g, respectively, while complementary levels at 0 °C were log 4.9 and 4.2 CFU/g. Shelf life of raw clusters stored at 0 °C was 6 days. This shelf life corresponds to maximum levels of TVC and pseudomonads of approximately log 2.5 CFU/g showing that pseudomonads is the dominant microflora. For cooked clusters, sensory and microbial analyses were the best shelf life indicators, while sensory analysis was the best shelf life indicator in case of raw clusters.     

Solubility of Methane in Water at the Presence of β-Cyclodextrin,SDS, and Multi Wall Carbon Nanotubes at Low Temperatures

In this research, the solubility of methane in water at presence of β-cyclodextrin (CD), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and multiwall carbon nanotubes (NTs) have been investigated. The tests were performed at the pressures 3 and 5 bars and temperatures of 1–3°C. For any solution, data of vessel pressure versus time and the total absorption capacity were collected. NTs were dispersed in water by using SDS solution with a concentration of 1 wt% and applying ultrasonic agitation for 25 min. Addition of 0.5 wt% cyclodextrin increased the capacity of methane absorption as much as 14.63% at temperature 1°C and primary pressure of 3 bar. Dissolution capacity increased up to 5.26% by using NT along with SDS at the pressure of 5 bar and low temperatures. Simultaneous usage of CD, SDS, and NT (the solution containing 1 wt% CD, 0.1 wt% SDS, and 1 wt% NT) had the highest effect on the increase of amount and rate of dissolution. The amount of dissolution increases for this solution was 14.63% at temperature 1°C and the primary pressure 3 bar. Utilization of CD, SDS, and NT and their mixture improved the initial dissolution rate of methane at low temperatures.     

^29Si and ^1H High—Resolution NMR Investigation on the Hydrolysis of TEOS in TS—1 Synthesis

The ^Si and ^1H high-resolution liquid-phase NMR has been used to investigate the hydrolysis process of the tetraethyl orthosilicate(TEOS).^1H-NMR spectroscopy shows that the hydrolysis of TEOS in TPA is faster than in TEA.The impacts of TPA and TEA on the TOES hydrolysis process and its hydrolyzed product distribution have been observed by ^29Si-NMR respectively.The influences of water and the isopropyl alcohol on hydrolysis have also been diseussed.The presence of TBOT marks an evident differentiation between TPA and TEA for hydrolysis in ^29Si-NMR spectra.     

Revamp and Expansion of the 350kt/a Acetic Acid Unit Completed at Yangtze River Acetyl Chemical Co., Ltd.

The Yangtze River Acetyl Chemical Co., Ltd., a joint venture between BP and SINOPEC, has completed the revamp and expansion of the 350 kt/a acetic acid unit. The investment in this project, which applies the ＂Cativa＂ technology licensed by BP to expand the capacity to 350 kt/a from the original level of 200 kt/a, totals 1.1 billion RMB. This unit since its startup has been operating successfully to reach the required production capacity. Currently, the domestic production capacity of acetic acid reaches 1.35 Mt/a,     

Test on Application of the SY-1118 Type Polymerization Inhibitor in C5 Separation Unit at Shanghai Petrochemical Company

The first in China private-run petroleum group the “Great Wall United Oil Group Company” has been set up officially. The Great Wall United Oil Group Company, registered in early 2005, will engage in oil exploitation, petrochemical production and petroleum products marketing that have been till now under the control of large state-owned petrochemical enterprises, and will focus on finding petroleum resources outside China. The initial registered capital of the Great Wall United Oil Group Company is in the range of two to four billion RMB, with Hubei Tianfa Co. serving as the major sponsor. Beginning 2003 a host of private oil enterprises have been un-itermittently looking for opportunities for investing in oilfields in Canada, Saudi Arabia and Inner Mongolia.     

Hydrocarbon enrichment characteristics and difference analysis in the TZ1–TZ4 well block of the Tarim Basin

The reservoirs in the TZ1-TZ4 well block of the Tarim Basin are complex, and the hydrocarbon enrichment shows differences. The three Carboniferous oil layers are characterized by “oil in the upper and lower layers and gas in the middle” in profile and “oil in the west and gas in the east” in plane view. In order to discuss the complex reservoir accumulation mechanisms, based on the petroleum geology and reservoir distribution, we studied the generation history of source rocks, the fault evolution and sealing, the accumulation periods and gas washing, and reconstructed the accumulation process of the TZ1-TZ4 well block. It is concluded that the hydrocarbon enrichment differences of oil layers C_III, C_II and C_I were caused by multiple sources and multi-period hydrocarbon charging and adjustment. The C_II was closely related to C_III, but C_I was formed by reservoir adjustment during the Yanshan period and was not affected by gas washing after it was formed. During the Himalayan period, different degrees of gas washing in the east and west led to hydrocarbon enrichment differences on the plane. The Carboniferous accumulation process of two-stage charging and one-stage adjustment is summarized: oil charging during the late Hercynian period is the first accumulation period of C_III and C_II; oil reservoirs were adjusted into C_I in the Yanshan period; finally gas washing in the Himalayan period is the second accumulation period of C_III and C_II, but C_I was not affected by gas washing. This complex accumulation process leads to the hydrocarbon enrichment differences in the TZ1-TZ4 well block.     

Burial depth interval of the shale brittle–ductile transition zone and its implications in shale gas exploration and production

Brittleness and ductility of shale are closely related to shale gas exploration and production. How to predict brittleness and ductility of shale is one of the key issues in the study of shale gas preservation and hydraulic fracturing treatments. The magnitude of shale brittleness was often determined by brittle mineral content(for example, quartz and feldspars) in shale gas exploration.However, the shale brittleness is also controlled by burial depth. Shale brittle/ductile properties such as brittle, semibrittle and ductile can mutually transform with burial depth variation. We established a work flow of determining the burial depth interval of brittle–ductile transition zone for a given shale. Two boundaries were employed to divide the burial depth interval of shale brittle/ductile properties. One is the bottom boundary of the brittle zone(BZ), and the other is the top boundary of the ductile zone(DZ). The brittle–ductile transition zone(BDTZ) is between them.The bottom boundary of BZ was determined by the overconsolidation ratio(OCR) threshold value combined with pre-consolidation stress which the shale experienced over geological time. The top boundary of DZ was determined based on the critical confining pressure of brittle–ductile transition. The OCR threshold value and the critical confining pressure were obtained from uniaxial strain andtriaxial compression tests. The BZ, DZ and BDTZ of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi shale in some representative shale gas exploration wells in eastern Sichuan and western Hubei areas were determined according to the above work flow. The results show that the BZ varies with the maximum burial depth and the DZ varies with the density of the overlying rocks except for the critical confining pressure.Moreover, the BDTZ determined by the above work flow is probably the best burial depth interval for marine shale gas exploration and production in Southern China. Shale located in the BDTZ is semi-brittle and is not prone to be severely naturally fractured but likely to respond well to hydraulic fracturing. The depth interval of BDTZ determined by our work flow could be a valuable parameter of shale gas estimation in geology and engineering.     

Crude oil and condensate in the Ordovician–Silurian formations of the Eastern European: The Western Black Sea Basin

The Lower Paleozoic sediments of Eastern Europe extend from Poland to the Black Sea Coasts. The Lower Ordovician Bakacak Formation and Middle Ordovician–Silurian Karadere, Ketencikdere, and F?nd?kl? formations of the Western Black Sea Basin contain mudstones and black shales with sandstone and limestone intervals. The mudstones of the Lower Ordovician do not display any potential. But some intervals of the Middle Ordovician–Silurian black shales have potential for unconventional exploration because total organic carbon (TOC) of organic matter contents ranges from 0.11% to 1.94%. Hydrogen index (HI) values of the Karadere, Ketencikdere, and F?nd?kl? formations are ranging 0–139 mg oil/g TOC. Vitrinite reflection equivalent (Roe) estimation from HI shows that the shales locate within the oil, wet gas-condensate, and dry gas zone. In-situ oil and condensate volumes of the black shales have been calculated between 0 and 2812 mg HC/g TOC. These volumes indicate presence of potentially producible hydrocarbon in the some intervals of the Middle Ordovician–Silurian shales. Mineralogical properties of the Karadere, Ketencikdere, and F?nd?kl? formations are suitable for hydraulic fracturing because the shales are dominated by quartz/carbonate. Quartz ratio ranges from 12% to 91% with an average 53%. Total calcite/dolomite content is an average of 13/0.5%. Total clay mineral chance between 0% and 39% with an average of 21%.     

Direct conversion of ethanol and fusel oils to alkane–aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of a pilot Pd–Zn/TsVM catalyst

The conversion of ethanol and fusel oils to a С₃–С₁₂ alkane–aromatic fraction with high activity and selectivity in the presence of the Pd–Zn/TsVM pilot catalyst has been demonstrated. It has been shown that the ethanol conversion to alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of this catalyst proceeds by various routes to give ethylene and diethyl ether as intermediate products providing a 90–95% yield on the converted ethanol carbon basis for the target С₃–С₁₂ fraction containing up to 40% of branched alkanes.