Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Mesoporous MCM-41-supported Molybdenum Hydrotreating Catalysts

Mesoporous MCM-41 material with high surface area and narrow pore size distribution was synthesized and used as a support for Mo, CoMo, and NiMo catalysts. The molybdenum loading was varied from 2-14 wt% on MCM-41. On 10 wt% Mo/MCM-41, the promoter Co or Ni concentration was varied from 1-5 wt%. All the catalyst samples were characterized by surface area, low temperature oxygen chemisorption, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and temperature programmed reduction methods. Characterization results show that Mo is well dispersed on MCM-41 up to 10 wt%. The catalytic activities were evaluated for thiophene hydrodesulphurization (HDS), cyclohexene hydrogenation (HYD), and furan hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). All three catalytic functionalities vary in a similar manner to that of oxygen chemisorption as a function of Mo loading, indicating that there is a correlation between oxygen uptake and catalytic sites. The activities of these catalysts were compared with γ-Al₂O₃- and amorphous SiO₂-supported catalysts. It was found that MCM-41-supported Mo catalysts displayed superior activities.     

Characterization of Al2O3–ZrO2 Mixed Oxide Supported Mo Hydrotreating Catalyst

Abstract

A series of molybdenum catalysts supported on Al₂O₃–ZrO₂ mixed oxide containing 50% ZrO₂ and 50% Al₂O₃ were prepared by incipient wetness technique and characterized by BET surface area, X-ray diffraction, temperature programmed reduction and oxygen chemisorption. The catalytic activities for hydrodesulphurization (HDS), hydrogenation (HYD), and hydrocracking (HYC) were determined using thiophene, cyclohexene, and cumene as model compounds, respectively. Results indicate that up to 8 wt% Mo loading, the catalyst is well dispersed and crystallite growth occurred beyond this loading. Also both oxygen uptake and catalytic activities increase with Mo loading up to 8 wt% and then decreases at higher loading. A linear correlation was obtained between oxygen uptake and all catalytic activities and the correlation coefficients obtained suggest that the order of catalytic activities for HDS, HYD, and HYC is: HDS > HYD > HYC. Furthermore, the catalytic activities of the mixed oxide supported catalyst for HDS, HYD, and HYC were higher than those supported on pure alumina and pure zirconia. The incorporation of 3% Co on 8% Mo catalyst was determined to result in enhanced activity for HDS, HYD, and HYC.     

以MCM-41作载体的磷化镍催化剂的加氢脱氮性能

 采用原位还原方法制备了以MCM-41作载体的磷化镍催化剂，并以喹啉作模型化合物考察了其加氢脱氮(HDN)反应性能。结果表明，由MCM-41担载制备的磷化镍催化剂的HDN活性远高于传统的硫化态Ni-W催化剂，最佳Ni/P摩尔比为1.0~1.25。从反应中间体和产物分析结果可以看出，磷化镍催化剂表现出很高的加氢活性，这可能是磷化镍催化剂具有较高脱氮活性的主要原因。当NiO和P₂O₅总担载量低于40%时，催化剂活性随着NiO和P₂O₅总担载量的增加而增加，其最佳担载量为30%。XRD结果表明，Ni₂P与Ni₁₂P₅同为HDN活性相，但Ni₂P活性更高。     

CoNiMo/MCM-41催化的二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫反应

 以质量分数为0.8 %的二苯并噻吩（DBT）的十氢萘溶液为模型化合物，考察了全硅MCM-41担载的CoMo、NiMo以及CoNiMo硫化物催化剂的加氢脱硫（HDS）反应性能。结果表明，DBT在NiMo/MCM-41催化剂上主要通过加氢反应路径脱硫，而在CoMo/MCM-41和CoNiMo/MCM-41催化剂上主要通过直接脱硫反应路径脱硫。NiMo/MCM-41催化剂的HDS活性远高于CoMo/MCM-41或CoNiMo/MCM-41催化剂。CoNiMo/MCM-41催化剂反应性能与CoMo/MCM-41催化剂相似，没有观察到明显的双助剂效应。根据紫外-可见漫反射光谱（UV-Vis）的测定结果，Co与Mo之间的相互作用比Ni与Mo之间的相互作用强，在CoNiMo/MCM-41催化剂中Co会优先与Mo结合，形成与CoMo/MCM-41催化剂中类似的活性相，表现出与CoMo/MCM-41催化剂相似的催化特性。     

The Support Effect on Hydrogenolysis of Thiophene and Gas–Oil

Abstract

Results are reported on the support effect on the catalytic activity in thiophene hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of sulfided Ni-Mo catalysts supported on pure niobia, mixed oxides of Nb₂O₅-TiO₂ prepared by sol-gel method, and Nb₂O₅/TiO₂ and Nb₂O₅/Al₂O₃ prepared by surface deposition. The prepared samples were characterized using N₂ adsorption at ?196°C, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) techniques. This study showed activity variation as a function of support composition. The activity of niobia-rich catalysts was no longer promoted by the synergy between Ni and Mo. The absence of synergy between molybdenum and nickel on niobia can be explained by the strong interaction of each metal with niobia at the expense of interaction with each other. It was found that 5 wt% Nb₂O₅/TiO₂-supported catalyst was the better catalyst for thiophene HDS. It was shown that by means of an adequate support design it is possible to significantly increase the functionalities of HDS catalysts. Semiconducting supports like TiO₂ can improve the HDS activity by exerting electronic effects on the active phase, helping in this way the formation of sulfur vacancies. The 5 wt% Nb₂O₅/TiO₂ was also tested at high pressure with gas oil feedstock. It is observed with the hydrogeolysis of sulfur compounds against time-on-stream that the activity of this catalyst decreases fast with time.     

Structure and Reactivity of Vanadia/Dolomite Catalysts

Abstract

Supported vanadium oxide catalysts containing surface vanadia species on oxide supports are extensively employed as catalysts for many hydrocarbon oxidation reactions. This article studies the structure and reactivity of surface vanadia species supported on purified natural dolomite. CaO-MgO oxide support was derived from purified calcined dolomite mineral. Ammonium metavanadate was used as a source of V₂O₅, and the vanadia contents were varied from 10–18 wt%. The CaO-MgO support and the prepared vanadia catalysts (V₁, V₂, V₃) were characterized by means of X-ray, FTIR, and scanning electron microscopy. The activity of the prepared catalysts and the influence of vanadium loading on the catalytic performance for oxy-dehydrogenation of methyl cyclohexane were investigated at reaction temperatures ranging from 250°C to 450°C and under atmospheric pressure.     

Reactions of Cyclohexane on Platinum,Palladium, or Iridium-loaded H-ZSM-5 Zeolite Hydrohalogenated Catalysts

Abstract

The catalytic hydroconversion of cyclohexane using catalysts containing H-ZSM-5 zeolite loaded with 0.35 wt% platinum, palladium, or iridium was studied in a pulse-type microreactor/GC system at atmospheric pressure. These catalysts were also either doped with 3.0% of HCl or HF. The activities of these catalysts and the distribution of the products formed were found to depend on the dispersion of the metallic component as well as on the acidity, acid sites number, and strength in the catalysts. TPD of ammonia and hydrogen chemisorption were applied to evaluate acid site strength distribution and metals dispersion, respectively, in the catalysts. In case of the Pt- and Pd-containing catalysts, hydrochlorination enhanced the isomerization and dehydrogenation activities and selectivities of cyclohexane, but decreased its hydrocracking activity. However, catalyst hydrofluorination resulted in the reverse effects. Nevertheless, for the Ir-loaded catalyst, both hydrohalogenation treatments decreased the isomerization and dehydrogenation of cyclohexane. The Ir/H-ZSM-5 catalyst exhibited higher hydrogenolysis activities than did those acquired by the Pt- and Pd-containing catalysts.     

K2O对Co-Mo/MCM-41催化剂加氢脱硫性能的影响

分别采用分步浸渍法和共浸渍法将K2O引入Co-Mo/MCM-41催化剂的前驱体中,制得的催化剂分别记作K-CoMo/MCM-41和KCoMo/MCM-41,并以质量分数0.8 %二苯并噻吩（DBT）的十氢萘溶液作模型化合物,考察了3种硫化物催化剂对其加氢脱硫(HDS)反应的催化性能。采用XRD、UV-Vis和TPR分析手段对所得的催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,采用共浸渍法引入K2O,不仅破坏了载体全硅MCM-41的结构,还降低了Co-Mo/MCM-41催化剂中八面体配位的Mo物种含量;采用分步浸渍法将K2O引入Co-Mo/MCM-41前驱体中,对催化剂中物种的分布和配位状态影响不大,但抑制了Co-Mo/MCM-41前驱体的还原。DBT的脱硫路径有直接脱硫(DDS)和加氢脱硫(HYD)两条路径,在Co-Mo/MCM-41硫化物催化剂上,主要通过DDS路径脱硫。KCoMo/MCM-41对DBT的DDS和HYD的催化活性都低于Co-Mo/MCM-41,因而总的DBT HDS反应活性也较低。而采用分步浸渍法引入K2O对Co-Mo/MCM-41总的DBT HDS催化活性影响不大,但提高了Co-Mo/MCM-41对DDS路径的催化活性,同时抑制了其对HYD路径的催化活性,降低了反应过程中氢气的消耗。     

SiW/ZrO_2/MCM-41催化苯甲醚酰化反应

采用逐层浸渍法制备了MCM-41介孔分子筛负载ZrO2及硅钨酸(SiW)催化剂,考察了催化剂在以苯甲醚为原料、乙酸酐为酰化试剂的Friedel-Crafts酰化反应中的催化活性,同时对催化剂进行XRD、N2吸-脱附测试、DSC、FTIR、NH3-TPD等表征,研究了ZrO2与SiW及载体之间的相互作用对催化剂活性的影响。实验结果表明,SiW直接负载到MCM-41后,SiW与载体发生相互作用使Keggin结构发生畸变,导致活性下降;但SiW通过ZrO2接枝负载到MCM-41后,SiW较好地分散在载体表面且保持了完整的Keggin结构,SiW与ZrO2间的相互作用增加了催化剂上强酸中心的数目,显著提高了催化活性。催化剂的最佳制备条件为:ZrO2负载量20%(w),SiW负载量60%(w),焙烧温度200℃;最佳反应条件为:反应时间4 h,反应温度110℃,催化剂用量为0.2 g(基于10 mmol乙酸酐),苯甲醚与乙酸酐的摩尔比10。     

In Situ Preparation of Mesoporous Catalyst WSiOx

Abstract

A series of mesoporous catalysts WSiOx with different tungsten contents was prepared under hydrothermal conditions using cetyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) as a structure-directing agent, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as a silica source, and ammonium paratungstate as a tungsten source. The catalyst samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ adsorption–desorption, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) to confirm the mesoporous structure: the specific surface area of 966 m²/g, an average pore diameter of 4.68 nm, and high pore volume of 1.5 cm³/g. The catalytic performance of prepared catalysts for hydrodesulfurization (HDS) was evaluated using fluid catalytic cracked (FCC) diesel oil as feed in a high-pressure hydrogenation microreactor. The results indicated that the WxC/MCM-48 catalysts exhibited good catalytic HDS activity.     

含钴 WP/MCM-41催化剂二苯并噻吩氢脱硫性能

 制备了不同 Co 含量的 WP/MCM-41催化剂,并采用X-射线衍射(XRD)、BET 比表面积以及 X-光电子能谱(XPS)等分析手段对催化剂进行了表征,采用微反装置对该催化剂二苯并噻吩(DBT)加氢脱硫(HDS)性能进行了评价。结果表明,WP 是催化剂的主要活性相,Co 的加入不同程度地促进了 WP 晶相生长,同时在催化剂表面形成了具有一定活性的类似 Co—W—P 结构的双金属磷化物。Co 对 WP/MCM-41催化剂的 DBT HDS 反应有促进作用,催化剂中活性位数量以及主要活性相 WP 在催化剂表面所占比例是决定催化剂活性的主要因素。其中,Co 质量分数为9%的催化剂（Cat-Co-9）具有相对最高 DBT HDS 活性,其 DBT 脱硫率和转化率分别为63.7%和60.4%,比未加 Co 的催化剂分别提高13.2%和13.7%。DBT 在 WP/MCM-41催化剂上以加氢脱硫(HYD)路径为主,Co 的加入对 HYD 路径起到促进作用,但随着 Co 加入量的提高,其 HYD 路径产物选择性逐渐降低,而直接脱硫(DDS)路径产物选择性不断提高。     

Liquid-phase oxidation of benzene and phenol on MCM-41 mesoporous molecular sieves modified with iron and cobalt compounds

Nanostructured (I) Fe₂O₃ and Co₃O₄ stabilized in the mesopores of an MCM-41 sieve and immobilized (II) FeCl₂, Fe(acac)₃, and FePc on the surface of an MCM-41 sieve functionalized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APTES) were synthesized and examined. The materials were characterized by elemental analysis, H₂ -TPR, X-ray diffraction analysis, IR and electronic absorption spectroscopy, as well as by low-temperature N₂ adsorption. The catalytic activity was evaluated in the reaction of liquid-phase oxidation of benzene and phenol with hydrogen peroxide. Catalysts I showed a low activity in benzene oxidation, whereas catalysts II were active in the oxidation of phenol.     

Dibenzothiophene Hydrodesulfurization Activity of MoS2 Supported in Sol–Gel ZrO2–TiO2 Mixed Oxides

Abstract

In this work, we report the effect of support composition on the properties of MoS₂ impregnated in sol–gel ZrO₂–TiO₂ mixed oxides as dibenzothiophene hydrodesulfurization catalyst. The supports calcined at 500°C were characterized by N₂ physisorption and X-ray diffraction (electronic radial distribution function). The oxidic impregnated materials (2.8 Mo atoms/nm²) were sulfided at 400°C under a H₂S/H₂ stream. The sample impregnated on the equimolar support showed the highest activity per mass of catalysts whereas the one with TiO₂ carrier was superior in a per mass of Mo basis. Marked differences in products selectivity were observed by TiO₂ addition in the supports. The hydrodesulfurization route to partially hydrogenated compounds was favored over the mixed oxides-supported catalysts meanwhile the direct desulfurization (to biphenyl) was promoted on the ZrO₂-supported solid. It is suggested that among other properties the dispersion and morphology of the MoS₂ phase could influence that behavior.     

The Effect of Cr,Ni, Fe,and Mn Dopants on the Performance of Hydrothermal Synthesized Vanadium Phosphate Catalysts for n-Butane Oxidation

Abstract

Vanadium phosphorus oxide (VPO) catalysts synthesized via hydrothermal method were introduced with some different dopants, Cr, Ni, Fe, and Mn during the preparation of the precursors, VOHPO₄ · 0.5H₂O. All modified precursors were subsequently transformed under reaction conditions to give the active phase, (VO)₂P₂O₇. Several techniques were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of the catalysts, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), H₂-temperature programmed reduction (TPR), laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS), and chemical analysis. The catalytic performance of the catalysts for selective oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride has been carried out by using a fixed bed microreactor (673 K, gas hourly space velocity [GHSV] = 2,400 hr^?1). The results show that the addition of dopants into the VPO catalysts increased the surface area of the catalysts and induced the formation of V⁵⁺ phases as shown in XRD and LRS spectra that promoted the catalytic performance. A further water reflux treatment to all the precursors gave catalysts with only (VO)₂P₂O₇ phase. However, the activity and selectivity of these catalysts were reduced markedly.     

The Effect of Metal Introduced Over ZSM-5 Zeolite for C9 Heavy Aromatics Hydrodealkylation

Abstract

Five different (Bi, Ni, Mo, Pt, H)/ZSM-5 catalysts were tested for hydrodealkylation (HDA), isomerisation, dehydrogenated, cyclistion, and poly-alkyl-aromatics activities. Experiments were performed in a fixed-bed microreactor between 300°C and 420°C, at a total pressure of 0.8 MPa and a liquid hourly space velocity of 1.0 h^?1. Pt (Mo)/ZSM-5 catalysts enhanced activity in terms of better balance between metal nanoparticles formed and acid sites. Pt-loading catalysts were the best overall catalysts, producing high C₉ alkyl-aromatics (isopropylbenzene) conversion (95.9%), high HDA selectivity (92.2%), and relatively low reaction temperature. Mo-loading catalysts, despite producing the high conversion, required the higher reaction temperatures.     

ZSM-5/MCM-41介孔硅铝分子筛担载Pd和Pt制备加氢脱硫催化剂

将ZSM-5溶于偏硅酸钠水溶液,以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵作模板剂,用水热合成法自组装合成了具有较强酸性和不同SiO₂/Al₂O₃摩尔比(n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃))的ZSM-5/MCM-41介孔硅铝分子筛（记为ZM(x),x=n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃)）。以二苯并噻吩（DBT）质量分数为0.8%的十氢萘溶液为模型化合物,考察了Si-MCM-41和ZM(x)担载的Pd和Pt催化剂催化加氢脱硫（HDS）反应的活性。结果表明,担载Pt和Pd不会破坏ZM(x)的介孔结构;DBT在Pd催化剂上主要通过加氢路径脱硫,而在Pt催化剂上则直接脱硫和加氢2条反应路径并重;Si-MCM-41为载体的催化剂HDS活性较低并且失活较快,以ZM(x)为载体的Pd和Pt催化剂加氢活性、加氢脱硫活性、加氢裂化活性及稳定性都有显著提高;ZM(x)担载的Pt和Pd催化剂催化HDS反应的活性可能与其活性组分分散度以及载体的B酸和L酸比例（B/L）有关,具有较好的活性组分分散度和较高B/L比例的ZM(60)担载的Pd和Pt催化剂表现出最佳的加氢脱硫活性和稳定性。     

CO2 adsorption on systems involving ethylenediamine impregnated on nanoporous materials

Abstract

MCM-41 and MCM-48 materials were synthesized by the hydrothermal method, calcined and modified with ethylenediamine (EDA) by wet impregnation method. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed characteristic peaks of highly ordered MCM-41 and MCM-48 nanoporous materials, even after impregnation with amine. The MCM-41 and MCM-48 materials showed N₂ adsorption isotherms type IV and BET surfaces areas higher than 1000?m² g^?1. The carbon dioxide adsorption tests were carried out at room temperature in a magnetic suspension microbalance. The materials presented good performance for CO₂ capture, being favorable for applications where medium and high pressures are required.     

Surface Properties and Reactivity of Iron-Doped Titanium Oxides Catalysts in Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethylbenzene with CO2

Abstract

The effect of Fe³⁺ doping level on the surface properties and catalytic performance of a series of iron-doped titanium oxide catalysts (1–7 mol% Fe³⁺) prepared using an acid-catalyzed sol-gel method was investigated in oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene with CO₂. The characterization of catalysts was carried out by means of x-ray powder diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), and the method of Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET). It was found that the capacity of isolated Fe³⁺ centers in titania matrix is responsible for the catalytic performance; the catalysts exhibit the best activity at the loading level of Fe³⁺, about 3 mol%. In addition, it was shown that the appropriate pore size of the catalysts ranges from 5 nm to 25 nm; the selectivity to styrene increases with an increase in the specific surface area of the appropriate pores.     

COMBINED EFFECT OF FLUORINE AND ZINC INCORPORATION ON THE HDS ACTIVITY OF Co-Mo CATALYSTS

Abstract

Conventional HDS-catalysts consist of Co and Mo supported on Y-Al₂O₃. The addition of Zn as a second promoter or the alumina acidification with F increase the catalitye activity in HDS of commercial feeds (Fierro et al., 1984; Boorman et al., 1984). In this paper the combined effect of both Zn and F incorporation is discussed. A series of Zn-Co-Mo catalysts supported on fluorinated alumina (0.0 –2.0 wt% F) was prepared and tested for HDS activity using a commercial gas-oil. The data gathered showed a decrease in HDS activity for intermediate F contents (0.4 – 1.0 wt%). This result could be tentatively explained through alumina surface deterioration during impregnation with NH₄HF₂ solutions al low pH.     

Na2O及其引入顺序对Ni-Mo/MCM-41催化剂加氢脱硫性能的影响

 采用不同顺序将Na2O引入到NiMo/MCM-41催化剂前驱体中,并以质量分数0.8 %的二苯并噻吩（DBT）的十氢萘溶液作模型化合物,考察了催化剂的加氢脱硫（HDS）催化性能。结果表明,引入Na2O促进了NiMo/MCM-41催化剂前驱体中 -NiMoO4 物种的生成,不利于活性组分的分散,同时还抑制了其还原。分步浸渍法引入Na2O影响了催化剂中Mo物种的配位状态。Na2O引入顺序对NiMo/MCM-41催化剂HDS催化活性有较大影响。共浸渍法引入Na2O时,同时抑制了催化剂的加氢反应路径（HYD）和直接脱硫反应路径（DDS）催化活性,因此其HDS催化活性最低。与共浸渍和在活性组分之后引入Na2O相比,在活性组分之前引入Na2O对催化剂的HYD催化活性影响最小,但DDS催化活性显著增加,提高了总的HDS催化活性。通过控制碱金属氧化物的引入顺序,可以调变催化剂活性和选择性,是一种对硫化物催化剂有效的改性方法。