加压差式扫描量热仪评定润滑脂的氧化稳定性

用加压差式扫描量热仪测定润滑脂的氧化诱导期和起始氧化温度,可以计算出润滑脂的活化能,从化学动力学的角度评价润滑脂的氧化稳定性。     

调制示差扫描量热法测定ABS树脂玻璃化转变温度

采用调制示差扫描量热法测定了ABS树脂(丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯树脂)及其共混物基体树脂相的玻璃化转变温度(T_g),并研究了ABS树脂的升温过程与基础升温速率(β)、调制振幅(A_T)的相关性。实验结果表明,ABS2树脂及其共混物的总热流和可逆热流部分在100℃左右均有两个T_g,这可能是由于丙烯腈与苯乙烯相共混时相对分子质量有差异造成的,在不可逆热流曲线上也均有两个基本对应的吸热峰,且低温吸热峰的焓值较大;随β的增大,ABS1树脂的总热流和可逆热流部分的T_g基本呈升高趋势,不可逆热流部分的吸热峰的焓值逐渐减小;随A_T的增大,ABS1树脂总热流部分的T_g基本不变,但可逆热流部分的T_g降低,不可逆热流部分的吸热峰的焓值增大。     

Effect of calcite on crude oil combustion characterized by high-pressure differential scanning calorimetry (HP-DSC)

The influence of calcite on crude oil combustion was studied using high-pressure differential scanning calorimetry (HP-DSC). Calcite had a small effect on the low-temperature oxidation (LTO), but it had a strong promotion on fuel deposition (FD) and high-temperature oxidation (HTO). It significantly enhanced the formation of fuel and its combustion with a significant shift of FD and HTO intervals into lower temperature ranges, thus improving the combustion efficiency of crude oil. The promotion of calcite on crude oil combustion was more related to its specific surface area, rather than its catalytic effect on decreasing activation energy.     

采用DSC法测定原油的比热容

采用DSC法测定了原油的比热容,以蒸馏水为标准物质,考察了升温速率、试样用量和工作气流量等因素对测定结果相对偏差的影响,得到了较佳的实验条件。实验结果表明,将实验误差控制在最小值的实验条件为:试样皿和参比皿的质量偏差控制在±0.1 mg内、试样用量5 mg左右、工作气流量20 mL/min、升温速率2℃/min。通过将测试的原始数据进行修正,可进一步降低DSC法的系统误差,最终可将系统误差降至2%以内,提高了DSC法测定原油的比热容的精确度。与绝热量热法相比,采用DSC法测定原油的比热容,操作简单,可行性强,可满足实验测定要求。     

PDSC评价聚脲脂氧化性能的研究

采用加压差示扫描量热仪测定了聚脲脂的起始氧化温度和氧化诱导期,讨论了不同类型的抗氧剂对聚脲脂抗氧化性能的影响,通过阿雷尼乌斯经验式计算出聚脲脂的活化能,从化学动力学的角度评价了聚脲脂的氧化安定性。     

高压差示扫描量热法在润滑油热氧化研究中的应用

讲解了用高压差示扫描量热法评定润滑油热氧化安定性及抗氧剂效果的方法。     

加压差式扫描量热仪评定基础油和抗氧剂的氧化性能

用加压差式扫描量热仪评价了6种加氢基础油和5种抗氧剂的氧化性能,以克拉玛依石化公司生产的基础油氧化稳定性好。在考察的抗氧剂中,烷基二苯胺的抗氧化性能良好,可以提高基础油起始氧化温度10℃以上。     

原油组分相互作用对析蜡的影响机理

采用柱色谱分离法、差示扫描量热法（DSC）和偏光显微分析方法,对采自长庆油田和玉门油田的原油样品进行了组分分离,研究了各组分对析蜡的影响机理。结果表明,2种原油组分差异较大;原油各组分相互作用可以有效抑制蜡晶的析出。长庆油田原油与其饱和烃组分(Ch₁)相比,析蜡点降低6.45℃,析蜡峰温降低6.64℃;玉门油田原油与其饱和烃组分(Y₁)相比,析蜡点降低3.46℃,析蜡峰温降低6.14℃。向Ch₁中分别加入不同极性组分后,其作用结果与原油原始状态差异较大;胶质、沥青质使Ch₁冷却结晶时的蜡晶颗粒数目增多,尺寸相对减小,减弱蜡晶之间的联结强度,削弱了蜡晶缔合而形成大块蜡晶聚集体的倾向。     

Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Crude Oils with Thermal Extraction Sampling

A novel experimental technique has been developed for the gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of crude oils. The injection of the samples is carried out using a thermal extraction device, directly connected to the GC. Crude oil samples are initially adsorbed on a suitable material and subsequently their light components are thermally extracted and driven into the GC by the carrier gas flow, while the heavy end remains adsorbed on the sample probe. Factors affecting the depth of the analysis, such as the kind of adsorbent material, temperature, and duration of sampling, were studied. The main advantage of the proposed technique is that no preliminary separation of the crude oil sample into a light and heavy fraction is needed prior to the GC analysis. In addition, the contamination of the chromatographic system by the heavy crude oil components is avoided.     

Calorimetric study approach for crude oil combustion in the presence of clay as catalyst

In this research, the effect of heating rate and different clay concentrations on light and heavy crude oils in limestone matrix was investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). In DSC experiments, two main distinct reaction regions were identified in all of the crude oil + limestone matrix + catalyst, known as low- and high-temperature oxidation respectively. It was observed that addition of clay to porous matrix significantly affected the thermal characteristics and kinetics of different origin crude oils. The Borchardt and Daniels and ASTM kinetic methods were used to determine the kinetic parameters of the samples. It was observed that activation energies generated for the high-temperature oxidation region for crude oil and crude oil + clay mixtures were in the range of 148–370 kJmol^?1 for the Borchardt and Daniels method and 51–253 kJmol^?1 for ASTM methods.     

Comparative Study of Light and Heavy Oils Oxidation Using Thermal Analysis Methods

In this work, the oxidation behavior of light and heavy oils was investigated by combining TG-DTA test and oxidation tube experiments, in the presence and absence of cuttings, respectively. Results show that high content heavy components benefit low-temperature oxidation (LTO) performance and heavy oil has better oxidation activity at low temperature and is more easily oxidized. All samples undergo an endothermic reaction during the LTO stage and the faster the LTO rate is, a larger amount of energy is absorbed by oil, and more heat is released in the high-temperature oxidation stage. An excellent consistency is found between thermokinetic analysis and oxidation tube experiment results.     

差示扫描量热法在原油蜡含量测定中的应用

我国原油含蜡量较高,蜡含量的测定为原油管道优化运行提供相关数据,保障原油管道安全运行。本文简单比较了三种原油蜡含量测定方法,重点对差示扫描量热法进行了详细阐述。利用差示扫描量热仪DSC822e进行比对试验,对差示扫描量热法在原油蜡含量测定中的准确性和重复性进行了验证,证明了差示扫描量热法在实际应用中的可靠性。     

用DSC法研究管道熔结环氧粉末涂料固化特性

应用差示扫描量热法（DSC）技术深入地研究了国内广泛应用的管道熔结环氧粉末涂料,分析计算确定了内在的体系固化反应动力学方程式。通过分析固化反应动力学方程式并结合生产实际确定了生产工艺条件,并按此工艺制备了涂层试样。测试结果表明:动态试验得到的固化反应动力学方程能够较为真实地反映体系实际固化反应过程,可为固化工艺的确定提供理论的依据。     

高酸高硫原油腐蚀性研究

以胜利陆上混合原油为研究对象,进行了窄馏分性质研究及工业装置腐蚀挂片试验。总结了原油中腐蚀性物质的腐蚀规律,指出:无机氯盐的腐蚀主要发生在120-310℃;环烷酸腐蚀为230-420℃;硫化合物腐蚀为120-480℃。盐类的腐蚀是水解生成氯化氢;硫化物的腐蚀主要是元素硫和硫化氢的腐蚀;环烷酸腐蚀有两个显著的温度区,且环烷酸的腐蚀与流动状态有关。加工高酸高硫原油时,环烷酸、元素硫和硫化氢引起的腐蚀会相互促进,使腐蚀加剧。     

实沸点蒸馏对2种高酸原油腐蚀性的影响及表征

高酸原油经实沸点蒸馏后酸值会发生较大程度的损失,哪些类型的石油酸发生了损失及高酸原油腐蚀性是否同等降低却不得而知。针对这一问题,对2种典型高酸原油实沸点蒸馏前后的酸值和腐蚀性进行了考察,并对蒸馏前后高酸原油中的石油酸进行了质谱表征。结果表明：2种高酸原油实沸点蒸馏后液相腐蚀速率减小,而气相腐蚀速率明显增大,说明大分子石油酸分解成了沸点较低的小分子石油酸;2种高酸原油的气、液总腐蚀速率降低都远小于酸值的损失,说明分解生成的小分子石油酸的腐蚀性更强;2种高酸原油实沸点蒸馏前后石油酸的类型变化不大,但碳数分布变化明显,碳数越高的大分子石油酸分解越多。高酸原油的腐蚀性与酸值并非线性关系,石油酸的类型即脂肪酸和一环环烷酸含量可能是影响高酸原油腐蚀性的重要因素。     

A Comparison of the Quality of Low Pour Fuel Oils (LPFO) Blended From Nigerian and Foreign Crude Oils

Light gas oil (LGO) and long residue (LRS) fractions used to prepare the LPFO blends were collected from two Nigerian refineries and similar products were obtained from Venezuela (foreign crudes). The physicochemical properties of the blends were determined using the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) methods and other analytical techniques.Comparison of the results with the ASTM standard values indicates that the Nigerian blends are of higher quality than the foreign blends. For instance, the mean value of vanadium was 400% higher in the foreign blend and the Nigerian crude has low sulfur levels. Thus, the regulatory agencies in Nigeria should enforce the specification laws to ensure that crudes imported do not impact negative effects on the industry and around the globe.     

克拉玛依油田原油中原生生物的特性及应用

根据克拉玛依油田稀油区块本源微生物驱油的实验室研究和矿场实验的实际情况以及对稠油区块本源微生物驱油的实验室可行性研究,总结出克拉玛依油田稀油和稠油油藏原生生物的特性和应用价值。相对于稠油区块来说,稀油区块本源微生物含量较低,活性较差。通过对本源微生物进行筛选、培养、重新注入的方法提高原油采收率效果显著,而稠油区块本源微生物含量高,活性好,用直接注入培养基激活本源微生物的方法提高原油采收率效果理想,并同时实现了对高黏度、高钙稠油的乳化降黏和脱钙作用,降黏率达到50%以上,脱钙率达到90%以上。     

塔里木盆地原油中氮化物的分离及鉴定

由于原油中氮化物含量低且组成复杂，在用仪器分析其特征之前需要进行浓缩和预分离。采用柱液相色谱对塔里木盆地原油样品中的含氮化合物进行了分离，首先用中性氧化铝将原油分成饱和烃，芳烃和富氮馏份；然后用硅酸将富氮馏份进一步分离，得到了中性吡咯氮，和碱性吡啶等馏分。     

Preparation and Characterization of Petroleum Sulfonate Directly from Crude

Abstract

Sulfonate surfactants used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) need not be very pure, such as linear alkyl benzene sulfonate, but should be similar in terms of surface activity. The possibility of preparation, isolation, and purification of petroleum sulfonate directly from crude is studied in the lab. Crudes chosen in this study are GSPC and Panna supplied by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), India. Crude is digested with sulfuric acid (98%) or oleum (20%) for sulfonation and then neutralized with sodium hydroxide. Finally, sulfonate surfactant is isolated and purified by a series of solvent extraction procedures using alcohols and alkanes. The sulfonate surfactant obtained is characterized with respect to EOR applicability, e.g., surface tension measurement and interfacial tension measurement against benzene. The dosing of the sulfonating agent was verified to study its effect on yield of sulfonate and surface tension value. The yield of sulfonate increases with the increase in dosing of the sulfonating agent; however, the surface activity of sulfonate decreases. Optimum yield and surface activity are obtained for sulfonate surfactants produced from GSPC crude when a crude-to-sulfonating agent volume ratio of 1:5 is used. Surface activity of sulfonate surfactant obtained from GSPC crude compares well with commercially available surfactant, TRS 10-80, used in EOR. This study also brings the possibility of an in situ generation of sulfonates in oil fields for EOR.     

Experimental Study of Desalting and Dehydration of Two Samples of Iraqi Crude Oils

The salt content of a crude oil consists of salts dissolved in the water, which are dispersed within the produced crude. This study has been done to find the optimum conditions for desalting and dehydration of two types of Iraqi crude oil (Naft Khana crude and Basra crude from the Iraq strategic pipeline), which were provided from the Daura refinery in Baghdad. Naft Khana crude oil is lighter than Basra crude oil and has higher API gravity and it is relatively easy to desalt. Also, Naft Khana crude oil has a salt concentration higher than Basra crude oil. The optimum experimental conditions for improving desalting/dehydration process were 7 vol% ethylamine dosage, 100°F crude oil temperature, 20 vol% adding fresh water, and 30 min settling time. Basra crude oil required a high washing water ratio to increase the rate of water droplet settling in the desalter and the dilution efficiency of salts in crude oil.