CBN砂轮在轴承套圈内圆磨削中的应用

CBN砂轮以其优异的性能在高效、高精度磨削中具有广阔的应用前景。文中以树脂结合剂CBN砂轮轴承圈内圆磨削为研究对象,采用金刚石滚轮修整器,研究选择合适的修整及磨削参数,使CBN砂轮的性能在轴承磨削中得到充分发挥。通过对修整前后砂轮表面形貌分析,揭示了修整参数对修锐效果的影响,并结合磨削后试件表面的精度获得了合适磨削参数,试验结果对CBN砂轮在轴承圈的大批量磨削中的广泛应用具有重要的指导意义。     

磨削温度对刀剪刃口的影响

砂轮磨削刀剪材料的过程中产生的磨削热是影响刀剪表面质量的重要因素。对磨削热的产生进行了分析 ,讨论了磨削温度对刀剪产品质量的影响 ,提出了正确选择磨削刀剪时的砂轮、冷却方式及磨削量等 ,以确保刀剪产品的磨削质量。     

STUDY ON A NEW TYPE OF THROW-AWAY SOFT GRINDING WHEELS

0INTROD[JCTIONAbrasivebeltgrindinghasbeenutilizedextensivelyasahigh-efficiencygrindingmethod,especially,ithasmoreadVantagesonnonfermusmetalgrinding['].ComparingwithcommongrindingWheel,itsgrindingefficiencyishighanditsbandingtemperatureislow.Studiesinconnectionwiththismethodincludingseveralaspectsasfollowing:H.Ki.[Zjobtainedthebeltwearprincipleandmeasuredthedistributionofnormalandtangentialforcesbysimulatingbandingconditions;S.HigIJchi[3]presentedamethodwhichachievedhighbandingefficienc…     

金刚石砂轮金属结合剂的气中单脉冲电火花放电去除机理

针对金属结合剂金刚石砂轮修锐困难的问题,提出采用气中电火花接触放电修锐的方法。为有效地实现微细金刚石砂轮的修锐,建立单脉冲电火花放电去除加工的试验系统,研究金属结合剂的气中和液中电火花放电去除机理。在试验研究中,主要分析无负荷电压和放电极性对脉冲放电电流、脉冲放电间隙、脉冲放电去除量、电极磨耗比等的影响。结果表明,正极性不易发生短路现象,而且气中的脉冲放电间隙小于液中的 ,适应于微细金刚石砂轮的修锐。此外,在气中放电中存在由绝缘破坏引起的火花放电向附有电弧柱的电弧放电转变的临界无负荷电压,且电火花放电的去除量可以明显小于电弧放电的去除量,但是当无负荷电压小于某一定值时电极消耗比会快速增加。修锐的试验结果显示,利用气中单脉冲电火花放电去除加工条件可以实现金属结合剂微细金刚石砂轮的修锐,产生较好的砂轮出刃形貌,改善磨削表面质量。     

Ultra-precision grinding of optical glasses using mono-layer nickel electroplated coarse-grained diamond wheels. Part 2: Investigation of profile and surface grinding

After finishing the precision conditioning of mono-layer nickel electroplated coarse-grained diamond wheels with 151 μm (D151), 91 μm (D91) and 46 μm (D46) grain size, resp., profile and surface grinding experiments were carried out on a five-axis ultra-precision grinding machine with BK7, SF6 optical glasses and Zerodur glass ceramic. A piezoelectric dynamometer was used to measure the grinding forces, while an atomic force microscopy (AFM), white-light interferometer (WLI)) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterize the ground surface quality in terms of micro-topography and subsurface damage. Moreover, the wear mechanics of the coarse-grained diamond wheels were analyzed and the grinding ratio was determined as well, in aiming to evaluate the grinding performance with the conditioned coarse-grained diamond wheels. Finally, the grinding results were compared with that of the fine-grained diamond wheels with regard to the ground specimen surface quality, process forces and wheel wear as a function of stock removal. The experimental results show that the precision conditioned coarse-grained diamond wheels can be applied in ductile mode grinding of optical glasses with high material removal rates, low wheel wear rates and no dressing requirement yielding excellent surface finishes with surface roughness in the nanometer range and subsurface damage in the micrometer range, demonstrating the feasibility and applicability of the newly developed diamond grinding technique for optical glasses.     

AN INNOVATIVE CONCEPT AND ITS EFFECTS ON WHEEL SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY IN DRY GRINDING BY RESIN AND VITRIFIED BOND CBN WHEEL

In the dry grinding process, as there is no coolant lubricant to transfer the heat from the contact zone, minimizing the grinding specific energy and grinding forces is a matter of importance. Some of the results of the systematic research works, based on a novel concept to make a step forward for pure dry grinding, are presented. The new concept is based on the fact that the optimisation of the chip formation reduces the friction and rubbing in the process. Such optimisation was achieved by a special conditioning process. The result showed a drastic reduction in grinding forces and no burning or damages on the surface of workpiece using the novel method comparing to conventional wheel with the same material removal rate. A theoretical discussion is also presented to support the experimental results.     

Effect of parameters on grinding forces and energy while grinding Al (A356)/SiC composites

Abstract

Grinding processes require a high energy input per unit volume of material removed, which is converted to heat at the grinding zone, resulting in increased force and wear. In the present study, the influence of grinding parameters like work speed and depth of cut on grinding forces and energy was studied. An attempt has been made to study the forces and energy involved while grinding aluminium alloy (A356)/silicon carbide (SiC) composite material with different grinding wheels. Experiments were carried out on a surface grinding machine. Three different types of wheels like SiC, cubic boron nitride (CBN) and diamond wheels were used. The grinding forces increased with increase in depth of cut and work speed. SiC exhibited high grinding force compared to the CBN wheel. In the case of the diamond wheel, it was even less. The specific grinding energy was highest for the diamond wheel followed by CBN and SiC wheels. The specific grinding energy decreased with increase in depth of cut and work speed.     

高速重负荷磨削机理的试验研究

钢坯磨削是应用广泛的高效磨削方法,目前国内线年进行表面磨削的钢坯超过百万吨。通过理论研究提高其技术水平将具有重要的理论和实际意义。本文以40～80m/s、1000～6000N的磨削试验为基础,讨论了工艺参数对磨削功率、金属切除率、磨削力比等的影响,并进而对钢坯磨削机理进行了一些探讨。研究表明采用高速重负荷磨削是发展我国钢坯磨削技术的有效途径,为高效钢坯磨床的设计提供了磨削数据,同时揭示了若干高速重负荷磨削的特点和规律。     

Effects of Abrasive Types on Grinding of Chopped Strand Mat Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Laminates

A grindability study of chopped strand mat glass fiber reinforced polymer laminates (CSM GFRP) has been carried out to evaluate the effects of abrasive types on grinding force ratio and area roughness at varying grinding parameters such as speed, feed and depth of cut. Performances of alumina (Al₂O₃) and cubic boron nitride (CBN) wheels were compared. Both wheels delivered the maximum grinding force ratios at low speed, high feed and low depth of cut. Alumina wheel produced smoother surface when grinding at low speed, low feed and high depth of cut. CBN wheel, on the other hand, gave smoother surface at high feed and low depth of cut conditions, regardless of speed. With CBN wheel, it is likely that a single grinding condition exists that maximizes grinding force ratio and minimizes area roughness. The findings indicate that CBN wheel exhibited higher grinding force ratio than alumina grinding wheel in general. CBN grinding wheel also outperformed alumina grinding wheel by producing smoother ground surface in most cases.     

FORCE ANALYSIS FOR GRINDING WITH SEGMENTAL WHEELS

This paper describes a force model for grinding with segmental wheels. Both experimental and analytical results show that average grinding force decreases and peak force increases using segmental wheels as compared to conventional wheels. Larger spaces between segments further reduce the average force and increase the peak force. The reduction in average force is due to the size effect whereby the specific energy decreases at higher instantaneous material removal rates. An investigation of surface roughness and wheel wear reveals that modest amounts of segmentation reduce average force without increasing surface roughness or wheel wear.     

FORCE ANALYSIS FOR GRINDING WITH SEGMENTAL WHEELS

This paper describes a force model for grinding with segmental wheels. Both experimental and analytical results show that average grinding force decreases and peak force increases using segmental wheels as compared to conventional wheels. Larger spaces between segments further reduce the average force and increase the peak force. The reduction in average force is due to the size effect whereby the specific energy decreases at higher instantaneous material removal rates. An investigation of surface roughness and wheel wear reveals that modest amounts of segmentation reduce average force without increasing surface roughness or wheel wear.     

磨削参数对GH4169高温合金磨削表面特征影响研究

采用单因素试验法,使用不同特性的砂轮进行GH4169高温合金的外圆磨削试验,研究了单晶刚玉砂轮和CBN砂轮对GH4169高温合金磨削表面特征中表面粗糙度和表面形貌的影响,分析了各磨削工艺参数对表面粗糙度的影响规律,并分析了单晶刚玉砂轮和CBN砂轮切屑的形态,还检测了磨削加工的表面形貌。结果表明：采用粒度为80、中软级、陶瓷结合剂的单晶刚玉砂轮磨削GH4169高温合金时,其磨削表面粗糙度较小,表面特征较稳定;磨削进给运动轨迹构成了试件已加工表面形貌轮廓的主要特征。在工件速度为8~21.66m/min、砂轮速度为15~30m/s、径向进给量为0.005~0.02mm、纵向进给量为1.3~3.6mm/r范围内,可以保证表面粗糙度Ra在0.14μm以内。     

钢轨打磨关键装备及磨石技术发展现状与展望

概述了钢轨打磨策略、钢轨打磨技术,并对国内外砂轮式打磨(主动打磨、高速被动打磨)、铣磨等关键装备进行了综述。同时,对于与砂轮式打磨车相配套且起关键切削作用的磨石(砂轮),从组分、成形工艺、结构设计、磨削性能评价方法等方面进行了详细评述,总结出精细的配方设计、科学的评价体系标准等是高性能磨石研制所面临的主要挑战。最后,从绿色化、智能化、标准化等方面对未来磨石技术的发展方向进行了展望。     

蜗杆砂轮磨齿加工参数优化

以蜗杆砂轮磨削加工20CrMnTi齿轮为研究对象,选择均匀设计试验法,研究磨削参数（砂轮线速度vs、砂轮沿齿轮轴向进给速度vw、磨削厚度ap）对齿面粗糙度的影响。采用二级逐步回归方法建立磨削参数与齿面粗糙度的回归模型,构建了以加工效率、齿面粗糙度为多目标的优化模型,采用粒子群优化算法对磨削参数进行了优化。试验结果表明,使用优化后的磨削参数加工可以提高加工效率、减小齿面粗糙度。     

工程陶瓷恒力磨削金刚石砂轮钝化规律研究

通过一系列试验建立了恒力磨削条件下砂轮全钝化周期的钝化曲线,并通过相应的数学手段对各个阶段的砂轮钝化特征和磨削能力进行分析.结果表明:初期钝化阶段的钝化曲线随时间的变化是由凹到凸的过程,与砂轮磨损过程有很大的区别.初期钝化阶段砂轮钝化速度大大低于其他两个阶段,砂轮具有很强的磨削能力,这一特征的潜在应用价值非常高.正常磨损阶段砂轮的钝化与砂轮磨损规律一致,呈线性增大趋势.     

软体磨具新技术

零件曲表面的磨光,抛光技术是精密加工技术领域的难题,传统的磨具难以直接对不规则的曲面进行加工。作者研究的软磨具,是一种体内均匀含磨料的新型高分子复合材料、磨料和抛光粉为加工要素,聚氨酯基网链状高分子材料为连接剂并为抛光要素。新型软磨具为三维柔软的弹性体,能适应任意曲率的零件（金属或非金属）表面的磨光和抛光要求。本文包括新型软磨具的生成理论,制造技术和曲面零件抛光的工艺性能试验研究。     

基于新型金刚石砂轮的Al2O3陶瓷磨削性能

利用粉末注射成形和真空钎焊技术制备了一种新型金刚石砂轮,制备的新型金刚石砂轮具有金刚石把持力大、金刚石微刃有序排布等特点。进行了基于新型金刚石砂轮的Al2O3陶瓷磨削性能研究。实验结果表明：相对于普通树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮,新型金刚石砂轮磨削Al2O3陶瓷的加工表面形貌完整性较好,宏观裂纹和表面损伤相对较少;表面粗糙度较小,当进给速度为40mm/s、磨削深度为40μm时,加工表面粗糙度Ra在0.68μm左右;在相同实验条件下,新型金刚石砂轮的磨削力减小了12%~17%,磨削温度降低了80~120℃。     

快速点磨削周边磨削层模型及参数

为深入研究快速点磨削机理及工艺,根据快速点磨削的技术与几何学特征,建立点磨削周边接触层及参数的数学模型,对砂轮和工件的等效速度和直径、磨削参数进行理论分析。在已建立快速点磨削接触层及参数的理论模型基础上,推证计及点磨削变量角度和磨削深度的砂轮周边理论接触宽度的计算公式,并对超薄快速点磨 削砂轮周边理论接触宽度和表面粗糙度进行数值仿真。结果表明：与普通外圆磨削不同,砂轮周边与工件实际接触宽度并不恒等于砂轮宽度,点磨削变量角度和磨削深度显著影响砂轮周边的实际接触宽度与工件表面粗糙度 数值。     

形貌重构砂轮磨削试验研究

设计了一种金刚石纤维切削装置,用其对白刚玉砂轮进行断续飞切来加工出断续微沟槽,从而实现砂轮的表面形貌重构。采用原始砂轮及形貌重构砂轮分别进行GCr15淬硬轴承钢的常温干式、浇注式磨削的对比试验研究,探讨了形貌重构砂轮的磨削性能。试验结果表明：相较于原始砂轮,在相同的试验条件下形貌重构砂轮在磨削时其磨削力和磨削温度均可以显著降低。通过常温干式、浇注式润滑条件下的磨削对比试验验证了形貌重构砂轮可以更有效地将磨削液带入磨削区进行润滑冷却。     

感应钎焊温度对立方氮化硼砂轮磨削性能的影响

利用超高频感应钎焊在不同钎焊温度条件下制备立方氮化硼(CBN)砂轮,采用扫描电子电镜（SEM）和能量分散谱仪（EDS）对磨粒表面新生化合物进行观察与分析,并通过与电镀CBN砂轮进行比较,对感应钎焊CBN砂轮的磨削性能进行评价。结果表明：CBN磨粒界面新生化合物主要组成元素有N、B、Ti三种,活性元素Ti发生扩散并与N和B发生化合反应;当感应钎焊温度为940℃时,磨粒表面生成物致密覆盖在表面,且所制备的CBN钎焊砂轮的磨削力和磨削比能较小。在相同磨削用量下,对电镀CBN砂轮和感应钎焊CBN砂轮的磨损形式进行对比分析发现,电镀CBN砂轮的磨损形式为黏附磨损,钎焊CBN砂轮的磨损形式为破碎磨损。