束缚水和衰竭速度对凝析油临界流动饱和度的影响

近年来国内外对凝析油临界流动饱和度进行了大量的研究,研究方法和手段的差异造成研究结果存在很大的差异,甚至相反。利用自行建立的超声波测试系统进行了5次凝析油临界流动饱和度测试,包括两组考虑束缚水影响的对比实验和一组考虑衰竭速度影响的对比实验。实验结果显示,凝析油临界流动饱和度比较低,大约在百分之十左右;高的衰竭速度测得的凝析油临界流动饱和度比低衰竭速度低,这表明高的衰竭速度有利于地层凝析油的流动;束缚水的存在降低了凝析油临界流动饱和度。     

凝析油临界流动饱和度确定新方法

凝析油临界流动饱和度是反映凝析油流动能力的重要参数,它对凝析油的采收率、气井的产能和稳产期均存在重大的影响,因此凝析油临界流动饱和度一直是国内外研究的热点问题。建立了利用长岩心驱替装置和色谱仪确定凝析油临界流动饱和度的方法,运用该方法对某实际凝析气藏真实岩心和C₁~C₅混合物流体进行了两组实验,测定的临界流动饱和度分别为3.04%和4.66%。凝析油的流动特征分析结果表明,凝析油的临界流动饱和度很低。两组实验的对比结果表明,多孔介质会导致流体露点压力升高,束缚水和增大压差都有利于凝析油的流动。最后,通过数值模拟研究验证了凝析油的临界流动,饱和度较低。     

低渗凝析气藏凝析油临界流动饱和度实验研究

凝析油临界流动饱和度是近年研究的热点问题，但目前国内外还没有采用真实岩样和流体研究低渗凝析气藏凝析油临界流动饱和度的成果报道。文章介绍了采用超声波测试技术研究低渗凝析气藏凝析油临界流动饱和度的方法，选取Q75井的真实岩样和流体，通过长岩心衰竭实验测试了凝析油临界流动饱和度。将测试结果与国内外其它中高渗凝析气藏的凝析油临界流动饱和度进行了对比研究，分析了低渗凝析气藏凝析油饱和度较低的原因。研究结果表明：①超声波测试技术对研究深层高温高压低渗凝析气藏的凝析油临界流动饱和度具有较好的适应性；②桥口低渗凝析气藏的凝析油临界流动饱和度要比国内外其它中高渗凝析气藏的低得多；③较高的束缚水饱和度是导致低渗凝析气藏凝析油临界流动饱和度较低的主要原因，而高温高压低渗凝析气藏更低的油气界面张力也是重要的影响因素。此外，实验所用岩心的长度对凝析油临界流动饱和度的大小也会产生一定的影响。     

含水饱和度和衰竭速度对凝析气藏油气采收率的影响

通过建立不同的衰竭速度和初始含水饱和度,设计了7组凝析气在多孔介质中的衰竭实验、相态分析实验和超声波露点检测实验,研究了油气采收率、气油比、凝析油临界流动饱和度和临界流动压力的变化规律。结果表明：随着衰竭速度增大,油气采收率下降但幅度不大,而凝析油临界流动饱和度增加,临界流动压力降低。当初始含水饱和度低于岩心束缚水饱和度时,随着初始含水饱和度增加,凝析油采收率明显增大,天然气采收率基本不变;反之,随着初始含水饱和度增加,天然气采收率增加,凝析油采收率下降但幅度不大。对于底水能量较大的凝析气藏,采气速度不宜过高,可在有效保持地层压力的前提下,在水区及时采取堵水排水措施。     

Dealing With the Challenges of the Rate-Dependent Skin Phenomenon in a Gas Condensate Reservoir: A Simulation Approach

Abstract

Skin is one of the most challenging problems in oil and gas production, resulting in a reduction in reservoir deliverability. Mechanical skin is introduced to the pay zone during the drilling and completion phase, while rate-dependent skin comes into play as production starts, and is caused by infracting basic Darcy assumptions in a gas reservoir. Dissimilar to conventional gas reservoirs, the formation of condensate jots in a gas condensate reservoir when the bottomhole pressure drops below the dew point causes higher skin, which imposes a greater pressure drop. The authors investigated dependency of skin to flow rate in gas condensate reservoirs through a simulation approach. A radial synthetic reservoir compositional model was developed by using rock and fluid properties and well data based on information from a real gas condensate field in south Iran. A well test analysis was utilized to verify the validity and accuracy of the model. Due to heterogeneity existence in particular field, the authors tried to consider different reservoir and wellbore characteristics in reservoir simulation models. A wide range of rock permeabilities and mechanical skins were examined in different irreducible water saturations. Moreover, all the scenarios were run in two different initial reservoir pressures individually. The result of numerous simulations showed a similarity between the trends of rate-dependent skin versus flow rate for the entire tested model. It was also illustrated that in low-permeable gas condensate reservoirs, the existence of mechanical skin leads to inefficient production. Because mitigation of some kind of mechanical skin types are not efficient, the same simulation study should be performed before starting the drilling operation in a gas condensate reservoir to assess the effect of mechanical skin.     

The Effect of Hydraulic Fracturing on the Performance of Gas Condensate Systems

Gas condensate reservoirs usually exhibit complex flow behaviors due to the buildup of condensate bank around the wellbore when the bottom-hole pressure falls below the dew point. Hydraulic fracturing improves well productivity by delaying the onset of dew point pressure and also reducing the condensate saturation near the wellbore area. The authors present the results of a study that compared the near wellbore behaviors and productivities of a vertical nonfractured well and a vertical hydraulically fractured well in a low permeability lean gas condensate reservoir. Results show that there is no indication of capillary number effects in this low permeability reservoir because of low production rates.     

低渗多孔介质低含凝析油型凝析气衰竭开发饱和度研究

常规PVT筒衰竭中没有考虑多孔介质和束缚水的影响，文章采用超声波测饱和度测试技术，对桥白低渗低含凝析油型凝析气藏在衰竭开采中凝析油饱和度变化进行测试。实验研究表明，在岩心中随压力降低凝析油饱和度增大,但凝析油饱和度未能达到临界流动值，而在PVT筒中衰竭, 露点压力以下凝析油饱和度值是先增加后降低；３块实验岩心中最大油饱和度均比PVT中最大油饱和度大；无束缚水岩心的凝析油饱和度比有束缚水岩心中的凝析油饱和度大得多；在衰竭开发中，多孔介质、束缚水对凝析油饱和度的影响不容忽视。     

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凝析油临界流动饱和度是指凝析油能流动的最小饱和度,即凝析油气相渗曲线的端点,长期以来,由于技术条件的限制,均采用模拟油和模拟气对其进行测试,真实凝析油临界流动饱和度是目前国外研究的热点问题,对此,不同的学者以不同体系考虑不同束缚水大小,得到的结果不同,有的甚至结果相反,笔者首次建立了超声波测试高温高压岩心流条件下凝析油临界流动和度的直接测试方法,在人造岩心中测试了两个真实多组分凝析气定容衰竭临界流动饱和度,根据两个凝析气样品在人造岩心中的测试结果得出凝析油的临界流动饱和度分别为15％和18％,为超声波在室内岩心流动实验测试中的应用开辟了新途径。     

英买7-19凝析气藏储层液相伤害评价

英买7-19凝析气藏为边水层状带油环凝析气藏,以一套井网衰竭式方式开采。为了研究不同液相介质对地层气相渗透率的影响,分析了凝析油、地层水、凝析水、完井液和压井液等对英买7-19凝析气藏储层的伤害。通过不同流体对岩心气相渗透率的伤害实验表明,反凝析伤害主要发生于反凝析初期（占70%）,而且渗透率愈低,其对储层气相有效渗透率伤害愈大,对应凝析油临界流动饱和度愈高;含水饱和度增加,地层水和凝析水对气相渗透率的伤害越大,渗透率愈低,伤害愈严重,相同含水饱和度下,凝析水对储层气相渗透率的伤害总是大于地层水;凝析油与束缚水共存时,其对储层气相渗透率伤害大于单一油、水介质的伤害,应密切注意油水共存带来的影响;岩心渗透率愈低,油水共存作用对岩心气相渗透率伤害愈大;YM7 H4井完井液和无机盐压井液对储层渗透率伤害较大,应进一步改进完善。该结论对高效开发英买7-19凝析气藏具有指导作用。     

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凝析气井在生产中常常会出现反凝析液析出的特殊现象，单井生产系统因而表现出与常规气井不同的生产特性。凝析气井生产系统优化分析的关键问题在于如何将反凝析特性反映进生产优化过程。文章提出了以防止储层出现反凝析液析出并避免气井积液为凝析气井生产优化目标，认为生产系统优化应根据井底流动状态分别考虑;引入了两相拟压力函数来建立气液两相流入动态方程，能够准确地描述凝析液对储层渗流的动态影响，而常规单相气或修正方法往往是高估或低估了气井无阻流量;在井筒流动模型中考虑了凝析气相态变化影响，与常规多相流或拟单相流模型进行了对比分析，结果表明考虑气液相变的多相流模型有助于正确分析井筒流动状态。利用提出的优化分析方法进行了程序设计，并对两口凝析气井进行了实例分析,结果表明文章提出的优化分析方法有助于正确制定凝析气井合理工作制度，从而确保单井在最佳状态下生产。     

多孔介质中束缚水对凝析油饱和度的影响

为了更好地开发含水凝析气藏，必须研究在凝析气藏开发过程中束缚水对凝析油饱和度的影响，为此建立了超声波测试高温高压岩心中凝析油饱和度的直接测试和软件模拟方法。对于同样一块岩心在相同压力条件下，采用相同的凝析气样品来进行衰竭实验，多孔介质中凝析油饱和度随束缚水增加而降低；得到衰竭至大气压时残余油饱和度也随束缚水的增加而变小，且两者呈很好的线性关系。理论及实验表明，束缚水对凝析气藏开发的影响不可忽视。     

高含水致密凝析气藏特殊相态变化

高含水致密凝析气藏具有储层低孔、致密、含水饱和度高的特征，在其开发过程中，当压力降低至露点压力以下，流体会发生复杂的相态变化，析出凝析油，形成油、气、水三相渗流，导致渗流阻力进一步增大。与常规凝析气藏相比，高含水致密凝析气藏开发过程中相态变化具有特殊性：①储层含水饱和度较高，水相会影响流体的相态变化；②由于储层致密、流体复杂，井底附近渗流阻力较大，压降漏斗陡峭，流体相态表现出强非平衡相态变化特征，这与常规凝析气藏平衡相变特征存在明显差异。基于室内PVT筒实验、长岩心驱替实验及非平衡相态理论，系统研究了高含水致密凝析气藏的相态变化特殊规律。研究结果表明：①水相会降低凝析气藏的露点压力，增大反凝析油饱和度；②凝析气藏存在"凝析滞后"现象，非平衡相变效应可降低凝析油饱和度；③针对受地层水影响较小的气井可增大生产压差采出更多的凝析油。针对特殊相变特征，研究结果可以为高含水致密凝析气藏开发过程中制定合理的生产压差提供依据。     

深层低渗凝析气藏反凝析特征研究

深层低渗凝析气藏数量越来越多，了解其反凝析特征是气藏开发正确决策的重要基础。以中原油田的深层低渗凝析气藏为主要研究对象，通过CVD测试及真实岩心衰竭实验测试，研究了深层低渗凝析气藏的反凝析特征。研究结果表明：PVT筒的定容衰竭与多孔介质中的衰竭特征有较大的差异，因此应尽可能采用岩心衰竭实验研究深层低渗凝析气藏的真实反凝析相态特征；中原油田深层低渗凝析气藏衰竭开发过程中反凝析呈中等偏低水平。近井地层的反凝析液堆积速度较慢，最大反凝析液饱和度值对应的地层压力与气藏标定的废弃压力接近。这表明中原油田深层低渗凝析气藏比较适合于采用衰竭方式开发；中原油田深层低渗凝析气藏衰竭开发过程中产生的凝析油饱和度小于临界流动饱和度，析出的凝析油不会产生反蒸发，因此在气藏开发过程中防止反凝析污婆就显得非常重要．     

Long-Term Performance of Hydraulically Fractured Layered Rich Gas Condensate Reservoir

Compositional simulator has been used to investigate the effect of hydraulic fracture on the performance of a layered rich gas condensate reservoir in Saudi Arabia. The reservoir consists of five layers having permeabilities ranging from 0.08 to 115 md with about 68% of the gas reserve located in the lowest permeability layer. The fracture is assumed to penetrate all layers. The results of this investigation showed that hydraulic fracturing of such a reservoir is effective in improving the productivity of the gas condensate wells. The productivity index (PI) of the cases investigated was found to increase by as much as 3.6 folds. Hydraulic fractures were also found to delay the onset of the dew point pressure and consequently extend the production plateau above the dew point pressure. The production plateau above the dew point pressure was found to increase with increasing the dimensionless fracture conductivity. The results of this study also showed that once the dew point pressure is reached, the flowing bottom hole pressure was found to drop sharply to the specified minimum flowing bottom hole pressure in the fractured and nonfractured cases. However, the drop is less severe in the fractured case. This sharp drop in the flowing bottom hole pressure results in dropping the productivity of the gas condensate wells. Condensate build up along the fracture faces was found to be more significant in the high permeability layers. At early times after reaching the dew point pressure, the highest condensate saturation was found to be in the highest permeability layer. However, at late times (after reaching pseudo steady state) it decreased to a certain level above the critical condensate saturation. Finally, formation cross-flow is found to improve the productivity of the fractured and the nonfractured gas condensate wells. However, the improvement is more pronounced in the fractured cases.     

低渗透气藏近井地带凝析油饱和度分布研究

为研究低渗透气藏开发过程中近井地带析出的凝析油饱和度分布对气井产能的影响,根据所选气藏的地质特征,利用地质模型软件建立了单井模拟模型,在此基础上通过数模软件验证了凝析油饱和度随径向距离增加而减小的分布规律,发现了近井地带不同径向距离上随着生产时间的推移会相继出现一相对稳定的凝析油饱和度值的现象,提出了凝析油稳定饱和度初值压力的概念,并发现所得初值压力乘上某一系数后,在数值上近似相等于稳定的凝析油饱和度值。     

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由于缺乏精确测量临界凝析油饱和度测试技术，我国凝析气藏油气相对渗透率均使用常规油气进行测试,采用真实平衡凝析油气体系对凝析气藏相对渗透率曲线进行岩心驱替测试还无先例。文章选用牙哈凝析气藏真实岩样进行了两组驱替实验,第一组是向岩样注入煤油-氮气采用非稳态法，第二组是注入平衡凝析油气采用稳态法。此外，研究了两种测试系统下油气相对渗透率对凝析气藏开发动态的影响,得出以下结论：①凝析油气系统的相对渗透率曲线整体向右移动，气相对渗透率下降非常快，油气相对渗透率高于煤油-氮气系统的油气相对渗透率；②凝析油气系统的临界凝析油饱和度比煤油—氮气系统的凝析油临界饱和度约低20%；③煤油-氮气系统预测的气体产能、气油比、凝析油气采收率比凝析油气系统预测的结果低得多，但气藏压力下降较慢；④凝析油气系统与煤油-氮气系统近井地带析出凝析油饱和度分布存在显著差别。     

Long-Term Performance of Hydraulically Fractured Layered Rich Gas Condensate Reservoir

Abstract

Compositional simulator has been used to investigate the effect of hydraulic fracture on the performance of a layered rich gas condensate reservoir in Saudi Arabia. The reservoir consists of five layers having permeabilities ranging from 0.08 to 115 md with about 68% of the gas reserve located in the lowest permeability layer. The fracture is assumed to penetrate all layers. The results of this investigation showed that hydraulic fracturing of such a reservoir is effective in improving the productivity of the gas condensate wells. The productivity index (PI) of the cases investigated was found to increase by as much as 3.6 folds. Hydraulic fractures were also found to delay the onset of the dew point pressure and consequently extend the production plateau above the dew point pressure. The production plateau above the dew point pressure was found to increase with increasing the dimensionless fracture conductivity. The results of this study also showed that once the dew point pressure is reached, the flowing bottom hole pressure was found to drop sharply to the specified minimum flowing bottom hole pressure in the fractured and nonfractured cases. However, the drop is less severe in the fractured case. This sharp drop in the flowing bottom hole pressure results in dropping the productivity of the gas condensate wells. Condensate build up along the fracture faces was found to be more significant in the high permeability layers. At early times after reaching the dew point pressure, the highest condensate saturation was found to be in the highest permeability layer. However, at late times (after reaching pseudo steady state) it decreased to a certain level above the critical condensate saturation. Finally, formation cross-flow is found to improve the productivity of the fractured and the nonfractured gas condensate wells. However, the improvement is more pronounced in the fractured cases.     

低渗应力敏感地层凝析气井试井分析

低渗透和特低渗透凝析气藏生产过程中，井底储层的伤害及其对气井动态的影响一直是石油工作者关心和研究的课题，它关系到如何高效合理地开发这类气藏资源。实验已经证实一些低渗深层凝析气藏存在应力敏感性，共生水含量越高，对压力的敏感性越强。用常规的试井模型难以分析这种凝析气藏的试井测试资料。当气井共生水含量较大时，应对原来的试井解释模型与方法进行修正。为了给应力敏感凝析气藏试井测试资料分析提供理论基础,为此，根据低渗应力敏感凝析气藏当井底压力低于露点压力时的渗流特点，对原有凝析油气渗流微分方程进行修正，引入视渗透率模量的概念，建立了考虑共生水影响的应力敏感复合凝析气藏试井分析新模型。同时还考虑了井筒存储效应和表皮效应。利用拉普拉氏变换和摄动分析技术得出了模型的解，绘制了试井分析理论曲线并对曲线特征进行了分析，以及进行了实例分析验证。结果表明：较大量共生水的存在，将对试井解释结果产生较大影响，引起渗透率的较大降低和加深对气井储层的伤害。共生水的存在以及应力敏感性对低渗气田开发的影响应引起足够的重视。     

确定凝析气井合理产能的新方法

在凝析气藏开发过程中，随着地层压力下降，反凝析油会在井底周围聚集，形成反凝析油污染，伤害地层渗透率。凝析气井合理产能是保障高效开发凝析气藏的重要参数。基于凝析油气体系在恒温条件下的反凝析渗流理论，考虑“地层——井筒——井口——地面定点”连续流动，研究了凝析气井在不同配产条件、不同生产时间下凝析油饱和度分布特征和多项渗流特征的计算分析方法。在综合分析凝析气井各种约束条件的基础上，建立了考虑凝析油污染条件下凝析气井动态优化配产理论与方法。大港油田某凝析气藏实例计算表明，采用考虑凝析油污染条件下凝析气井动态优化配产理论与方法确定出的凝析气井合理产量与实际气井产能基本一致，说明该方法具有可靠性和实用性。图3参7     

Use of Two-Phase Pseudo Pressure Method to Calculate Condensate Bank Size and Well Deliverability in Gas Condensate Reservoirs

This paper introduces a novel approach in the use of two-phase pseudo pressures for the calculation of condensate bank radius and productivity index of wells and the interpretation of gas condensate well test data. It is shown that knowledge of the relationship between condensate saturation and pressure is necessary for the integration of pseudo pressure in all regions of the reservoir. In the region of the reservoir where immobile condensate saturation develops, an equation that is valid for the region far from the wellbore has been used. While for the region where condensate is considered to be mobile, an equation has been used based on the steady state method. This method is tested using a data set that was generated by a compositional simulator for radial homogenous. A set of real PVT data from a producing gas condensate field is used for simulation of the gas condensate reservoir. Using this approach, it is possible to calculate condensate bank radius and total skin, mechanical skin, and permeability of the reservoir, yielding answers that are extremely close to those of the simulator. It is also shown that the condensate saturation profile in the reservoir produced using this method is also similar to the one produced by the simulator. An inflow performance curve is calculated using two-phase pseudo pressures. In this curve, the impact of the presence of condensate around the wellbore on productivity is studied.