THE COLLOIDAL STABILITY OF CRUDE OILS AND CRUDE OIL RESIDUES

A crude oil and three residues of the crude oil processing were investigated by determination of flocculation points of both the product solutions and the original products. Diverse analytical methods were used for characterizing products and their fractions. The evaluation of results was performed by the theory of regular solutions and its extension by Hansen. It was found, that the colloidal disperse phase shows a behaviour similar to that of polymer solutions. The conditions of the destabilization of the colloids can be defined by the critical Flory-Huggins interaction parameter. The solvation and the low soluble part of the asphaltenes have the greatest influence on the colloidal stability. The lowest stability is found for the visbreaking residue. The influence of the crude oil distillation on the colloidal stability is not significant.     

SODIUM LIGNIN SULFONATE TO STABILIZE HEAVY CRUDE OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS FOR PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION

ABSTRACT

The efficiency of sodium lignin sulfonate (SLS) as an anionic surfactant derived from waste wood pulping industry in stabilizing an Egyptian heavy crude oil (Geisum)-in-water emulsions for pipeline transportation has been investigated. The stability and rheology of the emulsions stabilized by SLS or with a nonionic surfactant nonyl phenol diethylenetriamine formaldehyde ethoxylate (NDFE) individually or in a mixture have been studied. It has been found that the dynamic shear viscosity of the crude oil decreases substantially when it is emulsified with water in the form of an oil-in-water type of emulsion. The stability of the oil-in-water emulsion increases as the surfactant concentration increases. Potable water and saline water containing different molar concentrations of NaCI have been used to study the effect of aqueous phase salinity on the stability and viscosity of the emulsion. Surfactant dissolved in saline water has been utilized to find out the possibility of injecting the surfactant into a well bore to effect emulsification in the pump or tubing for enhancing the production of heavy crude oils as oil-in-water emulsion. The study revealed that, the viscosity of the emulsion containing potable water is always less than that containing saline water and the viscosity increases as the salt content increased.     

配方原油技术及在原油资源优化中的应用

原油性质的相对稳定是保证炼油厂安全运行和利润提升的重要前提。中国石化石油化工科学研究院结合原油光谱库、原油评价数据库、原油快速评价技术和先进计算方法,将几种原油按一定比例巧妙搭配,可以得到与目标原油性质十分接近的多种原油配方,从而形成具有显著特色的配方原油技术。炼油厂可以根据原油价格、原油的可获得性、混合原油的加工性能、炼油厂的优化目标等原则选择合适的原油配方。实验室评价结果表明,实际分析结果与通过配方原油技术计算得到的结果相当,如果该技术能得到推广利用,可以在炼油厂增效中发挥重要作用。     

VISCOSITY MODELLING OF AMERICAN CRUDE OIL FRACTIONS

ABSTRACT

The applicability of a recently proposed viscosity-temperature correlation for conventional crude oil, based on a single viscosity measurement, is extended to new data on light crude oil fractions. The correlation yielded predictions with an overall average absolute deviation of 0.86% from experimental values for 32 data sets consisting of 2 67 individual measurements.

For the lighter fractions, with viscosity below 3 cSt at 30°C, the correlation is shown to be capable of predicting the viscosity with an average absolute deviation of less than 1%. The prediction was based on a single viscosity point at 37.78°C (100°F) estimated by curve-fit method for each data set.     

Hydrotreating of Furrial Crude Oil Using NiMoS Supported on Alumina: Study of the Asphaltene and Their Fractions in Cyclohexane

Abstract

The Furrial crude oil originated in northern Monagas State. This shows problems such as the colloidal instability of the asphaltenes fraction present in them, causing its precipitation. This work is oriented to achieve an interpretation of the colloidal behavior of the asphaltenes through the study of the effect of the hydrotreating reactions (HDT) on the asphaltenes of the Furrial crude oil, using NiMoS/γ-Al₂O₃ as a catalyst. The results obtained after HDT reactions were analyzed to know the percentage of asphaltene and their fractions in cyclohexane, the measurement of flocculation thresholds and molecular weights by the VPO technique, and ¹³C NMR as well as the determination of the total sulfur content. Appreciable changes on the asphaltene of the Furrial crude oil and its fractions in cyclohexane after HDT, under conditions used, were observed. In general terms, the amount of asphaltene diminished and the percentage of distribution for insoluble fraction in cyclohexane (IFC) and for soluble fraction in cyclohexane (SFC) was affected causing an increase in the stability of the asphaltene. The asphaltene and IFC were observed to be a pronounced variation of the molecular weight average in number, in comparison with SFC. ¹³C NMR spectra indicate that the hydrotreated asphaltene shows structural change, and IFC presents a variation of the percentage of sulfur minor in comparison to SFC.     

混合原油的相容性

 为探讨混合原油相容性规律,将3种不同基属的原油,新疆塔河(Tahe)原油、委内瑞拉波斯坎(Boscan)原油、哈萨克斯坦库姆克尔(Kumkol)原油进行混合,采用显微镜观察混合原油的相容性,并根据稳定性参数IN、SBN考察混合原油的相容性变化规律。结果表明,将石蜡基的库姆克尔原油分别掺入塔河原油和波斯坎原油的体积分数为60%和85%时,出现不相容现象。根据所测原油和混合原油的稳定性参数IN和SBN可知,随着轻质石蜡基的库姆克尔原油掺入塔河原油或波斯坎原油比例的增大,混合原油对沥青质的溶解能力逐渐下降,最终导致不相容现象发生。从原油组成来分析,两性质差异较大的原油混合时,体系中饱和烃含量增多、芳香烃和胶质含量减少是致使沥青质絮凝的原因,而沥青质的n(H)/n(C)低、芳碳率(fA)高是混合体系更易絮凝的重要原因。     

MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF WAX DEPOSITION IN CRUDE OIL PIPELINES (COMPARATIVE STUDY)

ABSTRACT

In this research, wax deposition in different crude oil pipeline systems was studied. In oil pipelines, the main mechanism for wax appearance is the temperature change along the pipeline. A computer program was developed to simulate the wax precipitation phenomena. Temperature profile along the pipeline was determined and solid liquid equilibrium constant, wax mole fraction and wax thickness along the pipeline were calculated. This computer program was applied to different crude oil pipeline systems in Iraq (Baiji-Daura, Rumaila-Zubair-Fao and Hadttha-Rumailia). In Haditha-Rumaila crude oil pipeline system, it was observed that wax thickness after a year is approximately 0.1 mm and temperature declined from 303 K to around 300.5 K. The wax mole fraction after a year is approximately 0.2. The solid-liquid equilibrium constant for the first component around 0.228 and around 165 for the second component after a year. Similar results were observed in other crude oil pipeline systems studied.     

原油复配破乳剂的配方设计

研究了水相pH值、非离子破乳剂和助剂对沙轻原油、阿曼原油、杰诺原油、胜利原油乳液稳定性的影响 ,考察了破乳剂与助剂的协同效应。结果表明 :沙轻原油在水相 pH =6～ 7时乳液的稳定性最差 ;破乳剂通过降低界面张力和使沥青质胶团向油相解缔而破坏乳液的稳定性 ;有机小分子助剂改变界面极性环境或增加芳香度使沥青质增溶而破坏乳液的稳定性 ,它们与破乳剂有很好的协同效应     

高油价下原油资源及生产方案优化的探讨

分析了国际市场原油价格走势特点,通过利用PIMS软件优化测算,提出了炼油企业在高油价下原油资源及生产方案优化的有关建议。指出原油重质化、挖掘重油深加工潜力、优化原料采购和制定科学的技术经济考核指标是降低采购成本、提高效益的有效措施。     

克拉玛依九区稠油生产润滑油基础油加工特性

克拉玛依油田九区稠油是典型的环烷原油,采用加氢酸、糠醛精制、加氢处理等精制工艺能生产出倾点低、粘度大、安定性好的ＬＶＩ润滑基础油。本文就环烷基润滑油馏分性质和各工艺对产品的加工特点进行论述,阐述环烷基原油加工润滑油基础油的工艺特性,对环烷基原油生产润滑油产品具有一定的指导意义。     

驱油剂对中间层原油乳状液稳定性的影响

考察了孤岛油田中间层原油和外输原油的稳定性差异以及驱油剂对原油乳状液稳定性的影响.对于同一种破乳剂TA1031,在相同的脱水条件下,外输原油与中间层原油的最终脱水率分别为95.48％和78.40％,加入二元复合驱之后,脱水率分别为83.33％和70.30％.随着驱油剂浓度的增加,zeta电位的负值越来越大,乳状液稳定性...     

用Hydroskim法计算原油价格

Ｈｙｄｒｏｓｋｉｍ法计算原油价格是依据原油性质及油品的市场价格得出的。通过将计算的原油价格与市场价格比较，为购买国外原油时能否接受卖方报价提供依据。     

Gemini Surfactant as a New “Green” Demulsifier for Treating Oilfield Emulsions

Abstract

Surface tension and interfacial tension (IFT) were the key factors asso- ciated with the stability of crude oil emulsion. Investigation of interfacial tension behavior related with the demulsification of crude oil emulsions can have a great impact on the development of crude oil demulsification processes and products. This article presents the surface and interface behaviors of Gemini surfactants (12-2-12, (12)-2-(12), (14)-2-(14)). The results indicated that (12)-2-(12) could exhibit higher surface and interface active properties. The demulsification efficiency and related factors were also discussed. It showed that as an environmentally friendly and safer demulsifier, Gemini surfactant could exhibit better demulsification efficiency.     

An Environment-Friendly Alkaline Solution for Enhanced Oil Recovery

Abstract

The injection of alkali and alkali/polymer solutions is a well-known enhanced oil recovery technique. This article demonstrates how wood ash can be used as a source of low cost alkali instead of synthetic alkali that is also environmentally friendly. From the experimental studies, it is found that the pH value of 6% wood ash extracted solution is very close to the pH value of 0.5% synthetic NaOH or of 0.75% Na₂SiO₃ solution. A preliminary microscopic study of oil/oil droplets interaction in natural alkaline solution was carried out in order to understand the oil/water interface changes with time and its effect on oil/oil droplet coalescence. Also, interfacial tension (IFT) was measured for both synthetic and natural alkaline solutions. The IFT values in the presence of acidic crude oil show comparable results.     

高酸原油破乳效果差的原因分析

高酸劣质原油的破乳脱盐成为加工企业迫切需要解决的技术难题。采用组分分析和原油破乳脱水方法,对荣卡多、多巴和阿尔巴克拉3种典型高酸原油的主要组成和乳化特性进行研究,结果表明：高酸原油不仅含有环烷酸,而且还含有一定量的环烷酸盐;环烷酸和环烷酸非碱金属盐基本不影响高酸原油破乳,但环烷酸钠具有较强的表面活性,对原油乳化作用强,是导致高酸原油破乳困难的主要因素。     

奥里乳化原油的破乳脱水研究

根据委内瑞拉奥里乳化原油的特点和加工利用的需要在实验室用瓶试法筛选出四种比较有效的奥里乳化原油破乳剂,对其中两种性能较好的破乳剂考察了稀释剂及破乳温度对奥里乳化原油破乳脱水的影响,并分析了奥里乳化原油和普通油包水原油脱水的不同之处,讨论了奥里乳化原油自然破乳及不同操作条件对脱水的影响。研究表明,奥里乳化原油破乳时,如果处于静止状态,脱水将非常迅速,如果处于搅拌或者运动状态,脱水非常困难。     

环烷酸对高沥青质含量稠油乳状液稳定性的影响

以高沥青质塔河稠油为研究对象,从中分离出沥青质,配制成模型油乳状液;从辽河、苏丹原油中分离出天然羧酸,考察原油中天然羧酸对塔河沥青质模型油乳状液稳定性的影响。 结果表明,天然羧酸可以起到类似于胶质的作用,通过对沥青质的分散作用,降低沥青质模型油乳状液的稳定性。 有机羧酸和烷基芳磺酸可以起到与天然羧酸类似的作用,而且烷基芳磺酸降低模型油乳状液稳定性的能力更强。     

ESMAOC AS POUR POINT DEPRESSANT FOR CRUDE OIL AND HEAVY OIL PRODUCTS

ABSTRACT

The synthesis of esterified copolymer of maleic anhydride/olefines mixture and its effect as pour point depressant for crude oil and heavy oil products were studied. The optimum ratio of the maleic anhydride/mixed a-olefines for the synthesis of EsMAOC is 1:6.29. On Daqing crude oil, the adequate addition amount of EsMAOC is 0·5–1.0 wt% when the decrease of pour point can reach to 8–10°C. To Anshan heavy diesel oil No. 20, the data are 1·0 wt%, 13°C respectively.     

酯化高酸原油的腐蚀性研究

研究了石油酸酯和酯化高酸原油的热稳定性及腐蚀性规律。结果表明,石油酸酯在高温下会发生一定的分解,但石油酸经酯化后可有效抑制腐蚀,缓蚀率达95%以上;酯化降酸抑制腐蚀的程度与酯化高酸原油中金属羧酸盐含量有关,通过脱除原油中的金属羧酸盐及采用稳定的非均相催化剂,可降低石油酸酯分解反应速率,达到抑制腐蚀的目的。     

Improvement of rheological properties of Algeria crude oil by addition of extra-light crude oil and a surfactant agent

Abstract

Effect of surfactant and extra-light crude oil addition on the rheological behaviors of an Algeria crude oil in order to improving its flowability were studied at low temperature. These rheological properties include steady flow behavior, yield stress and viscoelastic behavior. An AR-2000 rheometer was employed in all of the rheological examination tests. Results show that Toluene and extra-light crude oil addition causes a strong reduction in viscosity, the yield stress and can effectively increase of crude oil transport capacity. The toluene addition gets its best flow capacity and lowest viscosity at 6%. The extra-light crude oil addition obtains its best flow capacity and lowest viscosity at 50%. The viscoelasticity character of the crude oil has indicate a significantly influence by the addition of Toluene and extra-light crude oil.