New Equations Predicting the Best Performance of Electrostatic Desalter

Production of wet crude due to the raise in oil-water contact in many Iranian oil fields had been a growing field problem. Application of the right technology and installation of proper desalting facilities were required to solve this problem. Therefore, it was decided to install electrostatic desalting plants progressively in Iranian oil fields. By end of 2004, more than 20 plants with a total capacity of 1.3 MMSTB/day of treated crude had been installed. It is expected that production of wet crude will rise to 2.3 MMSTB/day in Iran by the year 2007. The performance of the majority of current desalting plants have been tested and found satisfactory. New equations covering a wide range of oil types are developed to estimate the optimum treating rate, treating temperature, and treating viscosity for dual polarity and AC conventional electrostatic desalters in Iranian oil fields. Based on these equations, this study suggests that dual polarity electrostatic desalters are more beneficial economically when compared with AC conventional electrostatic desalters. Dual polarity desalters may operate at a minimum crude oil inlet temperature, resulting in extra fuel savings, eliminating the need for a heating system in the vessel. Also, its treating rate is more than AC conventional electrostatic desalters.     

YL-2010复配型原油破乳剂的研究与应用

通过评价 2 0多种商品破乳剂单剂对鲁宁管输原油乳液的脱水效果 ,筛选出了 6种性能较好的单剂。将这 6种单一组分破乳剂进行相互等量复配 ,组成二元复合体系 ,并测定了这些复合体系对原油乳液的脱水性能。由存在明显协同效应的破乳剂单剂PA - 1和PB - 2为主剂组成的二元复配破乳剂YL - 2 0 10对鲁宁管输原油的破乳脱水性能优良。在两套电脱盐装置上应用 8个月以来 ,脱盐、脱水合格率达 10 0 %。     

高频/高压脉冲交流电场破乳技术及其原油电脱盐应用研究

劣质原油的电脱盐预处理是当前炼油企业普遍面临的一个技术难题。通过系统介绍世界范围内原油乳化液电场破乳技术的发展历程,指出高频/高压脉冲交流电场应该引起国内业界的关注。实验室内可行性实验和工业侧线试验结果均表明,高频/高压脉冲方波交流电场的破乳效果优于常规工频/高压交流电场,获得最佳破乳效果的电场频率应该依据原油乳化液的具体理化特性(如水含量、乳化程度、破乳温度等)筛选确定,且一般在1 500 Hz以上。BIPTHFAC-Ⅲ型高频/高压脉冲方波交流电源的现场测试结果表明,在最佳电场频率区间内的电脱盐率均高于同期参照对象的平均电脱盐率,同时还能缩短水力停留时间以及节省加热成本。高频/高压脉冲交流电场破乳技术为炼油企业应对复杂劣质原油的脱盐难题提供了一条切实可行的解决方案,值得进一步开展工业应用研究。     

双进油双电场电脱盐脱水技术及其在大港石化的应用

中国石油大港石化分公司5.0 Mt/a电脱盐装置原采用高速电脱盐技术和交直流电脱盐技术,投运之后脱后盐含量、水含量均不合格。采用双进油双电场技术进行改造后,脱后原油盐（NaCl）含量（质量浓度）小于3 mg/L、水质量分数小于0.2%,合格率为100%;脱后排水油含量（质量浓度）小于150 mg/L,合格率95%～100%;在脱钙剂注入量为25～35 μg/g时,脱后原油钙质量分数小于10 μg/g 。     

塔河原油电脱盐助剂筛选及工艺优化

为解决塔河原油电脱盐脱水难题,选取多种不同类型破乳剂进行高温电脱盐评价实验,从中筛选出效果较好的进口油溶性破乳剂PR2.针对塔河原油高沥青质、胶质含量,存在结晶盐及极性物质吸附的特点,筛选了性能良好的脱盐助剂T6,并对电脱盐工艺和脱盐助剂用量进行优化.实验结果表明,在温度为140℃,电场强度为1000 V/cm,注水20％,混合强度为手摇400次,油溶性破乳剂PR2添加量为20 μg/g,脱盐助剂T6每级添加量20 μg/g的优化条件下,塔河原油三级脱后含盐低至2.34 mg/L,脱后含水小于0.3％.并在动态电脱盐实验装置上得到验证,为解决塔河原油脱盐脱水难题,实现原油深度脱盐脱水提供了技术支撑.     

炼油厂电脱盐装置用破乳剂的设计原则探讨及其实际应用

根据对炼油厂与采油厂的原油破乳技术条件和工艺指标要求差异性的分析,概括归纳了炼油厂与采油厂对原油破乳剂性能的不同要求,并进一步总结了炼油厂电脱盐装置用破乳剂的设计原则。在此原则的指导下,综合考虑长庆油田公司第一助剂厂加工原油的性质和工艺指标要求,有针对性设计了一种新型炼油厂电脱盐装置用破乳剂CYZ-L-4。室内评价和装置实验结果表明:CYZ-L-4不仅能够满足第一助剂厂电脱盐装置的工艺技术指标的要求,而且具有降低注入水用量,脱出水含油量低的优点,成本也低于原来的破乳剂。同时对CYZ-L-4使用过程中电脱盐装置负荷情况的对比测试结果证明CYZ-L-4能够有效降低电脱盐装置负荷。试验结果证明:炼油厂电脱盐装置用破乳剂的设计原则不仅在理论上是可行的,而且在实践中取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

超声波破乳技术在电脱盐工艺中的应用

超声波破乳技术是新兴的原油破乳技术,具有低能耗,脱盐效果好等特点.超声波替代破乳剂在庆阳石化公司电脱盐生产中的应用表明:采用超声波破乳可使电脱盐罐电流显著降低,原油二级脱盐后含盐量小于3.0 mg/L,总排水的水质得到明显的改善.     

伊朗原油生产润滑油基础油的工业试验

进行了伊朗原油减二、减三线、减四线及脱沥青油采用糠醛精制、酮苯脱蜡和白土精制传统加工工艺生产润滑油基础油的工业放大试验。结果表明,伊朗减二线及脱沥青油基础的粘度指数大于９０,与ＨＶ１１５０及ＨＶ１１５０ＢＳ基础油的具体指标有一定差距,其它质量指标分别达到ＨＶ１１５０和ＨＶ１１５０ＢＳ基础油的技术要求;伊朗减三线、减四线基础油的粘度指数小于９０,其它质量指标分别达到ＨＶ１４００和ＨＶ１６５０基础油的     

重整生成油液相脱氯剂DL-1在连续催化重整装置中的工业应用

针对中国石油大连石化公司2.2 Mt/a连续催化重整装置因氯化物生成铵盐而造成脱戊烷塔塔顶空气冷却器及管道堵塞、腐蚀，生成油中氯化物会使芳烃抽提单元溶剂劣质化，并且原用金属氧化物液相脱氯剂M的效果并不理想等问题，改用中国石化石油化工科学研究院开发的液相脱氯剂DL-1，应用结果表明：液相脱氯剂DL-1的脱氯效果良好，脱氯罐出口的氯质量分数低于0.5 μg/g，同时满足脱氯罐床层压降不大于0.03MPa的要求，单罐运转时间超过技术保证值，设备的堵塞、腐蚀问题得到有效缓解；芳烃抽提单元环丁砜劣化的趋势得到有效控制，溶剂再生塔内树脂的使用寿命明显延长，保证了装置的平稳运行。     

超声波电脱盐的自动化设计

以炼油厂的原油为研究对象,根据工厂实际电脱盐流程,设计了超声波电脱盐联合破乳实验装置,进行原油破乳动态实验。通过多次实验,比较了超声波电脱盐联合作用和单一电脱盐作用的脱盐脱水效果。在超声电脱盐联合作用下,含盐量从50 mg/L降至3 mg/L,含水量可以降至0.3%,降低了电脱盐排水COD和含油量。超声波电脱盐装置完全满足炼厂的要求,且较大程度地提高经济效益,减少环境污染,具有一定的工业应用前景。     

电脱盐装置操作优化及设备改造

原油电脱盐在炼油企业中占据着较为重要的地位,为满足深度脱盐的要求,针对原油电脱盐装置的实际问题阐述了操作优化问题,提出了具体的设备改造建议。     

高酸重质原油的电脱盐技术选择

中海石油宁波大榭石化有限公司主要加工渤海湾的低硫高酸重质原油,采用两级交直流电脱盐技术,脱后原油含水、含盐指标不合格。对电脱盐工艺和设备存在问题进行分析,决定对第一级电脱盐场及相关配套设备进行改造,第一级电脱盐采用高频和低频交直流相结合的电场设计方案,高频智能响应控制电源的三相交流电经过整流滤波得到连续可调的直流电,然后经过全桥式逆变器,产生频率、脉宽及幅值均连续可调的矩形波交流电,经过变压器升压变换后输出到负载,产生具有高穿透能力的高频电场,对乳化液产生强列冲击并使其破乳化。比较改造前后运行效果发现该技术在加工高酸重质原油等重质劣质原油时显示出优异性能,提高了电脱盐效率(提高了6个百分点),降低了脱后原油盐含量(降低了4个单位),基本满足内控指标,电脱切水的含油也大幅下降,降低了能耗,提高了企业的经济效益。     

超声波在炼油厂原油破乳脱水脱盐中的应用

 以鲁宁管输原油为研究对象,利用功率超声对原油破乳并进行脱盐研究。结果发现,二次脱水脱盐的脱盐效果优于单次处理过程,但脱水效果稍差。在二次脱盐较优的操作条件下,即在处理温度80℃、2次注水量均为5%（体积分数）、破乳剂用量20μg/g、驻波场声强0。38W/cm2、辐射时间5min、沉降温度75℃、沉降时间90min的条件下,原油脱后水含量为0.45%（质量分数）,脱水率为91.6%;按NaCl计,脱后盐含量1.14mg·L-1,脱盐率96.4%;与单次处理过程相比,脱盐率提高了9.7%。超声波具有增强炼油厂原油脱水脱盐的作用,尤其是二次脱水脱盐处理工艺能够确保原油脱水脱盐后的盐含量处于较低水平。 该技术对确保原油预处理过程的稳定与安全具有现实意义。     

超声波强化原油脱盐脱水的实验研究

 考察了超声强化原油预处理工艺中的部分影响因素，包括电场强度、超声波频率、超声波功率、破乳剂用量、注水量等。超声波是促进原油破乳脱水的主要因素之一。实验结果表明，超声频率为10kHz的处理效果优于20kHz的；超声波功率和电场强度增加，均可使原油的脱盐脱水效率增加，当超声波功率为150W、电场强度为1.2kV/cm时，原油的脱盐脱水效果最佳，继续增加时，脱盐脱水效果反而降低；破乳剂用量也存在一最佳值(20~30μg/g)；注水量越多越有利于脱盐，但水含量增加, 因此采用5%（质量分数）左右的注水量能取得较理想的脱水脱盐效果。超声波强化原油脱水、脱盐工艺技术为炼油过程中原油预处理工艺提供了一种新的途径，保障了炼油生产的稳定与安全。     

Effects of Process Conditions on Desalting and Demetalization of Crude Oil

Abstract

The efficiency of desalting for six crude oils was studied with a SY-1 dynamic simulation experimental installation. The demulsifier DC2 was examined for 1#, 2#, and 4# crude oil and DC4 was used for 3#, 5#, and 6# crude oil. The effects of temperature, electric field gradient, dosage of demulsifier, and washing water on the desalting efficiency of six crude oils were investigated. The results showed that at the optimization process condition after desalting, the desalting efficiency and the salt content of 1# crude oil reached 89.17% and 1.92 mg/L; that of 2# crude oil reached 85.08% and 1.04 mg/L; that of 3# crude oil reached 91.06% and 1.35 mg/L; that of 4# crude oil reached 81.67% and 1.51 mg/L; that of 5# crude oil reached 81.03% and 2.32 mg/L; and that of 6# crude oil reached 86.64% and 2.67 mg/L. Different crude oils have different metal contents. Three assistants, ammonium nitrate (TJ1), nitric acid (TJ3), and polyamine carboxylate (TJ4), were used to improve the efficiencies of desalting and demetalization of six crude oils. TJ4 was more efficient in removing calcium and iron for 1# and 2# crude oil. TJ1 was more efficient in desalting and demetalizing 5# crude oil. The efficiencies for removal of calcium, iron, nickel, and vanadium respectively reached 99.89%, 98.33%, 20.58%, and 43.02%. TJ3 has better efficiency desalting and demetalizing for 6# crude oil. With the concentration of TJ3 increasing from 0 to 80 mg/L, the desalting efficiency increases from 31.22% to 73.54%, and the iron removal efficiency increases from 56.0% to 74.05%.     

Effects of Process Conditions on Desalting and Demetalization of Crude Oil

The efficiency of desalting for six crude oils was studied with a SY-1 dynamic simulation experimental installation. The demulsifier DC2 was examined for 1#, 2#, and 4# crude oil and DC4 was used for 3#, 5#, and 6# crude oil. The effects of temperature, electric field gradient, dosage of demulsifier, and washing water on the desalting efficiency of six crude oils were investigated. The results showed that at the optimization process condition after desalting, the desalting efficiency and the salt content of 1# crude oil reached 89.17% and 1.92 mg/L; that of 2# crude oil reached 85.08% and 1.04 mg/L; that of 3# crude oil reached 91.06% and 1.35 mg/L; that of 4# crude oil reached 81.67% and 1.51 mg/L; that of 5# crude oil reached 81.03% and 2.32 mg/L; and that of 6# crude oil reached 86.64% and 2.67 mg/L. Different crude oils have different metal contents. Three assistants, ammonium nitrate (TJ1), nitric acid (TJ3), and polyamine carboxylate (TJ4), were used to improve the efficiencies of desalting and demetalization of six crude oils. TJ4 was more efficient in removing calcium and iron for 1# and 2# crude oil. TJ1 was more efficient in desalting and demetalizing 5# crude oil. The efficiencies for removal of calcium, iron, nickel, and vanadium respectively reached 99.89%, 98.33%, 20.58%, and 43.02%. TJ3 has better efficiency desalting and demetalizing for 6# crude oil. With the concentration of TJ3 increasing from 0 to 80 mg/L, the desalting efficiency increases from 31.22% to 73.54%, and the iron removal efficiency increases from 56.0% to 74.05%.     

采用双进油双电场技术进行电脱盐装置扩能改造及调试运行分析

某炼油厂已有φ3 200 mm×20 000 mm(T/T)交直流电脱盐设备,为了增加处理量和加工重质、劣质原油,采用双进油双电场技术进行改造,改造保留了现有罐体及绝大部分的附属设施,仅更换了双进油双电场的专有内件,增加了上部进油支管、上部反冲洗和流量调节回路。该改造方案投资小、周期短。改造后原油处理量提升至2.5 Mt/a,可处理玛瑞原油与M480燃料油混合油品。脱后油品NaCl质量浓度小于3 mg/L,水质量分数小于0.20%,脱后排水中油质量分数小于150μg/g。     

影响高速电脱盐平稳运行因素分析及应对措施

电脱盐运行的好坏是影响常减压蒸馏装置安全平稳、长周期运行的重要因素。对于原油变化频繁的装置,电脱盐的操作尤为重要。针对中国石油化工股份有限公司燕山分公司炼油厂高速电脱盐装置在运行过程中遇到的问题,对影响高速电脱盐的原油换热温度、混合强度和注水量等工艺参数进行调整及优化,取得了一定的效果。脱后含盐合格率提高至90%以上,保证了装置的安全、平稳、长周期运行。     

炼油厂原油电脱盐技术现状与展望

介绍了国外炼油厂原油电脱盐的基本状况及最新技术动态;概述了国内原油电脱盐技术发展状况及应用水平,指出国内电脱盐技术在某些方面已达到国际先进水平。同时对国内电脱盐技术的发展趋势进行了分析。     

委内瑞拉重油破乳脱水的破乳剂评选及电脱盐过程操作条件优化

针对委内瑞拉重油易乳化且在电脱盐过程中破乳脱水困难的问题,通过对5种型号破乳剂的单剂及双剂复配的热化学沉降脱水评选及电化学脱水评选实验,选择油溶性DE-2型破乳剂作为委内瑞拉重油电脱盐过程的适宜破乳剂。利用SH-Ⅱ型电脱盐试验仪对委内瑞拉重油电脱盐过程的操作条件进行了单因素分析及多因素正交实验优化,确定适宜的操作条件为：弱电场强度为500 V/cm,强电场强度为1 050 V/cm,强、弱电场的作用时间均为15 min,沉降时间为30 min,温度为130 ℃,DE-2型破乳剂加入量（w）为8 μg/g。在此条件下,经电脱盐后,委内瑞拉重油中的水含量（w）降至0.196%,可满足炼油厂对委内瑞拉重油加工时水含量的要求。