A Comprehensive Evaluation of High Viscous Crude Oil from Shuguang No. 1 Zone of Liaohe Oil Field

Abstract

The high viscous crude oil from Shuguang No. 1 zone of Liaohe oil field has the characteristics of high density (ρ ₂₀ = 0.9977 g cm^?3), great viscosity (ν ₁₀₀ = 1223.9 mm² s^?1) and high pour point (48°C), which are similar to those of the residue distillation of general crude oils. It contains no gasoline distillation and the diesel oil fraction yield is just 7.19%. It is often used as fuels after emulsification. But this oil is so vicious that it cannot be atomized uniformly and burned fully. In order to make full use of it, this kind of high viscous crude oil has been evaluated comprehensively and the properties of its various distillations are analyzed respectively. The results indicate that this crude oil contains less wax, but more resins and asphaltene, which belongs to low-sulfur naphthene-base crude oils and it is the suitable material to produce high-quality paving asphalt. Based on its characteristics, the optimum processing scheme is put forward and the high-quality paving asphalt is produced by using the distillation higher than 350°C.     

Distillation Yields from Blending Cabinda Crude Oil and Oman Crude Oil

Abstract

The blending optimization of Cabinda and Oman crude oil was investigated to provide a consistent and optimal feedstock to refinery operations. The distillation yields < 520°C and products' distribution were studied by equilibrium-fresh vaporization (EFV) method. The results revealed that the optimal blending ratio of Cabinda and Oman crude oil was 7:3, the distillation yield before 520°C was 73.90%, 3.87% higher than the theoretical distillation yield. Relationship of distillation yields, kinematic viscosities (50°C), and surface tension (25°C) showed that the change of kinematic viscosities and surface tension were contrasted with the change of distillation yield, and meanwhile, the diesel fraction output was comparatively increased during blending distillation.     

Evaluation of Some Organic Solvents for Refining Diesel Fuel Fraction

Abstract

Using solvent extraction, we studied the oil refining process of diesel fuel fraction (boiling range 212°C to 343°C) crude oil from the Suez oil petroleum company (Cairo, Egypt). We used organic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), furfural, mixtures of N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) + ethylene glycol (EG) as an antisolvent as well as dimethylformamide (DMF) + (EG). In addition, we determined the critical solution temperature (CST) of the examined solvents with the feedstock. The efficiency of pure and mixed solvents has been evaluated in terms of yield and characteristics of the raffinates obtained. We evaluated the selectivity (β) as well as the solvent power (K) of the examined solvents. The ternary miscibility diagrams of the systems' diesel fuel fraction (pure and mixed solvents) have also been determined.     

STUDY ON PROCESSING SCHEME OF HIGH VISCOUS CRUDE FROM NO.1 SHUGUANG ZONE OF LIAOHE OIL

The characteristics of the high viscous crude from No.1 Shuguang Zone of Liaohe Oil Field are similar to those of residue distillates of general crude such as high density (ρ₂₀ = 0.9977 g.cm^?3), high viscidity (ν₁₀₀ = 1223.9 mm².s^?1) and high solidifying point(SP = 48°C). It contains no gasoline distillate and diesel yield is just 7.19%. And now it is only used as fuel. In order to make full use of this oil, the high viscous crude from No.1 Shuguang Zone of Liaohe Oil Field is evaluated comprehensively. And the properties of various distillates from the crude are analyzed and evaluated respectively. The results indicate that this oil contains less wax, but rich in resin and asphaltene, which belongs to low sulfur naphthene-base crude oil and can be used as feedstock to produce high paving asphalt. According to its characteristics, the optimum processing scheme is put forward and the high grade paving asphalts are produced by using the distillates higher than 350°C.     

Production of High-Grade Asphalt from Liaoshu Crude Oil

Abstract

The high viscous crude oil for Shuguang No. 1 zone of Liaohe oilfield has the characteristics of high density (ρ₂₀ = 0.9977 g.cm^?3), high viscidity (ν₁₀₀ = 1,223.9 mm².s^?1), and high solidifying point (SP = 48°C), which belongs to low sulfur naphthene-base crude oil. The comprehensive evaluations indicate that this oil has no gasoline fraction and the diesel oil is only 7.19%. In addition, the lubricating oil distillate is not suited to produce lubricating oil and heavy oil is not good feedstock for catalytic cracking. However, the low wax and high resin, as well as asphaltene content, make it an ideal raw material for producing paving asphalt. The vacuum residue of this crude acted as base oil and three kinds of waste oil with high aromatics and low wax content were selected as blenders. Various brands of high-grade paving asphalts meeting GB/T15180-94 (China) specification were produced by blending method. The blending effects were investigated and corresponding mathematics models were set up.     

Sulfur compounds in the fuel range fractions from different crude oils

A gas chromatograph coupled with sulfur chemiluminscence detector (GC-SCD) has been used for the speciation of individual sulfur compounds in fractions of different crude oils. The crude oil fractions characterized were light naphtha (C5-90°C), heavy naphtha (90–140°C), kerosene (140–240°C), and gas oil (240–370°C) fractions obtained from true boiling point distillation process. Low boiling fractions (up to 140°C) were analyzed by existing ASTM D5623 (American Society for Testing and Materials, 2009a) method for sulfur compound speciation. As there is no standard method for the distribution of sulfur compounds in high boiling samples (up to 370°C), therefore, a methodology has been developed for the diesel range samples. The identification of individual sulfur compounds were carried out by using reference sulfur compounds. The results show that type of sulfur compounds depends upon the boiling range of the fraction and source of crude oil. The major changes in the sulfur compounds profiles of different fractions are discussed. The results of this study can be used to predict the suitability of crude oil for the production of Euro-IV and V gasoline and diesel fuels.     

ESMAOC AS POUR POINT DEPRESSANT FOR CRUDE OIL AND HEAVY OIL PRODUCTS

ABSTRACT

The synthesis of esterified copolymer of maleic anhydride/olefines mixture and its effect as pour point depressant for crude oil and heavy oil products were studied. The optimum ratio of the maleic anhydride/mixed a-olefines for the synthesis of EsMAOC is 1:6.29. On Daqing crude oil, the adequate addition amount of EsMAOC is 0·5–1.0 wt% when the decrease of pour point can reach to 8–10°C. To Anshan heavy diesel oil No. 20, the data are 1·0 wt%, 13°C respectively.     

Study on Distribution and Composition of Carboxylic Acids of Bohai Crude Oil in China

Abstract

This study concerns the distribution, type, and structure of carboxylic acids in the 200–550°C distillates of Bohai crude oil. The acids, isolated by aqueous alcoholic sodium hydroxide, were converted into corresponding methyl esters with BF₃ as a catalyst. The chemical structure of these carboxylic acids and distribution of their various components in different distillates were studied in detail by IR, VPO, MS, and elemental analysis. The results show that the carboxylic acids in Bohai crude oil are mainly composed of naphthenic acids and branched chain fatty acids, and the content is high in distillates at about 405 and 505°C. With the increase of boiling temperatures of distillates, the content of naphthenic acids increases gradually. The ring numbers of naphthenic acids in diesel distillate are mainly 1–3, and those in lubricant distillate are mainly 1–6.     

A Comprehensive Evaluation of High Viscous Crude Oil from Shuguang No. 1 Zone of Liaohe Oil Field

The high viscous crude oil from Shuguang No. 1 zone of Liaohe oil field has the characteristics of high density (ρ₂₀ = 0.9977 g cm^-3), great viscosity (ν₁₀₀ = 1223.9 mm² s^-1) and high pour point (48°C), which are similar to those of the residue distillation of general crude oils. It contains no gasoline distillation and the diesel oil fraction yield is just 7.19%. It is often used as fuels after emulsification. But this oil is so vicious that it cannot be atomized uniformly and burned fully. In order to make full use of it, this kind of high viscous crude oil has been evaluated comprehensively and the properties of its various distillations are analyzed respectively. The results indicate that this crude oil contains less wax, but more resins and asphaltene, which belongs to low-sulfur naphthene-base crude oils and it is the suitable material to produce high-quality paving asphalt. Based on its characteristics, the optimum processing scheme is put forward and the high-quality paving asphalt is produced by using the distillation higher than 350°C.     

SULFUR COMPOUND TYPE DISTRIBUTION IN NAPHTHA AND GAS OIL FRACTIONS OF KUWAITI CRUDE

ABSTRACT

The need for detailed information on the types of sulfur compounds present in various petroleum cuts has been well recognized by refiners and environmentalists worldwide. This need is growing in recent years in view of the current environmental regulations that limit the sulfur content of transportation fuels to very low levels. In the present work we have studied the distribution of different kinds of sulfur compounds present in light and middle distillates of Kuwait crude oil. A representative sample of Kuwait crude oil was fractionated into naphtha (15-160°C) and 10-15°C cuts in the gas oil boiling range (210-340°C) using an 80L capacity autodistillation unit “AUTODEST-800” according to ASTM 2892. The distribution of various types of sulfur compounds in each of these cuts was quantitatively estimated by capillary gas chromatography equipped with a sulfur chemiluminescence detector. Thiophene and its alkyl derivatives constituted about 60% of the total sulfur compounds in the naphtha fraction. The remaining 40% was composed of mercaptanes and alkyl sulfides. In the gas oil boiling range (210-340) two groups of sulfur compounds, namely, alkyl benzothiophenes and alkyl dibenzothiophenes were present. A major portion of the alkyl benzothiophenes was found in the fraction boiling in the narrow range 235-257°C. Among the alkyl dibenzothiophenes, the concentration of C, and C₂ DBTs decreased while that of higher alkyl DBTs (< C₃-DBTs) increased with increasing temperature. The C₁ and C₂ alkyl DBTs were highly concentrated in a fraction boiling between 280-325°C and these sulfur compounds were absent in the fraction boiling above 330°C. The industrial implications of these results are discussed.     

THE EFFECT OF ANTIOXIDANT ADDITIVE ON THE THERMOXIDATION STABILITY OF DISTILLATES FROM MEDIUM CRUDE OIL

ABSTRACT

Fractions 100-150, 150-200, 200-250°C were distilled from medium Iraqi crude oil. The thermo-oxidation stability experiments were carried out on original and inhibited (with Topanol 0) distillate fractions using the Alcor Jet Fuel Thermal Tester, over a temperature range 516-573 k. It was found that the antioxidant (Topanol 0) efficiency depends on the fractions composition and the oxidation temperature. Only 30 PPM of Topanol 0 stabilizes fraction 100-150°C to a considerable extent. Also, an inhibition effect is obtained in fraction 150-200°C but at a higher antioxidant concentration (90 PPM). Only, slight inhibition effect was observed in fraction 200-250°C at low oxidation temperature (below 551 K), while effect will be of no value at higher oxidation temperatures.     

Separation and Characterization of Naphthenic Acids Contained in Penglai Crude Oil

Abstract

Naphthenic acids were separated from highly acidic Penglai crude oil by aqueous alkaline solution and analyzed by infrared spectrum (IR) and mass spectrum (MS). According to our results, the solution was composed of ethanolamine, alcohol, and water, the ratio being 0.1:7.9:10. When the solution and crude oil (ratio 0.4:1) were stirred at the speed of 300–400 r/min at 50°C for at least 10 min, more than 70% of the naphthenic acids in the crude oil could be removed. IR and MS results confirmed the presence of diversified naphthenic acids in Penglai crude oil and provided relative content information.     

The Pressure Effect on Rheological Behavior of Water Content of Waxy Crude Oil

Abstract

The viscosity of waxy crude oil and oils with different water contents from Bohai Sea oilfield with different temperature, pressure, and shear rate was studied. The relationship between viscosity and temperature or pressure fit well to the exponential law. The wax appearance temperature (WAT) at high pressure was also studied. The WAT increased linearly with pressure, and the slope was about 0.1°C/MPa. The maximum deviation of the WAT with different water contents was 0.5°C when the pressure changed from 0.1 to 12 MPa and this demonstrates that water content had little effect on the WAT of Bohai Sea crude oil.     

VISCOSITY OF WATER IN OIL EMULSIONS

ABSTRACT

Increase in water cut in oil fields generally calls for an increase in the capacity of transport pipelines. Proper design and operation of the latter requires good knowledge of the thermophysical properties of flow resistance of crude-oil water mixtures. An experimental program aimed at measurements of oil-water emulsion viscosity for water cuts prior to the inversion point was conducted.

The present work reports on measurements of Nimr crude oil-water mixtures viscosity for different water cuts and a typical range of temperatures representative of field conditions (20°-50°C). Three mixing intensities of 10⁶, 5×10⁶ and 15×10⁶ erg/cm-sec generated by a dynamic coalescer and directly relevant to field conditions were used.

The results suggest that the inversion point occurs around a value of water cut of 35%. Both Newtonian and non-Newtonian (pseudo-plastic) behaviour were observed, and the ASTM viscosity model is found to be applicable to the emulsions. The effect of the mixing intensity on the resulting emulsion viscosity was found to be important at low temperatures and decreased at high temperatures. The experimental data fitted the available correlations in the literature.     

牙哈原油综合评价

介绍了对牙哈原油进行的综合评价。结果表明:该原油的特点是密度小(849.9 kg/m3),轻质油收率高,且质量好,初馏点～145℃馏分是理想的重整原料,初馏点～180℃是较理想的汽油调合组分,也是优良的乙烯裂解原料,初馏点～350℃收率72.17%,加工时应严格控制比例,比例过高,常压塔的汽相负荷大,会影响常减压装置的稳定操作和安全生产。牙哈原油重整原料的收率较高,砷、氯,硫含量低,腐蚀合格。牙哈原油芳烃潜含量较高,重整加工时芳烃收率指数高达73.51%,是较理想的重整原料。牙哈原油喷气燃料组分加工前应针对碱性氮小的情况采取白土精制,保证航空煤油颜色的稳定性。240～300℃,300～350℃两段组分是较理想的柴油馏分,但必须经过加氢或碱洗精制,240～300℃是调合低凝柴油的优质组分。其减压蜡油作为润滑油馏分粘度指数大,黏温性能好,酸值小,芳烃含量较低,适合作生产高黏度指数润滑油的基础油,也是较好的催化裂解原料,大于520℃的减压渣油收率低,应与其他渣油掺炼,没有单独深加工的必要。     

RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BOMBAY HIGH CRUDE OIL IN RELATION TO ITS n-ALKANE COMPONENTS

ABSTRACT

Bombay High crude oil is very waxy in nature and has a high pour point (30^°C), The wax present in it largely consists of solid n-alkanes. Changes in the rheological properties of the crude oil after removal of n-alkanes by urea adduction have been determined. Influence of the concentration of n-alkane components on the rheological properties of non adductable components of crude oil have also been studied.     

A Highly Efficient Decalcification Agent Applied in the Crude Oil of Liaohe

Abstract

A highly efficient decalcification agent without phosphorus matter or metal included was developed for Liaohe crude oil, and calcium contents in the crude before and after decalcification were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Influences of agent-to-calcium ratio, water injection amount, reaction temperature, and reaction time were studied. The results showed that at an agent-to-calcium ratio of 0.6, water injection ratio of 10%, reaction temperature of 90°C, and reaction time of 5 min the decalcification rate of Liaohe can reach more than 90%.     

Comparative studies of the rheological behavior and microstructural properties of emulsions (oil/distilled water phase) and (oil/Lias water phase)

Abstract

The rheological behavior of crude oil and their emulsions were investigated as a function of two water types (distilled water and the LIAS water). The focus of this work is to obtain more knowledge about the effect of LIAS water concentration, which used to maintain pressure and produced from production of crude oil in the oil fields Tin Fouye Tabankort-south Algeria, on the rheological properties of crude oil. The rheological parameters were measured by using AR-2000 rheometer at 15?°C under dynamic and shear testing conditions. The measured data were first classified into two groups for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Depends on the type and concentration of water, the non-Newtonian behavior was described in better way by the Casson, Power law and the Herschel–Bulkley models. The results indicated that the viscosity, the yield stress, the elastic modulus, (G′), the loss modulus, (G″), and the microstructure of the prepared emulsions not only varied with water concentration but also by water types.     

STUDIES ON SLUDGE FROM STORAGE TANK OF WAXY CRUDE OIL PART - I : STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF DISTILLATE FRACTIONS

ABSTRACT

Tank bottom sludge from storage tanks of Bombay High crude oil deposited during ten years have been studied. The yield of the sludge is approximately 0.1% wt. of the crude oil through-put. The residue boiling above 500°C amounts to over 50%. The distillate fractions collected at 50°C intervals have been analysed extensively and compared to fractions from whole crude of same boiling range. The sludge distillate are distinctly more paraffinic in nature.     

Investigation of non-Newtonian flow characterization and rheology of heavy crude oil

The heavy crude oil exhibits a non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior over the examined shear rate. The viscosity of the heavy crude oil decreases about 15.6% when the temperature increased from 30 to 60°C. Heavy crude oil was blended with the aqueous solution of surfactant and saline water in different volumetric proportions of NaCl, and Na₂CO₃ solution mixtures. The addition of 50% of the mixture to the heavy crude oil causes a strong reduction in the viscosity, about 67.5% at 60°C. The heavy crude oil fits the Power law model since it has the lowest average absolute percent error of 0.0291. The flow behavior index of the heavy crude oil reaches a value of 0.9305 at a temperature of 30°C and it increases to 0.9373 when the temperature raises 60°C, while the consistence coefficient decreases from 2.8811 to 2.3558.