井下存储式浮子流量计在水平井产液剖面测试中的应用

水平井产液剖面测试使用的涡轮流量计受启动流量影响,不适应于低液量水平井测试。研制了适用于小流量测试的井下存储式浮子流量计,并与温度、压力、含水测试传感器组成井下存储式水平井产液剖面测试仪,该仪器随油管下入水平井段,无需电缆和爬行器,可在油井正常生产的情况下连续工作一个月,提高了低液量水平井产液剖面测试的准确率和成功率。室内实验和现场先导性试验表明,井下浮子流量计应用于水平井产液剖面测试可行,为低渗透油田水平井产液剖面的流量测试提供了新途径。     

Numerical Investigation of the Impacts of Wall Fluid Entry on Fluid Flow Characteristics and Pressure Drop along a Wellbore

Abstract

Single-point or limited-point wall fluid entry in a wellbore has been observed in different oil and gas wells all over the world through downhole video logging. The wall fluid entry is expected to affect both the fluid flow characteristics in a wellbore and the pressure drop along the wellbore. In order to investigate the impacts of the single-point wall fluid entry, a numerical simulation model has been set up and a series of numerical simulations have been conducted by using a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package. Flow velocity profiles, streaklines, pressure distribution along the wellbore, and so on have been thoroughly investigated. The simulation results clearly demonstrate the influence of the wall fluid entry on the fluid flow as well as the pressure drop along the wellbore. The impacts on the pressure drop along the wellbore have further been quantified.     

A Novel Flow Profiling Approach Using Permanent Downhole Pressure Gauges

Abstract

Flow profiling through permanent downhole pressure gauge, a novel and unique application, is proposed in the present paper. Theoretical development of the new technique is first provided. Example studies are then given to illustrate the application of the technique. Application scenarios, practical issues, as well as key impacting parameters are also addressed. Finally, a field case study implementing the new technique for a long horizontal well is performed to demonstrate how the production profiles calculated from permanent downhole gauge (PDG) data compare closely to the results from a recent production logging (PLT) survey which was expensive and mechanically risky yet turned out to be unsatisfactory.

The technique could be applied to real-time production and injection profiling for different well configurations (vertical, horizontal, deviated, and multilateral) and bring tremendous financial benefits through replacing conventional production logging surveys that could be cost-extensive for horizontal or multilateral wells offshore.     

水平井井筒变质量流动压降计算新模型

为了使水平井变质量流压降模型更具合理性和准确性,更有效地分析油井产能和生产动态,通过回顾和分析以往关于水平井筒压降模型的计算理论与方法,利用现有实验数据回归分析建立了一种新的射孔完井压降计算回归模型,该模型能够实现射孔完井孔密、相位角连续变化时综合摩擦系数的求取和井筒压降的计算。通过实例对比分析可以看出,该模型和目前常见模型的计算精度较为接近、计算结果较为合理。该模型的提出可以为进一步改进油藏渗流与井筒流动耦合模型的理论研究提供参考。     

MIT和MID-K组合油套损伤检测技术在四川气田的应用

MIT和MID-K组合测井对检测油套管壁厚及内径变化具有较高的探测能力,其配套软件WIVA及MITpro分别可绘制出油套管三维成像图及横截面图,可直观反映油套管腐蚀、穿孔、断裂的位置与状况。本文简介MIT和MID-K的测井原理、仪器结构;结合四川气田5口井的实际测井资料,怎样用MID-K测井资料去识别外层套管的套管鞋,内层套管内壁损伤变形;用MIT多臂井径识别射孔段及筛管;用MID-K及MIT多臂井径结合去识别油套管的水力锚和油套管的穿孔位置。     

肇州油田水平井水平段压降计算及测试

水平井水平段的流动为变径入流量的变质量流动,根据动量守恒方程建立了水平段流动的压力梯度基本方程;通过不同位置的采液指数变化,表征水平井筒中的流动与油藏渗流的耦合,考虑孔眼入流情况下的管壁摩阻系数,建立了一套系统的水平井水平段压降计算模型及方法。水平段压力损失由摩阻压力损失、加速压力损失、混合压力损失以及势能压力损失等四部分组成。对肇州油田州62-平61井水平段压降进行了计算,并在相同生产条件下进行了测试,计算值与实测值误差6％。计算表明,肇州油田9口水平井的水平段总压降大约在0．048～0．26MPa。     

The Establishment and Evaluation of an Effective Driving Pressure System in a Rectangular Five-Spot Pattern

Abstract

For rapid production decline in low-permeability reservoirs, and for pressure transmission discipline between injection and production wells, effective driving pressure system is proposed. An effective driving pressure system can supplement enough energy to layer on time to curb production decline. The calculation of pressure drop at a point in infinite rectangular five-spot pattern is simplified into pressure drop overlay of two bounded rectangular reservoirs by mirror image and inverse mirror image theory. Layer pressure caused by a well with uniform flux fracture in the center of a bounded rectangular reservoir is gained by integrating instantaneous source function. Bottomhole pressure (BHP) of a well with infinite-conductivity fracture in infinite five-spot pattern is gained by pressure overlay while injection and production wells work at the same time. The method of establishing and the model of evaluating effective driving pressure system are gained by demanding for time limits on BHP of the fractured well. Results show that the efficiency of an injection-production pressure system is in directly proportionate to reservoir thickness and permeability, producing pressure drop; is inversely proportionate to production rate and oil viscosity; and is also related to length of fractured crack, well spacing, and well draining. The bigger the production rate, the smaller the terminal well draining while other factors are given; The bigger the permeability, the bigger the production rate while other factors are given; optimizing relationship between permeability, production rate, well spacing, and well draining makes pressure system between injection and production wells stable, and an effective driving pressure system be established.     

水平井变密度射孔优化设计模型

针对水平井应用过程中容易出现底水脊进、射孔成本过高、射孔易损害套管等问题,基于射孔完井水平井生产流体流动压降分析,研究了油藏流体渗流模型、射孔孔眼流体流动模型、井筒流体流动压力梯度模型以及流动耦合模型,建立了水平井变密度射孔优化设计模型。研究结果表明,通过优化水平井变密度射孔密度分布,可有效地调节水平井生产流体流入剖面,防止底水脊进;变密度射孔可减少射孔的数量,降低射孔成本及射孔对套管的损害程度;初始孔密、原油黏度以及是否射穿污染带等影响变密度射孔孔密分布;初始孔密较大时,射孔密度的变化较大;原油黏度较大时,射孔密度的变化较小;已射穿污染带时射孔密度的变化大于未射穿污染带时射孔密度的变化。同时,初始孔密和原油黏度对井底流压和孔眼压降也有较大的影响。图5参14     

PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF FRACTURED AND UN-FRACTURED VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL WELLS IN RESERVOIRS WITH BOTTOM-WATER DRIVE

ABSTRACT

An experimental investigation, using a scaled three- dimensional rectangular model, has been conducted to study the production performance of un-fractured and fractured vertical wells under bottom water drive. The results are compared against those for un-fractured horizontal wells and horizontal wells with orthogonal and longitudinal fractures. The model represented a section of the drainage volume for a single horizontal well in one of the Middle East reservoirs. Kerosene and distilled water were used to represent the reservoir fluids, while glass beads were used to represent the porous medium. All experiments were conducted at the same production rate, which was chosen so that the oil–water interface would remain stable until it approaches the producing well. As expected, fracturing vertical wells greatly improves their performance by increasing oil recovery at breakthrough and ultimate recovery, delaying water breakthrough and reducing pressure drop. While horizontal wells have, in general, better performance than vertical wells, fractured vertical wells perform better than horizontal wells with regard to recovery, water breakthrough and pressure drop. Horizontal wells with orthogonal or longitudinal fractures are found to be superior to fractured vertical wells. In general, increasing the fracture penetration improved the production performance of both vertical and horizontal wells. Interestingly, it was found that extending the fracture penetration towards the original oil–water contact did not, as might have been expected, result in earlier water breakthrough.     

射孔水平井产液剖面均衡性影响因素分析

水平井产液剖面的均衡性间接反映了储层动用程度的均衡性,是射孔参数优化设计的重要依据。将源函数方法与表皮系数模型相结合,基于势的叠加原理,建立了各向异性油藏射孔水平井的油藏-井筒耦合模型,该模型可考虑地层损害和射孔等因素对水平井流入动态的影响,并给出了产液剖面和势分布剖面的求解方法。采用该模型分析得到了井斜角、油层厚度、地层原油黏度和垂向渗透率对射孔水平井产液剖面均衡性的影响规律。受井筒各处流态、泄油面积差异以及井筒内压力损失影响,射孔水平井的流量分布呈现端部效应和跟趾端差异,产液剖面呈斜"U"形;端部效应随着井斜角减小和垂向渗透率降低而减弱,随着油层厚度减小和原油黏度降低而增强;跟趾端的流量差异随着井斜角减小及油层厚度和垂向渗透率降低而减小,随着原油黏度的降低而增大。      

水平井水平段压降的一个分析模型

根据水平井水平段流体的流动特征，建立了水平井筒压降的一个分析模型，Ｄｉｋｋｋｅｎ的压降模型是本模型的一个特例。在水平井筒内为单相紊流情况下，对其摩擦数进行了讨论；并用实例计算了水平段内单相紊流时的压降。由计算结果可知，在水平水平较长时，不能忽略其中的压力损失。     

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文章对水平压裂气井的渗流过程进行了分析，将气体从地层流入水平井底的压降分为三部分：一是气体从地层基质流入到裂缝，通过复位势理论和势的叠加原理得出了有关产能的压降方程；二是从裂缝流入到水平井段，通过对裂缝微元体的分析，得出有关裂缝参数的产能压降方程；三是气体从水平井段指端流入水平井段跟端，通过动量定理得出考虑井筒摩擦等影响因素的产能压降方程。根据得出的这三部分压降方程，考虑各部分间的连接条件，得出了含多条垂直裂缝的水平压裂气井的产能预测模型，通过编程求解了该模型，并分析了裂缝半长、裂缝条数以及裂缝在水平井筒中的位置对水平压裂气井产能的影响，从而为压裂后的产能评价及压裂井的优化设计提供了可靠的理论基础。     

A homogeneous model for gas–liquid flow in horizontal wells

Radial influx or outflux stands for the major difference between fluid flow in a pipe and fluid flow in a well. A homogeneous model for gas–liquid flow in a horizontal well is presented in this paper. In addition to frictional and gravitational components of total pressure drop, accelerational pressure drops due to fluid expansion and radial influx or outflux are considered. Effect of radial influx or outflux on wall friction is also taken account for. With a segmented approach, the new model and several existing pipe flow models have been applied to predict pressure drop along a wellbore, and predictions are compared with experimental data. It is found that the new homogeneous model outperforms existing models for gas–liquid flow in horizontal wells.     

基于电磁法高含水油井产液剖面测井仪现场应用

介绍基于电磁法的高含水油井产液剖面测井仪器,通过模拟井油水两相流动态实验评价仪器的流量测量范围及精度。分析该仪器在聚合物驱以及三元复合驱产出井的现场应用实例。该仪器工作稳定可靠,故障率低,可以提供可信的油水两相流产液剖面测量数据;电磁流量传感器相对涡轮流量传感器在测量通道内无可动部件及阻流元件,在涡轮易卡死油井和三元复合驱高黏度油井中具有明显的应用优势,提高了测井成功率。     

基于注气井刻度法凝析油气产出剖面解释方法

通过对循环注气XY凝析油气田注产剖面测井特性的研究,提出并建立注气井刻度法产出剖面测井解释方法和模型。研究分析23口井注气井干气密度值与温度、压力数据关系,拟合出干气密度值与温度、压力的关系式,应用Standing公式计算的凝析油地层体积系数推算出井下凝析油的密度值。干气的体积系数利用地面干气密度值与计算出井下干气密度值的比值确定。在1口凝析油气井产出剖面测井解释实例中计算出的油、气单相误差在9%以内。该方法为循环注气凝析油气田产出剖面测井解释提出新的解释方法,取得了较好的应用效果。     

有限导流垂直裂缝井稳态渗流解析解及产能分析

现有有限导流垂直裂缝井理论及稳态渗流解析方程计算精度不高,不能完全满足油井生产的需要.在现有理论基础上,通过引入缝面表皮系数,给出了更为准确的圆形封闭油藏有限导流垂直裂缝井压力解析解,可以计算垂直裂缝井稳态产能,并且分析了壁面污染对稳态产能和裂缝压力降落的影响.通过实践检验,证明了本文解析模型计算结果的准确性.     

水平井筒射孔完井变质量流动压降规律

影响水平井产能和向井入流剖面的因素很多,水平井筒沿程压降是其中一个重要因素。结合水平井筒生产实际,在大庆多相流试验环道基础上,设计了壁面注入系统和变质量流动试验段,针对射孔水平井筒变质量流动规律进行了单相和两相变质量流动试验研究。结果表明,单相水平井筒沿程压降随注入比变化,并且存在临界注入比,当注入比超过临界注入比时,压降随着注入比增加显著。进一步的数值模拟研究揭示了其中的原因:当超过临界注入比后,射孔孔眼下游出现流动分离,混合压降开始起作用,从而引起压降的显著增加。油水两相变质量流动除了受注入比影响外,还受到含水率变化的影响,在高流量条件下,40%含水率时压降最高,流型为分散流型;低流量下,压降随含水率变化不大,流型为分层流型。该研究结果对完井设计有一定指导意义。     

多层合采阶梯井产能计算模型的建立与求解

在阶梯井多个生产段同时对多个油层合采时产能预测难度较大。针对该问题,依据渗流力学、工程流体力学、油藏工程和数值分析有关理论,考虑油藏各向异性、渗流干扰、井筒管流压降和钻完井污染等因素,利用离散化处理方法,建立了阶梯井与薄互层油藏耦合的多层合采阶梯井产能计算模型,分析了该模型具有唯一解的充要条件,给出了求解方法。利用某三层薄互层油藏数据进行了实例计算,分析了井筒径向流率、井筒流量和井筒流压的分布规律,发现阶梯井生产过程中,井筒径向流率分布规律满足高阶偶次多项式,流量分布规律满足三次多项式,流压沿井筒呈抛物线状分布且越靠近跟端下降越快,并认为管流摩阻造成的压降和产量损失不可避免;将利用该模型计算的全井产量与Joshi公式的计算结果进行了对比,发现二者仅相差1.79%。研究表明,建立的多层合采阶梯井产能计算模型的计算结果合理,为相关产能预测提供了新方法。      

基于序列二次规划算法的水平井射孔优化

射孔孔眼沿水平井井筒合理分布能提高其开发效果,达到稳油控水的目的。考虑钻井污染和射孔损害对油藏渗流的影响及摩擦损失和加速损失对水平井井筒内压降的影响,建立了油藏渗流和水平井井筒内流体流动耦合模型,扩展了Landman的油藏-井筒稳态渗流耦合模型。基于射孔位置分布对水平井产能和流入剖面的影响,建立了以孔眼位置分布为决策变量、沿井筒流入剖面为约束条件,水平井产量为目标函数的射孔水平井产能优化模型。采用序列二次规划算法对该优化模型进行了求解,得到射孔孔眼沿水平井井筒的最优分布。优化结果表明,射孔孔眼沿水平井井筒存在最佳分布:为得到最大产量,水平井跟部和趾部的射孔孔密较大,中部最小;要使沿井筒入流剖面均匀,射孔孔密沿跟部到趾部方向先增大后减小,约在井筒长度的3/4位置处取得最大值。      

南海北部天然气水合物藏垂直井网降压开采数值模拟

为了提高南海北部低渗透率、泥质粉砂型天然气水合物（以下简称水合物）储层降压开采的气产量和采收率，基于我国2017年水合物试采W17站位水合物层含有少量游离气且下伏泥层的条件，根据实际试采数据，针对单垂直井和垂直井网两种布井方式，利用TOUGH+HYDRATE软件进行了水合物层降压开采数值模拟，研究了开采井产气/产水特征及开采区温度场、压力场、水合物饱和度场的变化特征，进而分析了渗透率、井间干扰对压力场、温度场及流场变化的影响机制。研究结果表明：①低渗透率泥质粉砂型水合物层在降压开采过程中，水合物的分解使水合物沉积层渗透率增大，从而使气、水产量增加；②在降压开采初始阶段，开采井的气、水产量短时达到峰值后急剧减小，水合物迅速分解、吸热及游离气的涌入使得井筒附近温度降低，而后随着开采时间的延续，气、水渗流阻力增加，压降传播速率降低，水合物分解气产量和井口气产量不断降低，水产量则缓慢上升；③水合物的分解由压降和周边流体渗流、传热联合控制，井筒附近及水合物层上下界面处的水合物优先分解，井口产出的天然气有较大部分来自于周边水合物层中的游离气和孔隙水溶解气；④采用垂直井网进行水合物开采，每口井的控制面积减少，单井的产气/产水速率及累计产气/产水量均明显低于单垂直井，但垂直井网开采总的气产量更大、水合物采收率更高；⑤井距决定了每口井的控制面积和最终累计产气量，井间压降叠加效应加速了水合物的分解，井间区域的压力及温度显著低于单井，但井间对称流场的干扰会阻碍气液流动，在井间中心区域将形成“静止区”。结论认为，多井联合开采可以提高井场总的气产量，但需要根据钻井成本、水合物层渗透率、预计生产周期、井场总气产量和水合物采收率等指标来综合确定合理井距。