Investigating the Effect of Capillary Number on Performance Prediction of an Iranian Fractured Gas Condensate Reservoir

Abstract

Gas condensate reservoirs are one of the most complicated reservoirs in which the special thermodynamic behavior of reservoir fluid leads to condensate buildup instead of gas expansion, when the reservoir pressure drops below dew point pressure. To justify the phase behavior of such reservoirs, several models have been proposed. One of the models is a capillary number model that has a considerable effect on the shape of relative permeability curves. Taking account of capillary number is shown to improve the performance prediction of gas condensate reservoirs that otherwise is poorly predicted. In pressures below dew point pressure, velocity and surface tension between gas and oil increases more rapidly in the vicinity of the well compared with other parts of the reservoir, which results in condensate saturation reduction and gas relative permeability improvement. The authors model a fractured gas condensate reservoir with and without taking capillary number into consideration; the performance prediction results are compared to the actual results. The model with capillary number included is shown to be able to predict the performance with a greater accuracy than the case without capillary number.     

Dealing With the Challenges of the Rate-Dependent Skin Phenomenon in a Gas Condensate Reservoir: A Simulation Approach

Abstract

Skin is one of the most challenging problems in oil and gas production, resulting in a reduction in reservoir deliverability. Mechanical skin is introduced to the pay zone during the drilling and completion phase, while rate-dependent skin comes into play as production starts, and is caused by infracting basic Darcy assumptions in a gas reservoir. Dissimilar to conventional gas reservoirs, the formation of condensate jots in a gas condensate reservoir when the bottomhole pressure drops below the dew point causes higher skin, which imposes a greater pressure drop. The authors investigated dependency of skin to flow rate in gas condensate reservoirs through a simulation approach. A radial synthetic reservoir compositional model was developed by using rock and fluid properties and well data based on information from a real gas condensate field in south Iran. A well test analysis was utilized to verify the validity and accuracy of the model. Due to heterogeneity existence in particular field, the authors tried to consider different reservoir and wellbore characteristics in reservoir simulation models. A wide range of rock permeabilities and mechanical skins were examined in different irreducible water saturations. Moreover, all the scenarios were run in two different initial reservoir pressures individually. The result of numerous simulations showed a similarity between the trends of rate-dependent skin versus flow rate for the entire tested model. It was also illustrated that in low-permeable gas condensate reservoirs, the existence of mechanical skin leads to inefficient production. Because mitigation of some kind of mechanical skin types are not efficient, the same simulation study should be performed before starting the drilling operation in a gas condensate reservoir to assess the effect of mechanical skin.     

考虑闪蒸的凝析气井动态产能计算

凝析气井在生产中常会出现反凝析现象,会对其产能预测产生影响,特别是在凝析油含量较高的气藏中影响尤为明显。为此,提出了使用关井压力恢复试井结果,计算凝析气井瞬态产能的方法。从油、气两相渗流方程出发,利用相渗曲线定义拟压力,得到线性化后的油气两相渗流方程。结合状态方程及多组分闪蒸计算,准确描述了凝析气藏在开发过程中相态的变化,得到准确的地层压力和油相饱和度关系,实现了压力与拟压力的转化。利用线性化的拟压力方程可计算试井分析图版,并通过试井分析得到地层渗透率等参数。使用这些地层参数,通过拟压力方程计算得到凝析气井的IPR曲线,最终可对凝析气井的产能进行准确计算和预测。将模型的计算结果与实际井例的生产测试数据进行对比,结果表明其计算合理准确,与已有的井产量数据基本吻合,可在凝析气井中推广使用,以获得准确的产能预测数据。     

Analysis of Near Well-bore Behavior of Gas Condensate Reservoir in Production Stage

Abstract

The formation of condensate banking in the near well-bore region will lead to the reduction in gas relative permeability and loss of well deliverability. This loss is investigated by conducting a series of fine grid numerical compositional simulation with the gas condensate and dry gas reservoir data. Also, a method for calculation of condensate blockage skin factor is introduced in which the skin factor is calculated using dry gas and gas condensate simulation production data. The authors also found that absolute permeability and pressure drawdown of the producing well have significant influence on the well gas deliverability and condensate blockage skin factor.     

低渗致密气藏、凝析气藏开发难点与对策

Low permeability tight gas reservoirs and condensate gas reservoirs account for a rather high proportion ofdomestic gas reserves, but many of them have low productivity. So it is significant to develop these reservoirs effi-ciently for continuous and stable development of China′s petroleum industry. Around the problems of the developmentof deep low permeability tight gas reservoirs and condensate gas reservoirs, this paper makes an analysis on the geo-logic and development characteristics of these reservoirs and presents ten proper technologies. Finally, five technicalmeasures for the development of such gas reservoirs are proposed in detail. These are deep fracturing technology,treatment technology of accumulated liquids in condensate gas well and near well bore, gas injection technology whenthe formation pressure is lower than the maximum condensate pressure, phase behavior analysis technology in porousmedia of low permeability tight condensate gas reservoir and other gas reservoir engineering technologies.     

低渗致密气藏凝析气藏开发难点与对策

我国低渗、致密气藏和凝析气藏的储量占相当大的比例, 而其中相当部分处于低产状态开发好这类气藏对石油工业持续稳定发展具有十分重要的意义。围 绕深层低渗致密气藏、凝析气藏开发问题.首先分析了低渗致密气藏的地质特征和开发特征.提出了低渗致密气藏开发的十项配套工艺技术.最后重点建议了五项技术措施即深度压裂改造技术.凝析气井井筒和近井地带积液的处理技术开发后期低于最大凝析压力条件下的注气技术。低渗致密凝析气藏多孔介质油气体系相态分析技术和某些适合于低渗致密气藏和凝析气藏的气藏工程分析技术。     

深层低渗凝析气藏反凝析特征研究

深层低渗凝析气藏数量越来越多，了解其反凝析特征是气藏开发正确决策的重要基础。以中原油田的深层低渗凝析气藏为主要研究对象，通过CVD测试及真实岩心衰竭实验测试，研究了深层低渗凝析气藏的反凝析特征。研究结果表明：PVT筒的定容衰竭与多孔介质中的衰竭特征有较大的差异，因此应尽可能采用岩心衰竭实验研究深层低渗凝析气藏的真实反凝析相态特征；中原油田深层低渗凝析气藏衰竭开发过程中反凝析呈中等偏低水平。近井地层的反凝析液堆积速度较慢，最大反凝析液饱和度值对应的地层压力与气藏标定的废弃压力接近。这表明中原油田深层低渗凝析气藏比较适合于采用衰竭方式开发；中原油田深层低渗凝析气藏衰竭开发过程中产生的凝析油饱和度小于临界流动饱和度，析出的凝析油不会产生反蒸发，因此在气藏开发过程中防止反凝析污婆就显得非常重要．     

凝析气藏水平井试井分析

受复杂的相态变化和流动特征影响,凝析气藏水平井试井分析一直是凝析气藏动态描述的难点。通过三维全组分模拟器,建立一个理想的均质等厚的凝析气藏水平井模型,设置长时间的压力降落和压力恢复测试序列,研究凝析气藏水平井测试期间的流动规律,为试井分析中的流动阶段识别和参数解释提供依据。研究表明,反凝析影响下的凝析气藏水平井典型试井曲线不同于理想的干气流动,反凝析造成的凝析油饱和度增加、气相相对渗透率降低和表皮系数的增加在试井曲线上一一对应,流动规律的认识验证了不同流动阶段在典型试井曲线上的反应。     

不同类型复杂气藏评价新方法研究

分析了常规压力平方方法应用在复杂气藏评价时的局限性,提出了适合凝析气藏、变形介质气藏和含水气藏等复杂气藏的拟压力,给出了适合这些气藏产能评价的理论模型。研究结果表明,常规分析方法低估了高压气井的产能,如果忽视复杂气藏测试期间储层的气水或气油等多相流动特征及孔隙度、渗透率随压力降低现象,将不能准确制定这些复杂气井的配产措施,而采用拟压力分析方法能够正确反映储层实际渗流特征。该方法对合理评价复杂气藏储层的生产特征有着重要的理论和指导意义。     

应力敏感砂岩地层三区复合凝析气藏不稳定试井模型

深层异常超高压砂岩储集层往住具有应力敏感性，用常规的试井模型难以分析这种凝析气藏的试井测试资料。为了给应力敏感凝析气藏试并测试资料分析提供理论基础，针对砂岩地层井底压力低于露点压力凝析气藏的特点，建立了考虑应力敏感性砂岩地层三区复合凝析气藏试井模型，同时还考虑了井筒存储效应和表皮效应。该模型的数学模型为非线性方程组，通过摄动理论，求得了该数学模型无因次井底拟压力的Lapalce空间解，分析了该试井模型的无因次井底拟压力及其导数的理论曲线特征。研究表明，拟压力导数曲线上翘特征并不一定是不渗透外边界引起的。     

低渗应力敏感地层凝析气井试井分析

低渗透和特低渗透凝析气藏生产过程中，井底储层的伤害及其对气井动态的影响一直是石油工作者关心和研究的课题，它关系到如何高效合理地开发这类气藏资源。实验已经证实一些低渗深层凝析气藏存在应力敏感性，共生水含量越高，对压力的敏感性越强。用常规的试井模型难以分析这种凝析气藏的试井测试资料。当气井共生水含量较大时，应对原来的试井解释模型与方法进行修正。为了给应力敏感凝析气藏试井测试资料分析提供理论基础,为此，根据低渗应力敏感凝析气藏当井底压力低于露点压力时的渗流特点，对原有凝析油气渗流微分方程进行修正，引入视渗透率模量的概念，建立了考虑共生水影响的应力敏感复合凝析气藏试井分析新模型。同时还考虑了井筒存储效应和表皮效应。利用拉普拉氏变换和摄动分析技术得出了模型的解，绘制了试井分析理论曲线并对曲线特征进行了分析，以及进行了实例分析验证。结果表明：较大量共生水的存在，将对试井解释结果产生较大影响，引起渗透率的较大降低和加深对气井储层的伤害。共生水的存在以及应力敏感性对低渗气田开发的影响应引起足够的重视。     

An Experimental Phase Diagram of a Gas Condensate Reservoir

Abstract

Most condensate gas reservoirs discovered in Iran are rich in intermediate components. The phase diagram of these fluids is essential for reservoir management. The available commercial reservoir fluid simulators are not able to find the critical point of some of these condensate gas reservoirs to obtain the phase diagram quality lines. The quality lines of these reservoir's samples can be obtained experimentally using the constant mass expansion test data. The authors present experimental development of gas condensate phase diagram along with retrograde condensation and revaporization characterization during the reservoir depletion process of one Iranian condensate gas reservoir.     

现代试井分析在牙哈凝析气田的应用

牙哈凝析气田是目前全国最大的采用高压循环注气开发的整装凝析气田。凝析气藏是一种特殊、复杂的气藏,在开采过程中凝析油气体系在地层中的渗流伴随着复杂的相变。与一般气藏相比,凝析气藏中具有许多影响凝析油气渗流的特殊因素,如地层和井简中的流体相变以及地层中油气两相渗流等。因此,凝析气井试井分析有显著的特殊性。围绕凝析气井试井分析的特殊表观现象,以相关基础理论为基础,以解决实际问题的应用研究为目标,在牙哈凝析气田成功地应用了较为完备的凝析气井试井分析技术体系。同时,利用近三年来的多种试井解释成果资料,对该凝析气田的储集层参数、边界识别、气井产能、反凝析的污染效应等进行了分析研究,正确认识了凝析气井及气藏的生产动.态,也为气田下一步开发政策的制定提供了科学依据。     

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目前,塔里木盆地发现的凝析气藏（田）有４０余个,分布范围几乎遍布全盆地的各个层系。其中以塔北隆起下第三系到三叠系最为集中。凝析气藏与正常干气藏、伴生气藏的成藏环境,烃类的组分、物理化学特征都有着很大区别。首先,凝析气藏重烃组分较干气藏相对要高,相对密度大,在测井响应中气显示不明显;其次,油气藏的储层条件也差别较大,既有高孔高渗的优质储层,也有低孔低渗的劣质储层,给测井解释造成一定困难。针对塔里木盆地凝析气藏的这一特点,结合地质录井、油气分析等资料,提出了一套利用测井技术识别和评价凝析气藏的方法。经过实践证明,这是一套适于塔里木盆地的油气层解释方法。在此基础上对凝析气藏进行储盖组合分析,以达到测井综合评价凝析气藏的目的。     

考虑吸附影响的凝析气井试井分析

凝析气井的试井解释目前基本上仍沿用干气井的单相拟压力方法,或在解释中没有考虑多孔介质对凝析油气的吸附影响,而大量实验与理论研究表明。多孔介质吸附对凝析油、气的渗流具有较大的影响。在考虑吸附影响的凝析气井渗流微分方程和压力降落试井分析的基础上。提出了考虑吸附影响的凝析气井压力恢复试井分析方法。通过实例分析表明。多孔介质吸附的影响将使试井解释有效渗透率降低表皮系数增大,气井探测半径亦将降低。对于重烃含量较高和孔隙度较低的凝析气藏。多孔介质吸附的影响程度将大得多。多孔介 质界面现象对凝析气井的渗流与试井的影响不应忽视。     

低渗透凝析气藏的反凝析特征

深层低渗透凝析气藏的数量越来越多，了解其反凝析特征是气藏开发正确决策的重要基础。为此，以某油田的深层低渗透凝析气藏为主要研究对象，通过CVD测试及真实岩心衰竭实验测试，研究了深层低渗透凝析气藏的反凝析特征。研究结果表明：①PVT筒的定容衰竭与多孔介质中的衰竭特征有较大的差异，因此应尽可能采用岩心衰竭实验研究深层低渗透凝析气藏的真实反凝析相态特征；②该油田深层低渗透凝析气藏衰竭开发过程中反凝析呈中等偏低水平，近井地层的反凝析液堆积速度较慢，最大反凝析液饱和度值对应的地层压力与气藏标定的废弃压力接近，表明该油田深层低渗透凝析气藏比较适合于采用衰竭方式开发；③该油田深层低渗透凝析气藏衰竭开发过程中产生的凝析油饱和度小于临界流动饱和度，析出的凝析油不会产生反蒸发，因此在气藏开发过程中防止反凝析污染就显得非常重要。     

The Effects of Production Rate and Initial Pressure Difference (pi – pdew ) in Well Test Analysis of Gas Condensate Reservoirs

Abstract

The theoretical basis for the analysis of well test data presented in this study is the use of a pseudopressure function to linearize the flow of gas condensate in porous media. In this article different techniques to analyze gas condensate well tests using single-phase pseudopressure and two-phase pseudopressure are considered. The main objective of this work was to examine the available methods for well test analysis of gas condensate reservoirs and investigate the effect of production rate and initial pressure difference (p_i – p_dew ) on these methods. Sensitivities of the two-phase pseudopressure methods and single-phase method are presented.

However, at higher endpoint relative permeability, a lower prediction from single-phase pseudopressure analysis is obtained. A lower difference between p_i and p_dew causes larger condensate bank size and larger Region 2 and therefore better prediction of Raghavan's approach.     

考虑吸附影响的凝析气井试井分析

凝析气井的试井解释目前基本上仍沿用干气井的单相拟压力方法,或在解释中没有考虑多孔介质对凝析油气的吸附影响,而大量实验与理论研究表明。多孔介质吸附对凝析油、气的渗流具有较大的影响。在考虑吸附影响的凝析气井渗流微分方程和压力降落试井分析的基础上。提出了考虑吸附影响的凝析气井压力恢复试井分析方法。通过实例分析表明。多孔介质吸附的影响将使试井解释有效渗透率降低表皮系数增大,气井探测半径亦将降低。对于重烃含量较高和孔隙度较低的凝析气藏。多孔介质吸附的影响程度将大得多。多孔介 质界面现象对凝析气井的渗流与试井的影响不应忽视。     

多区不等厚横向非均质复合气藏试井分析模型及压力特征

针对长庆苏里格低渗气藏岩性发育不均匀、非均质性强的特点,建立了综合考虑表皮效应、井筒存储效应、气藏地层特性及地层厚度变化的多区不等厚横向非均质复合气藏试井解释模型,通过拉氏变换得出了无限大和封闭边界两种典型外边界条件下的气藏拟压力数值解,绘制了井底压降典型曲线,并对其压力动态特征进行了分析。利用该模型对苏里格气藏实际试井资料进行了解释,解释结果与实际生产动态情况较吻合。表明该模型对研究低渗透气藏储层特性有实用价值。     

凝析气藏产能方程异常分析

根据低渗、高温、异常高压凝析气井的试采资料,用传统的气藏工程方法建立的产能方程可能出现负斜率曲线的异常现象,由于获得相对渗透率等相关资料困难,凝析气拟压力方法难以操作。根据工程应用的需要．从产能基本方程入手．通过计算分析油气两相分离过程、状态方程、油气两相相对渗透率积分,提出便于操作而且实用的建立凝析气产能二项式方程的两种方法：劈分气相拟压力方法和基于区域平均相对渗透率曲线的两相拟压力方法。应用这种方法分析塔里木盆地柯克亚气田KS101井试采资料．计算的气井产能与实际生产资料符合。表3参9