Production of olefins from syngas over Al2O3 supported Ni and Cu nano-catalysts

The most important products that can be produced from syngas are methanol, dimethyl ether and light olefins (ethylene and propylene). The light olefins are the most important syngas products, because many of the chemicals are produced from them. The aim of this work was to study the olefins production from syngas over Al₂O₃-supported Ni-Cu nano-catalysts. In addition, the effect of various factors such as catalyst on olefin production and CO conversion has been investigated. The concentration of heavier olefins (C5) was greater than the remaining olefins, since the rate of reactions must be increased to form C1 to C4. In the case of a Ni/Al₂O₃ catalyst, C1 and C4 was initially increased and then decreased with an increase in Ni loading from 0% to 15%.     

Pd/Al2O3-TiO2催化剂的制备条件

 以含K₂O的Al₂O₃-TiO₂复合物为催化剂载体,考察了浸渍液pH值、浸渍液浓度、浸渍时间和焙烧温度对Pd/Al₂O₃-TiO₂催化剂颗粒的蛋壳厚度、Pd粒子粒径等的影响。采用BET、TEM等方法对所制备的催化剂进行了表征,选择较佳制备条件的Pd/Al₂O₃-TiO₂催化剂进行了C₄馏分选择加氢活性评价。结果表明,随着浸渍液pH值的减小,催化剂颗粒的蛋壳厚度增加;浸渍溶液的浓度越高,浸渍时间越长,越有利于金属在催化剂内层的分布;浸渍液的pH值并不会影响Pd/Al₂O₃-TiO₂催化剂Pd粒子最终的大小。催化剂焙烧温度越高,Pd粒子的平均直径越大,Pd的分散度越小。在反应温度40℃、压力1.5 MPa、体积空速8.0 h^-1、氢/炔摩尔比2.5的条件下,较佳制备条件的Pd/Al₂O₃-TiO₂催化剂催化C₄馏分加氢的炔烃转化率73%、丁二烯选择性85%、丁二烯损失率2.5%。     

Ag助剂对C_4烃选择加氢Ni基催化剂的影响

采用金属Ni作为C4烃选择加氢活性组分,在一定反应条件(70℃、1.3MPa、液态空速18h-1、n(H2)∶n(C4)=30)下考察了助剂种类(K,Co,Ag,Ce,Mg,Pb,Cu)以及Ag助剂含量对Ni基催化剂选择加氢活性的影响。实验结果表明,Ag助剂能明显提高Ni基催化剂的选择加氢活性,而其他助剂对催化剂的加氢活性没有促进作用,适宜的n(Ni)∶n(Ag)=5。通过XRD,XPS,TPR等手段对催化剂的表征结果显示,Ag助剂能改善催化剂中NiO的分布状态,促进NiO在Al2O3载体表面的团聚,还原后Ag的存在增加了催化剂中Ni晶粒分布的不规整度,从而提高了催化剂的选择加氢活性。     

KNO_3和KF改性Pd-Pb/Al_2O_3催化剂用于混合C_4选择加氢除炔

用KNO_3和KF助剂对Pd-Pb/Al_2O_3催化剂进行改性,采用XPS,TEM,H_2-TPD等方法对改性前后的催化剂进行了表征,并考察了催化剂对混合C_4选择加氢除炔反应的选择性。实验结果表明,KF改性对Pd-Pb/Al_2O_3催化剂的选择性有明显的改善作用,而KNO_3改性的效果甚微。在保证剩余炔烃质量分数小于1.5×10~(-5)的情况下,KF改性后催化剂的1,3-丁二烯损失为2.6%,较未改性的Pd-Pb/Al_2O_3催化剂降低了0.6个百分点。XPS表征显示,KF改性的催化剂中F主要以K_3AlF_6物种形式存在,富电子的F对Pd的3d电子状态的影响可能是造成KF改性效果优于KNO_3的主要原因。     

碳五馏分选择性加氢除炔催化剂的研究

研究了催化剂活性组分和工艺条件对富含异戊二烯的碳五馏分选择性加氢除炔催化剂催化性能的影响,并考察了该催化剂的稳定性。通过加氢实验表明,含有稀土元素、Pd、Cu和Ag等组分的多金属催化剂具有良好的催化活性和选择性。还对影响该催化剂性能的工艺条件进行了优化,提出了碳五馏分选择性加氢除炔的适宜工艺条件:压力1.0MPa,温度35～45℃,液态空速3～5h-1,氢炔摩尔比3.0～5.0。在上述条件下,该催化剂能将碳五馏分中的炔烃脱除至质量分数2.5×10-5以下,并控制异戊二烯的损失率小于3.0%。经过500h考核,催化剂性能稳定。     

Pd-Bi/Al_2O_3和Pd-Pb/Al_2O_3催化剂用于碳四选择加氢除炔的比较

对Pd-Bi/Al2O3和Pd-Pb/Al2O3催化剂在碳四选择加氢除炔中的选择性及再生对催化剂性能的影响进行了比较。实验结果表明,新鲜的Pd-Bi/Al2O3和Pd-Pb/Al2O3催化剂的加氢除炔选择性接近,在总炔烃剩余量小于2×10-5(w)的条件下,1,3-丁二烯损失量分别为1.6%(w)和1.7%(w)。再生对Pd-Bi/Al2O3催化剂的影响很大,再生后的Pd-Bi/Al2O3催化剂在反应中很快失活,而Pd-Pb/Al2O3催化剂经再生后的加氢除炔选择性基本不变。H2-TPR和XPS表征结果显示,Pd-Bi/Al2O3催化剂中的部分氧化态的Bi物种在再生过程中被还原为金属态,且迁移到了Pd颗粒的表面,使Pd分散度下降,从而导致催化剂的加氢除炔选择性发生变化。Pd-Pb/Al2O3催化剂在再生前后的结构稳定。     

La改性Al_2O_3载体负载Pd碳二馏分选择加氢催化剂的表征

通过氢吸附、程序升温还原、程序升温脱附、X射线衍射、X光电子能谱等表征手段,对以活性Al2O3为载体的Pd基碳二馏分选择加氢催化剂及以La改性Al2O3为载体的Pd基碳二馏分选择加氢催化剂进行了比较。实验结果表明,由于载体中的La与活性组分Pd发生了相互作用,对Pd起到了间隔作用,因而以La改性Al2O3为载体的催化剂具有Pd分散度高、热稳定性强、对反应物种的选择吸附性好等优点。     

PROBABILISTIC MODELLING OF LIGNIN LIQUEFACTION

ABSTRACT

The results of the thermal and catalytic reactions of lignin model compounds are used in the a priori prediction of its liquefaction. Lignin was defined probabilistically as an ensemble of single ring aromatics with substituents on each of their six ring positions. Elements in a substituent vector x¹, for each ring position i, were matched into all possible combinations to describe lignin. Initial number fractions, or probabilities, for each vector element were ascertained through inspection of lignin structural data. The reaction of lignins altered the probabilities within each substituent vector, and reaction products were also calculated by matching all combinations of vector elements for each ring position. Model compound results provided the identities and rates of change of vector elements.

This simulation of lignin liquefaction predicted the yields of permanent gases, aqueous liquids, single- and two-ring phenolic products, and a carbonaceous residue. The impact of the distribution of oligomeric sizes on catalyst effectiveness was probed.     

有机硫化物对Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂催化异戊二烯选择加氢的影响

在流体并流向上的气液固三相固定床反应器中考察了多种有机硫化物对Ni/Al2O3催化剂催化异戊二烯加氢活性的影响。实验结果表明,在低温(65℃)和液相加氢(压力1.0MPa)条件下,二甲基二硫醚和丁硫醇使Ni/Al2O3催化剂催化异戊二烯加氢活性显著下降;且随原料中硫含量的增加,异戊二烯加氢活性下降的程度增大。在硫含量相同(w(S)=90μg/g)的情况下,同系硫化物中,低碳数硫化物的毒性小于高碳数硫化物;同碳数硫化物使催化剂失活程度的大小顺序为:乙硫醇>二甲基二硫醚二甲基硫醚;相同烷基硫化物使催化剂失活程度的大小顺序为:二乙基二硫醚>乙硫醇二乙基硫醚,且二甲基硫醚、二乙基硫醚与噻吩的毒性相近,对Ni/Al2O3催化剂加氢活性的影响较小。     

Hydrogen production by catalytic methane decomposition over Ni,Co, and Ni-Co/Al2O3 catalyst

Hydrogen is a chief source of energy. Catalytic decomposition produces hydrogen and carbon. In this work, x%M/Al₂O₃ (where M is Ni, Co and combined Ni-Co, and x is 10%, 15%, and 30%) has been successfully employed as a catalyst. The effect of activation temperature and active metal type and loading on catalyst perfomance was investigated. The catalysts were characterized with BET, XRD, TPO, TPR, TEM, XPS, and Raman. The results displayed that the 30%Co/Al₂O₃ catalyst activated at 500°C provided the greatest catalytic performance toward methane conversion. 30%Co/Al₂O₃ catalyst activated at 500°C formed amorphous carbon.     

The Effect of Pd Precursors on the Catalytic Activity of a Pd/Al2O3 Catalyst for Cumene Hydroperoxide Hydrogenation

Abstract

Abstract Pd/Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation using K₂PdCl₄, (NH₄)₂PdCl₄, and Pd(NO₃)₂ as precursors. All catalysts were characterized by means of inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and CO chemisorption. The results obtained in the hydrogenation of cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) to α-cumyl alcohol (CA) showed that Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst prepared from Pd(NO₃)₂ exhibited the highest turnover frequency (TOF) value and the greatest deactivation extent, whereas Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst prepared from (NH₄)₂PdCl₄ displayed the lowest TOF value but the best stability.     

Desulfurization of FCC Gasoline Over Mordenite Modified with Al2O3

Abstract

Mordenite modified with Al₂O₃ (Al₂O₃/mordenite) was synthesized and used for the desulfurization of FCC gasoline. The influences of operating parameters on the results were studied for the model solution composed of dibenzothiophene (DBT) and isooctane. Al₂O₃/mordenite exhibits higher sulfur capacity than other kinds of chemisorbents. The suitable composition of the chemisorbent is 30 wt% Al₂O₃ to 70 wt% mordenite. The optimal operating parameters are: temperature 160°C; velocity 3 h^?1 (WHSV). Under the stated conditions, desulfurization was carried out for the FCC gasoline with sulfur content of 220.4 μg/g. The chemisorbent can maintain the sulfur content under 50 μg/g for 40 h and has good regeneration ability after desorption using benzene.     

Mo-Ni/Al2 O3催化剂对FCC汽油硫醚化反应的催化性能

针对当前FCC汽油选择性加氢脱硫技术中的硫醚化反应催化剂的研究,利用FCC汽油评价了Mo Ni/Al2O3催化剂的硫醚化反应催化性能,并进行了工艺条件优化和催化剂寿命评价。结果表明,Mo Ni/Al2O3催化FCC汽油硫醚化反应的优化条件为反应压力25 MPa、空速4 h-1、H2/油体积比3、反应温度130℃,在该条件下Mo Ni/Al2O3催化FCC汽油硫醚化反应运转600 h,硫醇转化率维持在95%以上,二烯选择性加氢率在100%,烯烃未发生加氢现象,辛烷值保持恒定。     

Pd／Al_2O_3催化剂物性对C_4馏份选择加氢性能的影响

考查了用浸渍法制备的Ｐｄ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３系列加氢催化剂的比表面、Ｐｄ含量、Ｐｄ在载体上的分散度及催化剂的孔径分布与Ｃ４馏份选择加氢反应性能的关系。采用微型催化反应器对Ｃ４馏份选择加氢的主要工艺条件进行了试验。结果表明，载体Ａｌ２Ｏ３在适当的温度下焙烧，使比表面约为１１０—１１５ｍ２／ｇ，控制Ｐｄ含量在０．１％—０．３％（ｍ），活性前身物ＰｄＣｌ２在４００—４５０℃分解８ｈ后用Ｈ２还原。制备成的催化剂，得到了较满意的Ｐｄ分散度和孔结构。在较佳的工艺条件（温度：３０—４０℃；压力：０．７—０．８ＭＰａ；Ｈ２／炔摩尔比：４—６；液体空速：１５ｈ－１）下，对上述催化剂进行评价，反应产物中总炔烃含量＜２０×１０－６，丁二烯损失＜３％。     

KINETIC INVESTIGATION OF METHYLCYCLOPENTANE REFORMING ON FRESH AND DEACTIVATING Pt/Al2O3 CATALYST

ABSTRACT

The conversion of methylcyclopentane (MCP) in hydrogen on fresh and deactivating Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst to hydrogenolysis products (2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane and n-hexane), cyclohexane and benzene was studied in a Berty CSTR at various partial pressures of MCP and H₂, and at a total pressure of 1 atm. For the kinetic studies, temperatures between 370 – 400° and W/F values up to 0.33 g min/cm³ were used. The conversion of MCP was found to increase with increase in temperature at all the MCP partial pressures investigated. The hydrogenolysis products and benzene composition generally increased with increase in temperature and W/F. The mechanism for the reforming of MCP was similar to that proposed by Dartigues et al. (1978) except that the formation of hydrogenolysis products was accounted for in this formulation. Eleven rate models were developed and tested and six satisfied the set criteria. Since hydrogenation/dehydrogenation and desorption steps are relatively rapid, the conversion step to hydrogenolysis products was deemed the only rate determining step with an activation energy of 36.31 kcal/gmol. For the deactivation studies, the model of Corella and Asua (1982) was used for the development of two deactivation models. The only model found to predict the deactivation behavior was the step leading to the formation of the coke precursor as rate controlling.     

化学镀法制备Pd负载型碳二馏分选择加氢催化剂及其催化性能

以Al2O3为载体,采用特殊的化学镀法制备了Pd负载型碳二馏分选择加氢催化剂。对催化剂表面进行X射线光电子能谱和扫描电子显微镜表征显示,活性组分Pd在催化剂表面以单质形式存在,在碳二馏分加氢反应前无须高温焙烧和还原,且Pd富集分布在催化剂表面壳层的10～20μm之间,与浸渍法制备的Pd负载型催化剂相比,Pd层更薄,有利于提高Pd的利用率。在气态空速15000h-1、氢气与乙炔摩尔比1.5、反应温度130℃的条件下,以碳二馏分选择加氢反应考察了催化剂的性能,评价结果表明,以化学镀法制备的HXD10催化剂的性能大大优于浸渍法制备的SAM20催化剂(两种催化剂中Pd质量分数均为0.035%),HXD催化剂上乙炔转化率和乙烯选择性分别达到91%和83%。     

新型C2馏分加氢除炔催化剂的制备和应用

针对C2馏分加氢除炔Pd催化剂在工业应用中存在的缺陷,考察了添加Ag助剂和碱金属化合物对催化剂的活性、选择性和稳定性的影响。试验结果表明,加入Ag对提高催化剂的选择性和稳定性有很大的作用,当Pd盐浸渍液的pH为1.8、Ag盐浸渍液的pH为2.3、n(Ag)∶n(Pd)=9时,制备的催化剂的活性和选择性较高,稳定性较好;加入碱金属化合物可以有效地控制催化剂中Pd和Ag活性组分的流失。在此基础上,开发出新型C2馏分加氢除炔ZB1#J催化剂,并对ZB1#J催化剂进行了1 000 h的稳定性试验及工艺性能的考察,试验结果表明,ZB1#J催化剂在稳定性试验中,平均转化率为53.02%,乙烯增量(体积分数)在0.33%以上,且可在较宽的工艺条件范围内使用,尤其能适应高空速、高炔烃含量的各种工况条件,适于工业化应用。     

纳米Pd/Al2O3催化剂的制备及应用

采用氢电弧等离子体法制备的纳米钯粉制备了纳米Pd/Al2O3催化剂,并在重整后加氢反应中研究了其催化活性和选择性。扫描电镜（SEM）和透射电镜（TEM）显示,纳米Pd/Al2O3催化剂的其表面排列有序、呈蜂窝状,其载体的内部没有钯存在,而浸渍法所得的壳型Pd/Al2O3催化剂载体内部有钯的存在。在重整后加氢反应中,纳米Pd/Al2O3催化剂显示出较高的催化活性和优异的选择性能。     

水热处理对Mo-Ni/Al2O3催化剂活性结构和催化硫醚化反应性能的影响

采用水热处理的方法对Mo Ni/Al2O3催化剂的微观孔结构性质和负载金属的结构性质进行调变,并考察调变后催化剂在硫醚化反应中的催化性能。结果表明,水热处理可增加催化剂的平均孔径,有利于产物中形成的大分子异构硫醚的扩散,维持催化剂的稳定性;还可以降低负载金属与载体间的作用,提高负载金属的硫化度,增加Ni Mo S活性中心数目。然而,这些对催化剂结构性质的促进作用,不仅提高了硫醚化反应过程的硫醚化反应和二烯烃选择加氢反应性能,还大大促进了烯烃的加氢饱和反应,造成反应产物辛烷值的损失。     

CaO改性的乙炔选择加氢催化剂Pd-Ag/Al_2O_3

以CaO为改性助剂,采用等量浸渍法对工业用乙炔选择加氢催化剂Pd-Ag/Al2O3进行改性,制备了CaO含量不同的改性Pd-Ag/Al2O3催化剂。CO-TPD表征结果显示,Ca与Pd原子比为6时,改性催化剂中Pd的分散度最大。在高通量微型反应器上对催化剂进行活性评价的结果表明,当反应温度为50～90℃时,改性催化剂的活性随CaO含量的增加而降低;当反应温度为90～100℃时,Ca与Pd原子比为6,8,10的改性催化剂的活性和选择性都得到提高。原位DRIFTS及TG-DSC分析结果表明,采用CaO改性虽使催化剂上吸附的碳氢化合物的链长增长,但有助于降低碳氢化合物的吸附量。