钻井液用膨润土评价标准研究

膨润土的质量好坏不但影响所配钻井液性能,而且关系到所配钻井液接受化学处理剂的能力,使用不合格的膨润土,不但用量大,而且需要用更多的药剂进行处理,极不经济,以市场上使用的不同厂家的钻井级膨润土和OCMA膨润土为研究目标,分别考察了在室温、高温（120℃、150℃和180℃）养护条件下不同厂家钻井级膨润土、OCMA膨润土与天然钠膨润土粉、钠化钙膨润土粉的性能差异,并对钻井级膨润土与OCMA级膨润土在现场使用过程中可能存在的问题进行了探讨。结果表明:采用现有标准技术指标来判定膨润土的质量已不适应膨润土质量的现状,进一步提出通过增加悬浮液高温养护后的表观黏度指标,来控制钻井液用膨润土质量。      

Improving the performance of clay from Gabal Um Qumar as drilling mud

The main component of water base drilling fluids to perform common properties that facilitate safe and satisfactory drilling is bentonite operations. This paper represents composition and treatment capability of clays collected from clayston quarries in Gabal um Qumar north Cairo-Ismailia Desert Road, Egypt for its application as water base drilling mud. Chemical analysis, XRD and particle size distribution showed that these clays consist of montmorillonite. The rheological properties of the prepared suspension from these clay samples and its activation products by using chemicals and polymers were investigated. Results of untreated samples indicate that they cannot be used as a drilling mud but after activation processes by soda ash, Carboxi Methyl Cellulose (CMC) and Drispac Polymer significant changes were observed in yield and rheological properties. Accordingly this type of clay after activation by polymer can be classified as sub-bentonite and classified between bentonite grade and medium bentonite grade that can be used as drilling mud for medium depth wells.     

The Prevention of Differential Pipe Sticking Problems Caused by Water-based Drilling

The differential pipe sticking is one of the major drilling problems faced by the driller with water-drilling fluids when it is developed using bentonite clay. In this work, the effect of a vegetable oil on the water-based drilling fluids was studied using Fann VG meter, ñubricity tester, and stickance tester for the control of this problem. The vegetable oil selected in this study is linseed oil as it is eco-friendly. The suitability of linseed oil in drilling fluid formulation is compared with the non–vegetable oil–based lubricant The experimental investigation furnishes that with the use of linseed oil, drilling fluid is able to maintain the rheological properties and control the filtration loss. The sticking tendency of the drilling fluid is also reduced significantly which shows that it may be quite suitable for the prevention of differential pipe sticking problems caused by water-based drilling fluids. It has been also observed that linseed oil has shown better result than the non vegetable oil–based lubricant and it is economical.     

Effect of Particle Size of Bentonite on Rheological Behavior of the Drilling Mud

Abstract

Control of the particle size and concentration of particulates in mud is critical in developing a mud system that yields good well stability and prevents fluid invasion. Bentonite is an essential component of drilling fluid in water-based systems and the results of testing carried out on the drilling fluids suit the requirements of American Petroleum Institute (API) standards and Oil Companies Materials Association (OCMA, 1975) specifications. Therefore, this study deals with the investigation of the rheology of water-based mud using bentonite of different grain sizes (38, 63, 75, and 106 μm) at different concentrations (4, 5, 6, and 7.5%). Four samples of water-based mud were prepared of different grain sizes (38, 63, 75, and 106 μm) at a concentration of 4% and the rheological behavior was recorded; this was repeated at different concentrations (5, 6, and 7.5%) and the particle size distribution was demonstrated for all grain sizes. This article illustrates that the components of flow, plastic viscosity, and yield point are absolute flow properties. They reflect the colloidal and surface-active behavior of solids present in drilling fluids. Both properties affect the apparent viscosity as measured by a Fann VG meter (Fann, Houston, TX).     

Water-Based Drilling Fluid Technology for Extended Reach Wells in Liuhua Oilfield,South China Sea

Abstract

To reduce the dependence of oil-based drilling fluids for extended reach well drilling, a newly developed water-based drilling fluid system has been used to drill the extended reach wells in Liuhua oilfield located in the east of the South China Sea. Based on numerous experiments, the formulations of this water-based system for various sections of extended reach wells were determined, and several key characteristics, such as lubricity, inhibition, and rheological properties, were evaluated. Using the well Liuhua 11-1-21 (A4) ERW3 as an example, the field applications of this water-based drilling fluid are elaborated in this article. Laboratory experiments and field tests indicate that this kind of specially formulated KCl/polymer system not only possesses excellent shale inhibitive character, but also has proper rheological parameters, good lubricity, and strong ability of anti-contamination for calcium ions. Hence, it can meet the demands of extended reach drilling operations in this area. A unique and integrated technology of water-based drilling fluids for extended reach well drilling in Liuhua oilfield has been formed.     

Electrical resistivity and rheological properties of sensing bentonite drilling muds modified with lightweight polymer

In this study, the electrical resistivity and rheological properties of a water-based bentonite clay drilling mud modified with the lightweight polymer (guar gum) under various temperature were investigated. Based on the experimental and analytical study, the electrical resistivity was identified as the sensing property of the bentonite drilling mud so that the changes in the properties can be monitored in real-time during the construction. The bentonite contents in the drilling muds were varied up to 8% by the weight of water and temperature was varied from 25 °C to 85 °C. The guar gum content (GG%) was varied between 0% and 1% by the weight of the drilling mud to modify the rheological properties and enhance the sensing electrical resistivity of the drilling mud. The guar gum and bentonite clay were characterized using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The total weight loss at 800 °C for the bentonite decreased from 12.96% to 0.7%, about 95% reduction, when the bentonite was mixed with 1% of guar gum. The results also showed that 1% guar gum decreased the electrical resistivity of the drilling mud from 50% to 90% based on the bentonite content and the temperature of the drilling mud. The guar gum modification increased the yield point (YP) and plastic viscosity (PV) by 58% to 230% and 44% to 77% respectively based on the bentonite content and temperature of the drilling mud. The rheological properties of the drilling muds have been correlated to the electrical resistivity of the drilling mud using nonlinear power and hyperbolic relationships. The model predictions agreed well with the experimental results. Hence the performance of the bentonite drilling muds with and without guar gum can be characterized based on the electrical resistivity which can be monitored real-time in the field.     

The Development and Application of a Novel Polyamine Water-based Drilling Fluid

Polyamine water-based drilling fluid has been used around the world in recent years. The authors investigated the key additive SDJA-1 as polyamine shale hydration inhibitor. Results indicate that SDJA-1 can suppress clay hydration effectively and provide a pH buffer effect. Polyacrylamide and nano-emulsion ZX-8 were selected as shale encapsulator and lubricant, respectively. The properties of polyamine water-based drilling fluid including inhibition, lubrication and toxicity were evaluated compared with other inhibitive water-based drilling fluids and conventional oil-based drilling fluid. Results show the fluid outperforms other water-based drilling fluids and approaches to the performance of oil-based drilling fluid. Furthermore, the system is non-toxic and environmental friendly, superior to oil-based drilling fluid. This system was successfully applied on well Tian 310 in Shengli oilfield. A caliper log was run which indicated the highest quality wellbore ever recorded in the entire block.     

聚胺与甲酸盐抑制性对比实验研究

为了满足"优质、环保、安全、快速"的现代钻井工程需要,近年来开发了聚胺高性能水基钻井液,其性能被认为最接近油基钻井液。聚胺页岩水化抑制剂作为该体系的关键处理剂,以其独特的分子结构和优异的抑制性能,逐步引起人们的重视。文中通过抑制膨润土造浆实验、页岩滚动分散实验和粒度分布测试,对比评价了聚胺和甲酸盐的抑制性;通过X射线衍射分析层间距、Zeta电位测试、表面张力测试、改性膨润土吸水实验及活度测试等,分析研究了聚胺和甲酸盐的作用机理。结果表明,与甲酸盐相比,聚胺在低浓度时即能最大限度降低黏土水化层间距,使黏土去水化;同时聚胺吸附在黏土表面后,能增强黏土的疏水性;甲酸盐主要通过降低溶液活度实现抑制作用。     

The use of grass as an environmentally friendly additive in water-based drilling fluids

Excellent drilling fluid techniques are one of the significant guaranteed measures to insure safety,quality,efficiency,and speediness of drilling operations.Drilling Quids are generally discarded after the completion of drilling operations and become waste,which can have a large negative impact on the environment.Drilling materials and additives together with drill cuttings,oil.and water constitute waste drilling fluids,which ultimately are dumped onto soil,surface water,groundwater,and air.Environmental pollution is found to be a serious threat while drilling complex wells or high-temperature deep wells as these types of wells involve the use of oil-based drilling fluid systems and high-performance water-based drilling(luid systems.The preservation of the environment on a global level is now important as various organizations have set up initiatives to drive the usage of toxic chemicals as drilling fluid additives.This paper presents an approach where grass is introduced as a sustainable drilling fluid additive with no environmental problems.Simple waterbased drilling fluids were formulated using bentonite,powdered grass,and water to analyze the rheological and filtration characteristics of the new drilling fluid.A particle size distribution test was conducted to determine the particle size of the grass sample by the sieve analysis method.Experiments were conducted on grass samples of 300.90.and 35 μm to study the characteristics and behavior of the newly developed drilling fluid at room temperature.The results show that grass samples with varying particle sizes and concentrations may improve the viscosity,gel strength,and tiltration of the bentonite drilling fluid.These observations recommend the use of grass as a theological modifier,filtration control agent,and pH control agent to substitute toxic materials from drilling fluids.     

Impact of barite and ilmenite mixture on enhancing the drilling mud weight

It is common knowledge in the technology of drilling fluids, monitoring of the drilling mud weight is critical in developing a mud system that yields good well stability. Alternative weighting materials should be in demand to offer superior properties such as barite, available in sufficient reserves to meet field requirements and be competitively priced. A weighting material that can be sourced locally to substitute barite would be a good innovation in the drilling industry. The present work was performed for enhancement the weighting of the drilling fluids by using mixture of barite and ilmenite. Micro-sized ilmenite ore (FeTiO₃) particles were obtained by a direct solid phase milling process to replace a certain percentage of barite as weighting material of the drilling mud. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out to underline the phase identification of the crystalline ilmenite, used drilling mud weighting agent as barite and Na-bentonite particles. The lamellar shape and the arrangement in overlapping plates of ilmenite particles, Platy-like shaped Na-bentonite grains against sub-angular and square-shaped barite particles were confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) technique. Three mud samples with different densities were prepared which be made up of fresh water, sodium bentonite and weighting material. The weighting materials were added up to the mud separately to form the required mud density ranges between 8.65 and 18?lb/gal. The first sample was water-based mud with barite; second sample was water-based mud with local ilmenite ore and third sample was water-based with barite and ilmenite in which were added in parts as 50:50 by ratios. These samples were investigated at different temperatures (normal, 120, 160, 180?°F) and the employed mud density range to determine solid content, density, rheological properties and filtration losses. The study showed that the rheological properties of barite/ilmenite mixture were found to give comparable results as barite and has the potential to be used as alternative weighting material especially in a heavier drilling mud. Two significant advantages could be observed through using the mixture; it produces lower solids content and fluid loss which in turns reduces the formation damage, respectively.     

The composition and activation aspects of El-Fayoum clays for using as a drilling fluid

The local consumption and the high importation cost of imported bentonite to Egypt led to find local substitute solutions for economical aspects. Hence, this paper presents the composition and activation capability of clays collected from the claystone quarries in Kom Oshim area at El-Fayoum province, Egypt for their application as a drilling fluid (water-based mud). It is an attempt to minimize the importation cost of the imported bentonites to Egypt by a local solution and maximize the usage of the studied clay sediments. The physical, chemical, thermal and mineralogical characteristics of five Egyptian clay samples were studied. The rheological properties of the prepared slurries from these samples and their activation characterization during studying the influence of NaOH and POLYPAC-R polymer as activators were investigated. It was found that the non-activated samples cannot be used as a drilling mud but it could be after the activation process where some significant changes in the rheological properties were observed. The experimental results revealed that the activated fitted samples may express as medium grade bentonitic clay and this type of clay can be used as a drilling fluid for shallow depth wells.     

Mineralogy and rheology of raw and activated Turonian to Coniacian clays from Benue Trough,northeastern Nigeria

Since the discovery of oil and gas in Oloibiri, an onshore oilfield located in Oloibiri in Ogbia Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria on Sunday 15th January 1956 by Shell Darcy, hundreds of oil wells have been drilled and not a single of these oil wells was drilled without the use of bentonite. This work is aimed at evaluating the rheological properties of raw and beneficiated Nigerian clays to ascertain their worth for use as drilling mud in oil and gas well drilling. This will save foreign earnings used in the importation of bentonite by the oil and gas development companies, create employment opportunity and open a new frontier for solid mineral development. Five clay samples from Pindiga Formation in Benue Trough, northeastern Nigeria were collected and subjected to elemental, rheological and other physical properties tests and analysis, while another portion of same samples were beneficiated using sodium carbonate, gum Arabic and poly-anionic cellulose for rheological enhancement then subjected to same cycle of tests and analysis above. Results obtained indicates that wet beneficiation as adopted in this study has proved to be more effective in Ca and Na ionic exchange. The rheological and other physical properties of the clays attained the standard that is required for use in oil and gas well drilling after addition of 12% sodium carbonate and 1.5 g poly-anionic cellulose. It was also discovered that when the formulation was allow to age (stay for 24 h), it attained optimum rheological requirement with 12% sodium carbonate and just 0.8 g poly-anionic cellulose. The clays studies do not require addition of weighing additive such as barite because of their high iron content which made their density attain the require standard even without additives.     

High temperature and high pressure rheological properties of high-density water-based drilling fluids for deep wells

To maintain tight control over rheological properties of high-density water-based drilling fluids, it is essential to understand the factors influencing the rheology of water-based drilling fluids. This paper examines temperature effects on the rheological properties of two types of high-density water-based drilling fluids (fresh water-based and brine-based) under high temperature and high pressure (HTHP) with a Fann 50SL rheometer. On the basis of the water-based drilling fluid systems formulated in laboratory, this paper mainly describes the influences of different types and concentration of clay, the content of a colloid stabilizer named GHJ-1 and fluid density on the rheological parameters such as viscosity and shear stress. In addition, the effects of aging temperature and aging time of the drilling fluid on these parameters were also examined. Clay content and proportions for different densities of brine-based fluids were recommended to effectively regulate the rheological properties. Four rheological models, the Bingham, power law, Casson and H-B models, were employed to fit the rheological parameters. It turns out that the H-B model was the best one to describe the rheological properties of the high-density drilling fluid under HTHP conditions and power law model produced the worst fit. In addition, a new mathematical model that describes the apparent viscosity as a function of temperature and pressure was established and has been applied on site.     

环保水基钻井液用聚合物M-TSP的合成与性能评价

针对环保水基钻井液在应用中存在流变性能不理想、滤失量较高、稳定性较差、与常规添加剂配伍性差和滤液对储层伤害较大的问题,以马来酸酐、罗望子胶(TSP)和三乙胺为主要原料制得天然可生物降解聚合物改性罗望子胶(M-TSP),在质量分数为4.5％的膨润土悬浮液中加入不同浓度的M-TSP得到聚合物膨润土悬浮液,研究了M-TSP膨...     

冀东油田固相控制技术优化

冀东油田各区块的目的层位和所用钻井液各不相同,井深和井型也有较大差异,在实际钻井过程中均存在固相含量和膨润土含量偏高,导致钻井液增稠、钻速降低、钻具黏卡、测井阻卡等问题的出现。通过调研油田各区块钻井液固相、膨润土含量和固控设备配套及使用现状,分析了各区块地层特性、钻井液体系和固相控制配备、使用等因素对钻井液固相控制的影响,制定了针对性的固相控制工艺技术,主要包括确定了各区块固相含量和膨润土含量控制指标,钻井液的配制及转换、钻进中固相含量控制和固控设备使用规范。通过在高尚堡区块7口井中的对比应用,发现G76-65和G76-61井在钻井液配制、大分子处理剂加入和固控设备使用方面严格执行固相控制技术,钻井液性能良好,测井一次成功。实践证明,该套技术的推广应用有利于油田钻井施工提速、提效、提质。      

CO2对高密度水基钻井液性能影响规律及机理分析

准确判断污染物浓度以及其对钻井液影响规律和内在机制是制定有效的CO₂污染防治措施的重要前提,基于酸碱指示变色原理,改进了钻井液中碱度现场定量检测方法,提高测量的准确性和可操作性;采用现场取样跟踪分析以及室内模拟评价相结合的方法,研究了CO₂对高密度水基钻井液流变性和滤失造壁性的影响规律,并从胶体化学的角度出发,开展了CO₂对钻井液黏土胶体颗粒界面Zeta电位、粒度分布以及处理剂吸附影响的实验研究,分析了其作用机理。研究表明,高密度水基钻井液中碳酸根和碳酸氢根存在临界污染浓度,超过此浓度后,钻井液结构黏度和滤失量随其浓度增加而增加;碳酸根和碳酸氢根离子改变了黏土颗粒溶剂化程度和颗粒尺寸,主要表现为黏土胶体颗粒界面电动电势降低、亚微米级粒子减少,粗颗粒增多,黏土颗粒对护胶剂的吸附量减少,导致高密度钻井液黏土颗粒向聚结方向转化并缔合形成三维网络结构的胶凝状态,揭示了宏观性能变化内在机制。      

保护储层与环境的深水钻井液室内研究

深水区域的油气资源极为丰富,已成为勘探开发的重点。但深水钻井面临低温、安全密度窗口窄、存在水合物及浅层流、井眼稳定等技术难题,对深水钻井液提出了更高的要求。研究配制了一种深水水基钻井液:在海水中分别加入了适量的优质膨润土、增黏剂、降滤失剂、防塌剂及水合物抑制剂。室内试验结果表明,该钻井液能够有效抑制水合物的形成,加重后的流变性好,抗侵污能力较强,抗钻屑达10%,抗NaCl达15%,抗CaCl2达0.3%;热滚回收率高,抑制性强,在相同条件下与合成基钻井液的热滚回收率相等;保护油气层的效果好,其渗透率恢复率可达90%以上;其所选用的处理剂及配制的钻井液的EC50值均大于10000 mg/L,无生物毒性,可以满足海洋深水钻井的要求。      

An Offshore Benign WBM System Can Prevent Hard,Brittle Shale Instability

Abstract

In the Weizhou Southwest oilfields, drilling delays and suspension of wells prior to reaching the targets due to wellbore instability had occurred frequently. The hard, brittle shale played a problematic role. Conventional water-based drilling fluids did not conquer the problematic formation due to intrinsic performance deficiencies. Though oil-based drilling fluids are routinely preferred in more technically demanding applications, they are cause for increasing concern due to offshore environmental restrictions and expensive disposal costs. An environmentally acceptable water-based drilling fluid was developed to challenge the problematic formation based on the combination of methylglucoside-silicate concept. It stabilized the reactive shale by the same mechanism as oil-based drilling fluid in preventing shale hydration, pore pressure increase, and weakening of shale by effectively developing sufficient osmotic force to offset hydraulic and chemical forces acting to cause filtration flux into the hard, brittle shale. A field trial was initiated on the CNOOC 931 platform. The data from the pilot well showed that the novel drilling fluid exhibited excellent inhibition and lubricity that approached or even exceeded oil-based fluids.     

无土相高密度饱和盐水钻井液用降滤失剂的研究

针对当前石膏层、盐膏层和高压盐水层所用高密度饱和盐水钻井液土相堵塞、污染油气储层,高温导致黏度失控和大量磺化材料的使用使体系呈强凝胶状态,流变性优控不能解决的问题,通过合成改性淀粉和合成聚合物研制了具有"互穿聚合物网络"的无土相高密度饱和盐水钻井液用降滤失剂BH-HSF。BH-HSF抗温可达150℃,抗Ca、Mg可达4000 mg/L,在高密度无土相饱和盐水钻井液中,API滤失量低于4.0 mL,对加重材料悬浮能力强,静置后无硬沉,并可优化体系流变性,克服现用钻井液流变性优控不能解决的缺点。BH-HSF与同类国际先进产品HT-Starch性能相当,且与其他钻井液处理剂配伍性良好。      

多元聚胺钻井液研究与应用

针对大港油田明化镇强造浆地层,采用端胺基保护的方法开发了一种小分子多元聚胺抑制剂,解决了常规聚胺类处理剂在高膨润土含量下造成的体系破胶问题。依托自主研发的多元聚胺抑制剂形成了一套高膨润土容纳的钻井液体系,体系抗温150℃,10%膨润土干粉污染后体系的流变性良好,生物毒性、生物降解性及金属含量等均符合环境保护指标,解决了大港油田地层强造浆、易垮塌难点。该体系在大港油田港3-52-1井进行了现场应用,全井施工顺利,无事故复杂。与邻井相比,在井深更深、井斜更大、井底位移更长的情况下,机械钻速提高了7%以上。