Severe Slugging In a Catenary-shaped Riser: Experimental and Simulation Studies

A series of experiments on two-phase, air-water flow in a flowline-riser geometry have been made. The riser has a catenary-shaped form (10.5 m high), and the flowline has a 2-degree downward inclination toward the riser-base (10.16 cm ID). Experimental data were used to characterize the severe slugging and unstable flows in terms of pressure cycling and fluid production characteristics. A model to study dynamic behavior of severe slugging flow in a pipeline-riser system was also developed under the environment of the OLGA2000 code, and experimental test results were compared with the OLGA model predictions. The motive for this work was to identify areas that pose substantial difficultly to the code for the simulation of severe slugging in a catenary-shaped riser. In addition, numerical experiments, exploring some of the reasons for difference between experimental and simulation results, have been presented in this article.     

Severe Slugging In a Catenary-shaped Riser: Experimental and Simulation Studies

Abstract:

A series of experiments on two-phase, air-water flow in a flowline-riser geometry have been made. The riser has a catenary-shaped form (10.5 m high), and the flowline has a 2-degree downward inclination toward the riser-base (10.16 cm ID). Experimental data were used to characterize the severe slugging and unstable flows in terms of pressure cycling and fluid production characteristics. A model to study dynamic behavior of severe slugging flow in a pipeline-riser system was also developed under the environment of the OLGA2000 code, and experimental test results were compared with the OLGA model predictions. The motive for this work was to identify areas that pose substantial difficultly to the code for the simulation of severe slugging in a catenary-shaped riser. In addition, numerical experiments, exploring some of the reasons for difference between experimental and simulation results, have been presented in this article.     

柔性管段对立管严重段塞流特性的影响

严重段塞流是深海混输立管面临的流动安全问题之一,开展混输立管严重段塞流研究对立管的流动安全及实际生产具有重要意义。在中国石油大学（北京）原立管系统实验装置及改造后的混合立管系统实验装置上进行的不同工况下的严重段塞流特性实验结果表明,柔性管严重段塞流特性不同于垂直管段。在立管总高度相等条件下,利用L型立管和混合立管的流型图、压力、周期和液塞等数据分析了柔性管的存在与否对立管严重段塞特性的影响。相对于L型立管,柔性管存在会在一定程度上缩小严重段塞流I的范围,同时使立管底部最大压力增大约15%～20%,严重段塞周期减小约12.09%,液塞长度减小约1.38%,液塞速度增加约2.93%。在立管总高度等几何参数一定的情况下,对柔性管跨度和长度变化对严重段塞流特性的影响进行了分析。结果表明,柔性管跨度对严重段塞流特性的影响较小;柔性管长度增加,会同时增大严重段塞流的周期和立管底部最大压力。     

Influence of separator control on the characteristics of severe slugging flow

Due to the special structure of offshore multiphase pipes, it is easy for severe slugging to occur in the riser at low gas-liquid velocity. Violent pressure fluctuations and dramatic changes of flow rate are the main characteristics of severe slugging, leading to the risk of serious damage. In this paper, the separator control is adopted to accurately control the separator liquid level and pressure under severe slugging flow conditions. This indicates that the separator liquid level control alone does not have a significant impact on the upstream flow, but it is beneficial for normal operation and pressure control of the separator. As the separator pressure increases, the peak pressure in the riser apparently diminishes, and the amplitude of pressure fluctuation gradually decreases, which means that severe slugging is inhibited. During the slug blowing out, the gas/liquid slipping in the riser intensifies. The long gas plug quickly flows through the riser, and then tends to morph into short and slowly flowing gas bubbles. The elimination effect of the pressure control strategy on severe slugging is related to the relative rate of the superficial gas/liquid flow.     

气液混输组合管线系统严重段塞流特性实验

针对海洋油气传输中常见的水平一下倾一立管组合系统,在两种不同高度立管下,通过实验获得了3种严重段塞流现象(严重段塞流Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ型)。研究高度变化与严重段塞流关系,对寻求相应预测方法有着重要意义。     

混合立管系统严重段塞流流动特性的实验研究

深海油气田开采过程中混合立管系统会出现严重段塞流,造成系统流动特性参数周期性剧烈波动,严重危害海洋开发系统。在混合立管系统的模拟装置上,实验研究了混合立管系统严重段塞流的流动特性。研究结果表明：混合立管严重段塞流的1个周期分为液塞形成、液塞生产、液气喷发和液体回流4个阶段,立管的垂直管段与U形柔性管段的流动特性稍有不同,U形柔性管段在液气喷发阶段产生剧烈抖动;严重段塞流周期随气液相折算速度的增大而减小;立管压力波动幅度随气相折算速度的增大先增大后减小;液塞长度随气相折算速度的增加而减小,且下倾管增加缓冲容积时液塞长度明显增大,减小出油管长度有利于抑制严重段塞流;在深水混合立管系统结构尺寸变化范围内,垂直管高度和U形柔性管尺寸对严重段塞流的发生范围及特性影响不大。该研究结果将为混合立管的设计提供一定的参考依据。     

海底混输立管段瞬态流动规律及其敏感性分析

利用OLGA 2000软件对某海底混输管道系统立管段瞬态流动规律及其敏感性进行了数值模拟分析,在立管底部、顶部以及管道入口、出口处压力波动很大,容易形成段塞流;采取适当减小立管管径、管道出口节流阀开度、多相流含水率以及增大管道出口压力、降低立管高度和增大多相流气油比等措施,可以在一定程度上减弱或消除立管中严重段塞流的影响。今后应加强数值模拟、试验模拟和理论计算等方法的综合研究,深入探讨海底混输管道立管段严重段塞流的形成机理,并探索经济、有效地控制和消除严重段塞流影响的措施。     

深水立管严重段塞流控制方法及其模拟分析

深水立管中常会出现严重段塞流,如果不加以控制,会带来严重的流动安全问题。为此,对国内外深水立管严重段塞流控制方法进行了全面调研和分析,总结了每种控制方法的优缺点、现场应用情况和适用范围。在此基础上利用某深水油气田的海管和立管资料,采用多相流瞬态模拟软件OLGA模拟了典型年份的流动状况,对段塞流最严重年份分别采用节流法、气举法、节流和气举结合法等方法进行了模拟,并探讨了管径与段塞流的关系。结论认为：该油气田生产后期会出现严重段塞流;在管径优化和设计阶段要充分考虑严重段塞流的影响;不同的段塞流控制方法适用于不同的工况,针对具体深水工程项目,应在开展软件模拟分析时综合考虑各种因素,最终选取经济、有效的段塞流控制方法。     

Severe Slugging in Flexible Risers: Review of Experimental Investigations and OLGA Predictions

Abstract

Flexible risers are key components of floating production systems, particularly in harsh environmental conditions where the riser must deal with substantial vessel motion. Liquid slugging in flexible risers often causes severe operational problems for the downstream production system. To avoid such costly delays, it would be desirable to predict severe slugging behavior in flexible risers using experiments and transient codes. This article details the basic mechanisms and general characteristics of severe slugging in a pipeline-riser system. It also tries to present the research studies that have been carried out on severe slugging in flexible risers in two parts; experiments on different flexible riser configurations, and existing OLGA code predictions.     

Severe Slugging in Flexible Risers: Review of Experimental Investigations and OLGA Predictions

Flexible risers are key components of floating production systems, particularly in harsh environmental conditions where the riser must deal with substantial vessel motion. Liquid slugging in flexible risers often causes severe operational problems for the downstream production system. To avoid such costly delays, it would be desirable to predict severe slugging behavior in flexible risers using experiments and transient codes. This article details the basic mechanisms and general characteristics of severe slugging in a pipeline-riser system. It also tries to present the research studies that have been carried out on severe slugging in flexible risers in two parts; experiments on different flexible riser configurations, and existing OLGA code predictions.     

气举法控制深水混合立管严重段塞流实验研究

利用深水混合立管系统模拟流动实验装置进行了严重段塞流的注气控制模拟实验,结果表明,在立管底部进行气举法控制可以减小流型图中不稳定流区域,并能明显减小管内压力大小和波动幅度,但过大的注气量会增大柔性管段的摩阻损失,使整个立管系统的压力增大,对流动反而不利。根据实验中管内压力随注气量增大的变化趋势的不同,将混合立管系统的气举控制过程分为4个阶段,不同控制阶段垂直立管内流型有所不同;注气控制不能完全消除深水混合立管系统中的不稳定流,但将垂直立管流型控制在段塞流与过渡流分界处时可达到较好的控制效果。     

严重段塞流对JZ25-1S油田群生产的影响及对策

针对气液混输海底管道严重段塞流对JZ25-1S油田群生产的严重影响,通过综合应用提高海底管道输送压力、设置段塞流捕集器和在立管顶部水平段安装带有控制模式的压力调节阀等措施,实现了对严重段塞流的有效控制,确保了油田群的正常生产,从而保障了对陆地原油处理厂的正常原油输送和对陆地天然气分离厂的平稳供气。     

严重段塞流压力及持液率波动特性试验分析

利用中国石油大学(华东)自主设计的试验装置,对严重段塞流的压力及持液率波动特性进行了初步研究。在相同工况下,严重段塞流的发生范围随着管道下倾角的增大而稍微增大;严重段塞流的发生严格受到气、液相流量大小的限制,只有在气、液两相流量都较小的工况下,严重段塞流才会发生;稳定流态(即试验数据采集过程中气、液相流量保持恒定不变的状态)下,严重段塞流的压力及持液率波动呈周期性变化,压力波动幅度是未发生严重段塞流现象时的数倍,持液率波动幅度也明显比未发生严重段塞流现象时大。     

A Review of Current Technologies for Severe Slugging Remediation

One important problem expeienced in flexible risers is severe slugging phenomenon that typically occurs in the flowline-riser systems found on offshore floating production facilities. The flow and pressure oscillations due to severe slugging have several undesirable effects on the downstream topside facilities unless they are designed to accommodate them. However, designing the topside facilities to accept these transients may require large and expensive slug catchers with compression systems equipped with fast responding control systems. This may not be cost-effective and it may be more prudent to design the system to operate in a stable manner. While lowering production rates (slowing fluid velocity) can minimize severe slugging, operators are investigating alternatives that would allow for maximum production rates without the interruptions caused by slugs. This article references a combination of industrial experience and information from the literature to compile a list of methods of remediating the problems associated with severe slugging in pipeline-riser systems.     

A Review of Current Technologies for Severe Slugging Remediation

Abstract

One important problem expeienced in flexible risers is severe slugging phenomenon that typically occurs in the flowline-riser systems found on offshore floating production facilities. The flow and pressure oscillations due to severe slugging have several undesirable effects on the downstream topside facilities unless they are designed to accommodate them. However, designing the topside facilities to accept these transients may require large and expensive slug catchers with compression systems equipped with fast responding control systems. This may not be cost-effective and it may be more prudent to design the system to operate in a stable manner. While lowering production rates (slowing fluid velocity) can minimize severe slugging, operators are investigating alternatives that would allow for maximum production rates without the interruptions caused by slugs. This article references a combination of industrial experience and information from the literature to compile a list of methods of remediating the problems associated with severe slugging in pipeline-riser systems.     

深水混合立管基础跨接管设计中的关键问题

总结了立管基础跨接管设计需要考虑的关键问题,包括几何形状、静态极限强度和疲劳寿命等。研究了静态极限强度的载荷种类、边界条件和校核标准。探讨了立管涡激振动、海底底流涡激振动、段塞流、循环热载荷等对跨接管疲劳寿命的影响。在此基础上,提出了立管基础跨接管优化设计的数学模型。     

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随着海洋油气钻井向深水领域发展，钻井隔水管的受力越来越复杂，钻井隔水管的力学分析显得越来越重要。建立了深水钻井时在海流、波浪等海洋环境载荷的作用下，深水隔水管强度分析的三维有限元力学模型，考虑了隔水管在外载作用下的小应变大变形和轴向力影响的特点，引入了非线性理论，使计算结果更加符合实际情况。深水钻井隔水管一般要承受复杂的三维载荷，即波浪力和海流不在一个受力平面上。文章还针对深水钻井隔水管的实际受力情况，重点研究了海底暗流对钻井隔水管强度的影响。并对弯曲载荷分布规律进行了计算分析。研究表明，而在隔水管靠近水面的位置，其弯曲载荷最大。在这些弯曲载荷大的位置，应特别注意隔水管的强度问题。暗流对海洋深水钻井隔水管的弯曲强度产生显著的影响，在进行隔水管强度设计及现场钻井作业中，应特别考虑暗流的存在及其对隔水管强度的影响。     

Dynamic Simulation of Offshore Production Plants

A dynamic model for predicting the effects of severe slugging/unstable flows on handling facilities of the offshore production plants is developed under the environment of the HYSYS.Plant (v.3.2) simulator. An experimental case study shows how the HYSYS model can be used as a useful engineering tool for the reliable simulation of separation facilities during normal transients and more serious upset conditions like severe slugging. In fact, by using this model one can check if the production system handles unstable flows or if the proposed production control system is stressed.     

“超广谱”屏蔽暂堵钻井完井液新技术室内研究

突破传统屏蔽暂堵技术观念 ,针对层间差异较大的高孔、高渗储层 ,将不同类型的油层保护剂加入黑色正电胶体系 ,研制出一种广谱暂堵型保护油气层钻井完井液体系。该体系能够对不同渗透特性的储层进行瞬时镶嵌式封堵与纤维架桥作用 ,减少粘土颗粒的侵入污染 ,抑制油气层中的粘土水化膨胀 ,减少了处理剂对油气层的污染 ,有利于反排和渗透率恢复。试验结果表明 ,该体系封堵率达 10 0 % ,煤油反排渗透率恢复率达 90 %以上。     

减阻技术对海洋油气管线中多相流动与传热的影响

在海洋环境中多相流条件下应用减阻技术,可以在相同的管线压力下,有效提高油气输送量。减阻技术影响多相流的摩擦阻力、持液率和界面现象,可使多相流的的减阻率最高达到60%以上,可减少多相流体与管壁间的传热;某些情况下,减阻技术还能够改变多相流的流型、抑制剧烈弹状流,改善油气输送系统的运行工况。