Synthesis and Characterization of Homopolymer of Decyl Acrylate and its Copolymer with Styrene and Evaluation of their Performance as a Pour Point Depressant in Lubricating Oil

The potential for use of homopolymer of decyl acrylate and its copolymer with styrene as pour point depressant (PPD) additives in lubricating compositions has been investigated. The polymers (homo- and copolymers) were prepared by free radical initiator polymerization in toluene solvent, using benzoyl peroxide (BZP) as initiator and employing different levels of styrene (wt%) in the monomer mixture and were characterized employing TGA, FT-IR, and FT-NMR techniques. The homopolymer showed higher viscometric molecular weight (Mv) compared to the copolymers. A gradual decrease of Mv with the increase in styrene concentration is also observed in the case of copolymers. The resulting copolymers were evaluated for potential use as PPD in lubricant compositions through ASTM method and the results indicated that the prepared copolymer samples are more efficient as PPD than the homopolymer and the efficiency increases with the increase in concentration of additive up to a certain limit.     

Solvent Free Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Poly Myristyl Acrylate—Characterization and Evaluation as Additives for Lubricating Oil

Homopolymer of myristyl acrylate was prepared by microwave assisted free radical polymerization method using BZP as initiator with variation of time at a fixed power without any solvent. Characterization of the polymers was done by IR, NMR, and viscometric analysis. Additive performances of each of them (pour point depressant [PPD] and viscosity modifier [VM]) for lubricating oil (lube oil) were also evaluated by standard ASTM methods. A comparison of their performances has also been reported. The molecular weights of the polymers were determined from viscosity measurements in toluene at 313 K and thermal stability was measured by thermogravimetric analysis.     

Multifunctional lube oil additives based on maleic anhydride

Copolymer of maleic anhydride with 1-decene was synthesized by using azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator in toluene solvent and the prepared copolymer was reacted separately with different long chain amines (n-octyl amine, n-decyl amine, and n-dodecyl amine) to get three copolymers. The performance of the polymers in different base oils was evaluated as viscosity modifier (VM) also called viscosity index improver, pour point depressant (PPD), and dispersant by standard ASTM methods. The molecular weight of the polymers was determined by gel permeation chromatography. The TGA value was determined by the standard ASTM method. It was found that the efficiency of the polymers as a VM and dispersant increases with increasing the molecular weight of the polymers as well as with increasing the alkyl chain length. However, the efficiency as a PPD increases with decreasing molecular weight of the prepared polymers and with the decreasing the alkyl chain length.     

Preparation and Evaluation of Acrylate Polymers as Viscosity Index Improvers for Lube Oil

This work is confined to the preparation and characterization of acrylate polymeric additives. These additives were prepared by esterification of acrylic acid with different alcohols (decyl, 1-dodecyl, 1-tetradecyl, and hexadecyl) and then copolymerization of the prepared esters with different moles of styrene. The molecular weights of the prepared copolymers were determined by GPC. The efficiency of the prepared copolymers for improving the viscosity index of the lube oil was studied. It was found that the efficiency increases with increasing the molecular weight of the prepared copolymers.     

Dodecylmethacrylate – olive oil copolymers as potential biodegradable pour point depressant for lubricating oil

The application of greener additives based on vegetable oils has attracted considerable interest due to their biocompatibility and enhanced additive performances compared to conventional additives. Keeping this view in mind and in continuation of our explorative studies on lube oil additives, copolymer of dodecylmethacrylate with olive oil have been synthesized in a focused mono-mode microwave oven using BZP (benzoyl peroxide) as radical initiator. Characterization of the prepared polymers has been performed by spectral (NMR, IR), and SEC-GPC analysis. Performance evaluation of the polymers as pour point depressant (PPD), and viscosity modifier (VM) / viscosity index improver (VII) in different base oils (mineral) have been performed by standard ASTM methods. Biodegradability of the prepared additives was tested against fungal pathogens and microorganisms by disc diffusion (DD) method and by soil burial test (SBT) method respectively. Thermal stability of each of them has been evaluated and included. The multifunctional performances have been compared and reported. The copolymers showed excellent PPD performance along with VM properties and potential biodegradability.     

Lubricants Additives from Maleate Copolymers

This work aims to prepare and characterize dialkyl maleate via esterification of maleic anhydride with different alcohols (butanol, octanol, decyl alcohol, and dodecyl alcohol) to produce dibutyl maleate M₁, dioctyl maleate M₂, didecyl maleate M₃, and didodecyl maleate M₄. Then polymerization of the prepared dialkyl maleate with two different monomers (vinyl acetate and styrene) to produce dialkyl maleate-vinyl acetate copolymers (M_1v, M_2v, M_3v, and M_4v) and dialkyl maleate-styrene copolymers(M_1S, M_2S, M_3S, and M_4S). The molecular weight of the prepared copolymers were determined by using Gel Permeation chromatography (GPC) water 600E. The efficiency of the prepared copolymers for improving the viscosity index of the base lube oil was studied. It was found that the efficiency increases with increasing alkyl chain length of alcohol group in the prepared dialkyl maleat and increases with increasing the molecular weight of the prepared copolymers, and the efficiency of the prepared copolymers as viscosity index improvers for the lube oil increases with increasing the concentration of this compound in solution (base oil). It was also found that VI increases in presence of styrene monomer than that of vinyl acetate monomer.     

Viscometric and Wear Performance of Methacrylate-based Lubricants

Methacrylate based lube oil additive of three different kinds viz, one homopolymer (polyhexadecyl methacrylate [PHDMA]) and two of its copolymers (HDMA-1-decene and HDMA-styrene) have been synthesized, characterized and investigated for their viscosity modifier (VM), antiwear (AW), and thickening performance at different concentrations in two different base oils. The VM properties in terms of viscosity index (VI), the AW properties through determination of wear scar diameter (WSD) using a four ball wear tester and thickening (i.e., rise in oil viscosity due to added polymer at a given polymer concentration was studied). The polymers studied have been found to show VM and AW properties under the experimental conditions. At a given polymer concentration thickening was found to increase in the order PHDMA-styrene > PHDMA-1-decene > PHDMA. The intrinsic viscosity, a measure of polymers hydrodynamic volume, showed a higher value in lower viscosity base stock, as compared to the higher viscosity oil in the case of homopolymer and PHDMA-1-decene copolymers. The decrease in viscosity with temperature followed the order PHDMA > PHDMA-1-decene > PHDMA-styrene; indicating a better viscosity index for the styrene copolymer (PHDMA-styrene).     

The Behavior of Polymers as Viscosity Index Improvers

In the present work, six copolymers were prepared by reaction of 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate with vinyl acetate monomer by different molar ratio to produce copolymers (ν₁, ν₂, ν₃, ν₄, ν₅, and ν₆). The composition of these copolymers were determined by molecular weight (using Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) Water 600 E.) and by ¹HNMR (by 300 MHz Spectrometer w-P-300, Bruker) which indicate that the copolymers are alternating copolymers with reactivity ratio of 2-ethyl hexyl methacrylate is 0.65 and vinyl acetate is 0.51. The efficiency of the prepared copolymers as viscosity index improvers for lube oil was studies. From the data obtained, it was found that the efficiency as viscosity index improvers increases by increasing the molecular weight of the prepared polymers and increasing the concentration of these copolymers. The data were discussed on light of the chemical structure and reactivity ratio of the prepared copolymers.     

The Behavior of Polymers as Viscosity Index Improvers

Abstract

In the present work, six copolymers were prepared by reaction of 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate with vinyl acetate monomer by different molar ratio to produce copolymers (ν₁, ν₂, ν₃, ν₄, ν₅, and ν₆). The composition of these copolymers were determined by molecular weight (using Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) Water 600 E.) and by ¹HNMR (by 300 MHz Spectrometer w-P-300, Bruker) which indicate that the copolymers are alternating copolymers with reactivity ratio of 2-ethyl hexyl methacrylate is 0.65 and vinyl acetate is 0.51. The efficiency of the prepared copolymers as viscosity index improvers for lube oil was studies. From the data obtained, it was found that the efficiency as viscosity index improvers increases by increasing the molecular weight of the prepared polymers and increasing the concentration of these copolymers. The data were discussed on light of the chemical structure and reactivity ratio of the prepared copolymers.     

Synthesis and Evaluation of Some Polymeric Compounds as Pour Point Depressants and Viscosity Index Improvers for Lube Oil

Abstract

In the present study, some polymeric additives were prepared and used as pour point depressants and as viscosity index improvers for lube oil via copolymerization of maleic anhydride and vinyl acetate with different esters of acrylic acid. The molecular weights of the prepared copolymers were determined by GPC. The efficiency of the prepared compounds as pour point depressant and viscosity index improvers was investigated. It was found that the efficiency of the prepared compounds as pour point depressant increases with decreasing the concentration of the prepared polymers, increasing the chain length of alkyl groups, and increases with decreasing the molecular weight. The efficiency of the prepared compounds as viscosity index improvers increases by increasing the concentration of these additives and by increasing the molecular weight of the polymer.     

Lubricants Additives from Maleate Copolymers

Abstract

This work aims to prepare and characterize dialkyl maleate via esterification of maleic anhydride with different alcohols (butanol, octanol, decyl alcohol, and dodecyl alcohol) to produce dibutyl maleate M₁, dioctyl maleate M₂, didecyl maleate M₃, and didodecyl maleate M₄. Then polymerization of the prepared dialkyl maleate with two different monomers (vinyl acetate and styrene) to produce dialkyl maleate-vinyl acetate copolymers (M_1v, M_2v, M_3v, and M_4v) and dialkyl maleate-styrene copolymers(M_1S, M_2S, M_3S, and M_4S). The molecular weight of the prepared copolymers were determined by using Gel Permeation chromatography (GPC) water 600E. The efficiency of the prepared copolymers for improving the viscosity index of the base lube oil was studied. It was found that the efficiency increases with increasing alkyl chain length of alcohol group in the prepared dialkyl maleat and increases with increasing the molecular weight of the prepared copolymers, and the efficiency of the prepared copolymers as viscosity index improvers for the lube oil increases with increasing the concentration of this compound in solution (base oil). It was also found that VI increases in presence of styrene monomer than that of vinyl acetate monomer.     

Study the Influence of Some Polymeric Additives as Viscosity Index Improvers,Pour Point Depressants and Dispersants for Lube Oil

Abstract

In the present work, some polymeric additives were prepared as pour point depressants, viscosity index improvers and dispersant additives for lube oil, these additives prepared by copolymerization of maleic anhydride with different esters of acrylic acids and then amination. The molecular weights of the prepared copolymers were determined by gel permeation chromatograph (GPC). The efficiency of the prepared compounds as pour point depressants and viscosity index improvers was investigated. It was found that the efficiency of the prepared compounds as pour point depressants increases with decreasing the concentration of the prepared polymers, increasing the chain length of alkyl groups and increases with decreasing the molecular weight. The efficiency of the prepared compounds as viscosity index improvers increases by increasing the concentration of these additives and by increasing the molecular weight of polymer. It was found that the amination of polymer enhance the efficiency of the prepared additives as pour point, viscosity index, and dispersant for sludge.     

端甲基丙烯酸酯基聚丁二烯大分子单体的合成及其共聚反应

以正丁基锂为引发剂,环已烷为溶剂,采用环氧丙烷“戴帽”法,合成出不同分子量的、分子量分布窄的端甲基丙烯酸酯基聚丁二烯大分子单体。用红外光谱法测定端基官能度,平均官能度大于0.92。聚丁二烯大分子单体与醋酸乙烯酯在70℃下进行接枝共聚,接枝率可达93%。用DSC 法测定了接枝共聚物的 T_g。     

AM-NaAMPS-St三元共聚物的合成及溶液性能研究

在微乳液介质中制备了组成系列变化的丙烯酰胺(AM)-2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸钠(NaAMPS)-苯乙烯(St)三元共聚物P(AM-NaAMPS-St)。通过红外光谱、紫外光谱、复合作用电导滴定法对共聚物的结构和组成进行了表征。用稀释外推粘度法测定了共聚物的特性粘数及Huggins常数kH。用荧光探针法与表观粘度法研究了大分子链间的疏水缔合作用,考察了共聚物结构对其水溶液性能的影响。     

驱油用AM-VP-AMPS共聚物的合成及性能研究

以丙烯酰胺 ( AM)、N 乙烯基 2吡咯烷酮 ( VP)和 2丙烯酰胺基 2甲基丙磺酸 ( AMPS)为单体 ,以水为溶剂 ,合成了一系列不同分子量的 AM VP AMPS共聚物。研究了单体浓度、引发剂用量、反应温度、聚合体系 p H值、反应时间对其转化率和共聚物特性粘数的影响 ,AMPS、VP含量与共聚物溶液表观粘度、抗盐性能之间的关系以及共聚物溶液的耐温抗盐性能。     

疏水缔合淀粉的制备及其对含油污水絮凝研究

以淀粉（St）、丙烯酰胺（AM）、丙烯酸十八酯（0A）为原料，采用K2S2O2-NaHSO3引发体系，通过反相悬浮聚合，制备了一系列疏水缔合接枝共聚物PSOAM。测定单体转化率、淀粉接枝率、溶解性，用红外光谱对共聚物进行了表征，同时进行模拟含油废水的絮凝实验。结果表明：随疏水单体（OA）用量的增加，水溶性降低、特性粘数及粘均相对分子质量也降低；PSOAM对高浓度含油污水的处理效率较高。     

低分子量SMA交替共聚物的合成

以沉淀共聚的方法，合成了低分子量的ＳＭＡ交替共聚物。讨论了温度、链转移剂和引发剂浓度对共聚物特性粘数的影响。采用慢速滴加苯乙烯的方式控制反应放热，避免爆聚，同时起到控制共聚物分子量的作用，有效地避免了高温方法带来的共聚物性能不良和均相法的后处理难等缺点。     

苯乙烯本体聚合动力学研究

在苯乙烯单体聚合转化率不超过50%情况下,得到本体热聚合引发反应速度与单体浓度三次方呈线性关系,如果添加引发剂偶氮二异丁腈则其聚合速度与引发剂的0.5次方呈正比。根据Arrhenius 方程式求得的苯乙烯热聚合活化能 E_α=110.5kJ/mol,在引发剂 AIBN 存在下的活化能 E_α′=65.3kJ/mol。引发剂的存在促进游离基生成,加快聚合反应进程,使聚合物分子量分布较宽。添加十二碳烷硫醇作链转移剂,也有使聚合物分子量分布变宽和降低分子量的趋势,添加量超过0.2%则使聚合速度降低。另外,低温聚合的聚合物分子量大,分子量分布均匀。     

蓖麻油-马来酸酐-苯乙烯双功能润滑油添加剂的合成

传统石油基润滑油添加剂对环境的不利影响,使可生物降解的植物油基润滑油添加剂成为研究热点。以蓖麻油(CO)、马来酸酐(MAH)、苯乙烯(ST)为原料,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,甲苯为溶剂,合成了蓖麻油-马来酸酐-苯乙烯共聚物(PCMAS)。通过红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振氢谱(¹H NMR)表征了蓖麻油-马来酸酐-苯乙烯共聚物的结构,采用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)测定了聚合物的相对分子质量及其多分散性指数,采用热重分析研究了聚合物的热稳定性,并对聚合物作为润滑油降凝剂和黏度指数改进剂的性能进行了评价。结果表明：当单体质量比m(CO)∶m(MAH)∶m(ST)=1.0∶0.2∶1.2、引发剂AIBN含量占总单体的0.5%(质量分数)、反应时间4 h、反应温度90℃时,共聚物收率为68.39%,其数均相对分子质量为0.348×10⁵,多分散性指数为4.77。将蓖麻油-马来酸酐-苯乙烯共聚物添加到润滑油馏分(350～395℃)中,可降低润滑油的凝点,并提高其黏度指数。蓖麻油-马来酸酐-苯乙烯共聚物可作为一种具有降凝增黏双重功能的润滑油添加剂。     

一种广谱型支状油溶性降黏剂的研制

针对稠油胶质、沥青质含量高,黏度和凝点高,给其开采和运输带来困难的情况,以丙烯酸异构酯、苯乙烯、马来酸酐为聚合单体,甲苯为溶剂,过氧化二苯甲酰为引发剂,制备了一种广谱型支状油溶性降黏剂（YGZ型油溶性降黏剂）,对制备条件进行优化,考察其对多种油品的降黏效果,并对其降黏机理进行初步分析。结果表明：YGZ型油溶性降黏剂的适宜制备条件为：共聚物单体丙烯酸异构酯、马来酸酐、苯乙烯的摩尔比为5:1:3,过氧化二苯甲酰加入量（w）1.0%,反应温度90 ℃,反应时间6 h;该降黏剂可使黏度（50 ℃）为2 106 mPa?s的伊拉克原油黏度下降70.4%;含有支链结构的异构型降黏剂的降黏效果比正构型降黏剂好;该降黏剂具有较好的广谱性,可用于多种稠油降黏。