Hydrogen production via steam gasification of heavy oil: Effects of operating conditions

A heavy oil gasification model that can predict the hydrogen yield has been developed for a high pressure circulating fluidized bed. The model is based on the Aspen Plus package, which is a professional software for simulation of thermal process. To illustrate the effects of the steam/fuel ratio and temperature, several conditions have been examined. The results show that the gasification temperature plays a major role in the process. As gasification temperature increases from 600 to 800°C, the production of hydrogen increases dramatically. The influence of steam/fuel ratio (0.50–0.80) is also considerable, but shows a constant rate at the higher steam/fuel. Simulation results were validated against experimental data available in the literature.     

A Comprehensive Study on Gasification of Petroleum Wastes Based on a Mathematical Model

Gasification is a thermochemical process that produces useful and environmentally friendly by-products. Here the effects of various parameters such as equivalence ratio, pressure, and steam gasifying on the gasification process of waste lubricant oil are investigated based on Gibbs free energy minimization approach. The model is validated by reported data and found to be in good agreement. Various gasification performance parameters such as cold gas efficiency, carbon conversion efficiency, gasification temperature, pressure, and heating value of produced gas were determined based on a parametric study. The use of CaO catalyst has also been investigated for the production of hydrogen-rich gas with in situ CO₂ capture in steam gasification of waste oil. The results indicate that an appropriate steam/fuel ratio and more catalyst are favorable for getting a higher H₂ ratio and a lower CO₂ output.     

Aspen plus simulation of heavy oil gasification in a fluidized bed gasifier

Gasification is a clean technology to convert fuels to high-quality syngas in presence of a gasifying agent. In this study, an Aspen Plus model of heavy oil gasification was developed to produce the hydrogen rich syngas. Effect of some parameters such as gasification temperature and steam/fuel ratio on the hydrogen yield and was investigated. Results showed that the temperature plays a major role in the process; higher temperatures produce the higher hydrogen content. It was also found that the operation under high steam/fuel ratio can cause a significant increase in the hydrogen yield. The modeling results were compared with the experimental data available in the literature and found to be in good agreement.     

A computational fluid dynamic model for evaluating the performance of crude oil gasification

Gasification is a clean technology which converts the liquid or solid fuels into a high caloric value syngas for power generation. In this research work, we developed a computational fluid dynamic model of crude oil gasification for hydrogen production; the accuracy of the model was approved in our previous work. Effects of some important factors such as residence time, steam/fuel ratio and equivalence ratio on hydrogen yield, and char conversion were explored. Results showed that the residence time and steam/fuel ratio play a major role in the process. It was also found that the equivalence ratio has a negative effect on the hydrogen yield and a positive effect on the char conversion.     

Hydrogen production from co-gasification of asphaltene and plastic

At present, due to the environmental considerations and world energy crisis, there is a growing trend towards using gasification instead of combustion as a thermochemical route for power generation. The purpose of this work was to provide a computer-based model to predict the potential of gasification process for syngas production. The influence of the most important operational conditions namely asphaltene/plastic mass ratio (A/P), steam/fuel ratio (S/F), gasification temperature (T_gas), and equivalence ratio (ER) on gas composition and tar concentration was evaluated. With the asphaltene/plastic ratio (A/P) increasing from 0.2 (wt/wt) to 0.6 (wt/wt), the carbon conversion efficiency (CCE) initially increases from 47.88% to 54.61% for S/F = 0.25, from 49.80% to 54.11% for S/F = 0.5, from 51.83% to 58.36% for S/F = 0.75, and from 52.69% to 60.57% for S/F = 1.0, then steadily decreased. The gas yield also increased from 45.12 (%) to 92.08 (%) with increasing ER from 0.1 to 0.8, while the tar yield decreased from 12.24 (%) to 00.14 (%).     

Aspen Plus simulation of steam-gasification of different crude oils: A detailed comparison

The gasification process is being developed to obtain environmentally clean and efficient syngas from solid (coal, biomass, and municipal solid waste) or liquid (heavy oil and waste lubricant oil) fuels for power generation. An Aspen Plus model of crude oil gasification in presence of steam as a gasifying agent that can predict syngas yield, tar concentration, and performance parameters was developed. Effects of some critical parameters such as gasification temperature, steam-fuel-ratio on hydrogen yield, tar content, and char conversion of three different crude oils were explored. Results showed that the hydrogen yield increases by increasing steam/fuel ratio from 0.5 to 0.7 (wt/wt), and then reduces smoothly due to the endothermic behavior of methane reforming reaction, which releases three hydrogen moles. It also found that as the temperature increases within the range, hydrogen yield increases dramatically, which can be explained according to the Le Chatelier's principle on the endothermic reforming reactions of methane and tar cracking. Modeling results validated against the experimental measurements and found to be in a good agreement.     

Thermodynamic evaluation of mazut gasification for using in power generation

In this study, gasification of mazut, as a heavy fuel oil with high sulfur content, is studied by an equilibrium model. Effects of equivalence ratio and adding steam as a gasifying agent on gasifier performance are studied. It was found that for highest cold gas efficiency, equivalence ratio and H₂O/fuel ratio are 0.3 and 0.2, respectively. Based on these findings, it was estimated that using 31 kg/sec mazut, 445 MW electricity can be produced in an integrated gasification combined cycle. It also conclude that all produced mazut in Iran's refineries has the potential of 11000 MW power generation.     

Hydrogen production by catalytic gasification of petroleum residue

The liquid fuel gasification to obtain a clean flue gas for power generation and produce chemicals such as methanol is a most promising attempt to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants. In this paper, an equilibrium model of liquid fuel gasification was developed by the method of Gibbs free energy minimization. Two kinds of catalysts: Ni/CeO₂/Al₂O₃ and Ni/Al₂O₃ were used to explore the influence of catalysts and operating conditions on hydrogen yield and char conversion. Over the ranges of operating conditions studied, the maximum hydrogen yield reached 52.47 vol%, whereas the char conversion varied between 45.2% and 98.5%. The results indicated that an appropriate reaction temperature is favorable for higher hydrogen production and char conversion. The model was validated with experimental data obtained from a fluidized bed gasifier.     

醋糟间歇气化制备燃气试验

醋糟是酿造食醋后所剩余的残渣,由于醋糟具有盐度高、酸性强、自然分解慢等特点,将醋糟气化后制备燃气,对于提高酿醋行业资源利用率、减小环境污染均具有重要的意义。为此,采用单一流化床两步气化方法,以煤作为热载体与发热体,纯水蒸气作为气化介质,在自行研制的实验装置上进行了醋糟气化制备燃气的试验,探讨了气化温度(900~1 000℃)、水蒸气与醋糟质量比(1.23~3.57)对燃气组分(H2/CO、CO/CO2等)、产率、低热值等的影响。在实验研究的条件范围内,燃气中(H2+CO)含量为67.07%~73.72%,燃气产率为0.32~0.72m3/kg,低位热值为10 757.2~11 746.16kJ/m3。试验结果表明:①H2和CO是燃气中最主要的2种气体,随着气化温度的升高,燃气中H2与CO含量、CO/CO2值和燃气产率均增加,而CH4与CO2含量、H2/CO值和燃气低位热值则相应地减少;②随着水蒸气与醋糟质量比的增加,燃气中H2与CH4含量、H2/CO值、燃气产率和低位热值均增加,而CO含量呈现下降趋势。结论认为:该单一流化床两步气化系统能够稳定获得富含氢气的燃气,并可长时间平稳、安全、可靠地运行。     

串行流化床生物质气化动力学模拟

生物质是一种清洁、可再生能源,来源广泛。串行流化床气化工艺将生物质气化和燃烧过程分离,具有气化温度较低和合成气浓度高等优点,是国内外学者进行生物质能源利用研究的热点之一。为模拟其气化过程,针对松木和玉米秸秆这2种生物质原料,以水蒸气为气化介质,结合气化反应动力学方程,利用Aspen Plus系统(V7.2)对串行流化床生物质气化过程进行了动力学模拟,考察了进料水蒸气与生物质质量比(S/B)和气化温度对气化干气组成和产率的影响。模拟结果表明:①S/B值的变化、气化湿度的变化对松木和玉米秸秆气化所得干气组成及产率的影响趋势是一致的,但随着S/B增加,松木和玉米秸秆气化所得干气产率增加,CO_2和H_2含量升高,CO含量降低;②随着气化温度的升高,干气中H_2和CO_2含量逐渐降低,CO含量和干气产率增加;③在相同研究条件下,松木气化所得干气中的H_2含量与玉米秸秆气化相当,但产率优于玉米秸秆气化的产率。     

聚集辐照下甲烷水蒸气重整制氢过程参数研究

基于自行设计的小型太阳能热化学反应器,建立了聚集辐照下甲烷水蒸气重整数学模型,该模型耦合导热、对流、辐射以及化学反应动力学,计算得到了反应器内甲烷重整过程反应物及产物的浓度、反应速率及温度场的分布,获得了不同工况参数(孔隙率、气体入口温度、水碳比)对甲烷转化率的影响规律.研究结果表明:甲烷水蒸气重整在多孔区域入口处反应...     

大型天然气蒸汽转化制氢工艺全流程模拟及优化

利用Aspen Plus模拟计算软件对大型天然气蒸汽转化制氢工艺进行全流程模拟计算和分析。对全流程所含预处理、蒸汽转化、中温变换、CO_2脱除4个工艺单元及热回收、燃烧、蒸汽3个辅助系统逐一进行精细化模拟并有机整合。模型模拟得到关键流股的成分、主要工艺参数如下:热回收率93.0%,副产蒸汽量132.0 t/h,循环水消耗量1 080.0 t/h,燃料消耗量4 160 m~3/h。通过模型和计算模块对全流程换热网络进行优化。对优化后的模拟结果进行灵敏度分析表明:当水碳比增大时,转化炉出口CH_4含量、中温变换炉出口CO含量及原料消耗量均减少,而燃料消耗量、助燃空气消耗量及副产蒸汽量均增大。通过该模型,能够为工艺方案比选、优化设计及节能减排提供模拟和预测。     

流化床内松木屑气化过程的MP-PIC数值模拟

基于多相质点网格(MP-PIC)方法建立了三维流化床内的生物质气化反应模型,考虑蒸发、挥发分析出以及均相、非均相反应等子模块,研究了松木屑在气-固强非线性耦合作用下的空间分布特性和高温热传递过程中的热物性分布规律,探究了不同的空气当量比(ER)、蒸汽生物质比(SBR)、气化温度对气化性能和气相热物性的影响规律。结果表明：可燃气体和焦炭的氧化反应促使气相温度升高,而低温蒸汽将自由空域的温度降低至约900 K;ER的增加提升了炉内的气化温度,减小了气体密度和比热容,然而过量的空气会降低气化性能和炉内温度;SBR的增大稀释了气化产物浓度;增加气化温度提升了H₂产率,但抑制了C₂H₄的生成。     

对省级天然气管网设施公平开放与监管的思考——以陕西省为例

天然气管网设施公平开放和依法监管是绝大多数市场化比较成熟国家的一致选择。中国的天然气管网改革才刚刚起步,特别是在省级管网设施的监管方面,面临诸多现实问题。为此,以陕西省为例,剖析了我国当前省级天然气管网公平开放面临的主要问题:(1)省管网公司采取统购统销模式,不适应公平开放制度管输业务独立的客观要求;(2)省内管输价格管理办法和成本监审办法待建立,管输价格合理性亟待监审;(3)储气调峰和两部制管输定价缺位,不适应公平开放定价规则;(4)居民和非居民用气实行"双轨"制,不利于市场健康快速发展;(5)储气调峰设施建设滞后,影响供气稳定性和开放准入;(6)管网开放更具操作性的规章制度准则有待于完善。由此建议近期的监管工作重点应从以下5个方面入手:(1)督促省内管输企业扎实履行信息公开义务;(2)监管管网设施信息和运营信息公开的及时全面真实有效;(3)推动省内管输价格管理办法和成本监审办法尽早出台;(4)推动省内管网公司管输与销售、管输与下游业务分离;(5)推动大用户直供,改变省网公司统购统销模式。     

Artificial neural network modeling of methanol production from syngas

Methanol (MeOH) is an important chemical which is mostly used as a fuel in power vehicles and engines. In recent years, methanol production from syngas derived from steam reforming of natural gas has been received much attention because of its economic advantages. In this paper, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed to simulate methanol production from fuel gas derived from steam reforming of natural gas. An experimental study was also carried out to validate the simulated results. Results showed that with increasing pressure from 10 to 30?bar methanol concentration and CO conversion increased from 21.1% to 22.3% and from 34.0% to 36.2%, respectively. Methanol concentration initially increased and then decreased with increasing reaction temperature.     

Simulation analysis of steam gasification of petroleum coke with CaO

Abstract

The work deals with the effect of calcium oxide adsorption on the production of hydrogen and methane in steam gasification of petroleum coke using Aspen Plus process simulator. The prediction accuracy of the proposed model is verified by comparing with the existing experimental results. The effects of water vapor flux, the mass ratio of calcium oxide to petroleum coke, pressure, temperature on hydrogen or methane gasification from petroleum coke steam are studied. The production of hydrogen from petroleum coke gasification requires a low temperature and low pressure environment, while increasing the flow of water vapor is beneficial to the production of hydrogen. Maximum H₂ volume fraction of 87.3% is obtained at a temperature of 600?°C, a pressure of 0.1?MPa, the mass of steam to petroleum coke is 1, and the mass of CaO to petroleum coke is 3. The H₂ and CO₂ volume fractions are found to be increased and decreased by 20% and 27.8% respectively, when compared with the corresponding non-CaO case. The production of methane from petroleum coke gasification requires a low temperature and high pressure environment, while decreasing the flow of water vapor is beneficial to the production of methane. Maximum CH₄ volume fraction of 63% is obtained at a temperature of 600?°C, a pressure of 1?MPa, the mass of steam to petroleum coke is 1, and the mass of CaO to petroleum coke is 1. The CH₄ and CO₂ volume fractions are found to be increased and decreased by 14.4% and 21% respectively, when compared with the corresponding non-CaO case.     

影响制氢装置综合能耗因素分析及控制措施

通过对中国石油化工股份有限公司石家庄炼化分公司制氢装置各能耗影响因素的分析,确定其主要影响因素为:原料气的组成、燃料气消耗和自产蒸汽的产量。对三种主要因素的影响提出相应的控制措施:采取原料优化、加热炉热效率控制、装置水碳比优化,达到降低装置综合能耗的目的。     

赤铁矿作用下煤化学链气化过程碳氮元素转化机理

以赤铁矿为载氧体,利用流化床反应装置比较传统煤气化与化学链煤气化的不同特性,同时研究气化温度、水蒸气流量、赤铁矿/煤比(即氧/碳摩尔比)、燃料种类等反应条件对化学链气化特性的影响,并分析气化反应后载氧体基本特性的变化。结果表明,化学链气化呈现2个不同的反应阶段。在初始的挥发分析出阶段,还原性气体与载氧体、NOx的氧化还原反应对碳、氮元素的转化具有重要影响,NO和N2O均明显析出;在煤焦气化阶段,载氧体能够提高半焦反应活性、促进半焦气化和N2O生成,N2O是主要的NOx产物。赤铁矿载氧体中的Fe2O3在气化过程被还原、部分转化为Fe3O4,未发现载氧体烧结现象。     

Production of Pure Hydrogen from Diesel Fuel by Steam Pre-Reforming and Subsequent Conversion in a Membrane Reactor

The results of experimental study and mathematical modeling of a fuel processor for the production of pure hydrogen from diesel fuel with a productivity of 600–700 g (H₂)/h, consisting of an adiabatic reactor for diesel fuel pre-reforming followed by steam conversion of pre-reforming products in a catalytic Pd–Ag membrane reactor for hydrogen extraction are presented. The membrane reactor consists of 32 membrane modules arranged in 8 sections of 4 modules each. A mathematical model has been developed and two schemes of layout of the modules in the membrane reactor have been simulated. One scheme involves the cross-flow distribution of flue gas and fuel gas reformate to individual modules and leads to overheating of the input modules and cooling of the output modules. The other scheme with the cocurrent distribution of streams, along both the reactant path and the flue gas path, is preferable from the viewpoint of the temperature uniformity of different modules within a section. On the basis of the data obtained, an estimated calculation of the parameters of a power generation unit with a battery of low-temperature fuel cells has been made. For the example considered, the thermal efficiency of the fuel processor is 87%. With an efficiency of the fuel cell battery of 42%, the electrical efficiency of the fuel cell power unit will be 36%.     

可再生生物质资源制氢技术的研究进展

综述了生物质资源(生物质和生物油)制氢技术的研究进展。生物质制氢主要包括:生物质气化、快速裂解、超临界水气化和催化裂解/气化。生物质气化得到氢气含量较高的混合气体,工艺流程简单,但气化效率低;生物质快速裂解除产生氢气混合气体外,主要得到较多的液相产物即生物油,生物油可催化重整制氢,还可从中提取有价值的化学品;超临界水气化过程中气体是主要产物,但温度和压力高,对设备要求苛刻;催化裂解/气化可得到富氢气体,但产生很多成分复杂的焦油。针对生物油重整过程中温度高、催化剂失活严重等问题,最近开发了电催化水蒸气重整生物油制氢的装置及方法。与非电催化重整相比,电催化重整在400～600℃就能得到很高的氢产率和碳转化率。