Sequence Stratigraphy of the Palaeogene in the HGZ Area of Qaidam Basin

Sequence stratigraphy can be used to predict the oil and gas reservoir bodies and to choose the oil targets. Fan delta and sublacustrine fan systems are developed in the HGZ Area, which is located in front of the Altun Mountain in the west of the Qaidam Basin. On the basis of seismic and well drilling data, the deposits in the area were studied by using sequence stratigraphy and reservoir prediction techniques. Various reservoir prediction techniques used under the constraint of high resolution sequence framework could help to improve the precision of reservoir prediction and to recognize the pinch out line of sand layers, the distribution of isolated sandstone bodies and the types of oil pools. The study of sequence stratigraphy makes reservoir prediction more effective by dividing different scales of sequences and distinguishing the system tracts and parasequence sets, and indicates the internal relationship between oil/gas and sedimentary bodies in different system tracts with evolution in time and space.     

Analysis of the Multinational Strategy of Oil Companies

With the continuous and rapid development of the national economy,China‘s oil consumption embarks on a stage of fast growth. The gap between oil supply and demand will get wider, which has seriously limited the development of China‘s economy and society.In 2004, China became the second largest oilconsumption country in the world,     

Studies on the Reaction Mechanism of CPP and the Factors Affecting the Yields of Ethylene and Propylene

The reaction mechanisms of Catalytic Pyrolysis Process and the ethylene and propylene forma-tion reaction are analyzed,and ethylene and propylene are produced through both the free radical reac-tion and carbenium ion reaction.The factors affecting the yields of ethylene and propylene are discussed.The results showed that greater yields of ethylene and propylene can be obtained on ZSM-5 catalysts rather than USY and REY catalysts,and the modified ZSM-5 could improve the ethylene yield.A higher temperature is favorable for enhancement of the free radical reaction as opposed to carbenium ion reaction,and change in temperature can adjust the ratio of ethylene and propylene production.A higher steam amount could produce more ethylene and propylene and less coke,and lowering the catalyst/oil ratio is favorable for producing ethylene.     

Remarkable Achievements in the Construction of Project 211 in the University of Petroleum

~~Remarkable Achievements in the Construction of Project 211 in the University of Petroleum     

Analysis of the Latest Progress of Methane Emissions Reduction Policies in the European Union and the United States

<正>This paper elaborates on the key points of the latest developments in methane emissions reduction policies in the European Union (EU) and the United States (U.S.) and makes a comparative analysis of their policy frameworks.There are similarities between the EU and the U.S. in terms of methane emissions reduction measures, but there are also significant differences.     

Warm Congratulations to Establishment of the Natural Gas Committee of the Chinese Petroleum Society

〔A report of this publication〕The inaugural meeting of the Natural Gas Committee with its first academic exchange was convened at Dujiagyan City, Sichuan Province, from 24 to 27 October 1988. More than 70 com mittee members and delegats from 17 member units attended this meeting, a greater part of them are experts, professors, senior engineers and scientific research and design personnel who have been going for oil and gas exploration, development, storage, transportation and processing for many years. Natural Gas Committee is set up in Sichuan Petroleum Administration.     

Characteristics of the lower part of the Xiaganchaigou Formation in the Mabei-Ⅶ structure in the northern margin, Qaidam Basin

基于岩心、测井资料及普通薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X衍射、物性和压汞等化验分析资料,研究了柴达木盆地马北8号构造下干柴沟组下段砂岩储层特征.结果表明:该套储层的储集空间以原生粒间孔为主,夹少量次生粒间孔,储层物性好,排驱压力和饱和度中值压力较低,孔喉半径较大且分选性中等,歪度粗,孔隙结构参数总体较好.储层质量受沉积相和成岩作用的综合影响,其中,辫状河河床及滩坝沉积区为最有利储层发育区,加之压实作用较弱、成岩早期的中等胶结作用和比较普遍的溶蚀作用有利于原生孔隙和喉道的保存及部分次生孔隙和喉道的发育.利用储层物性及压汞等参数,将马北8号构造下干柴沟组下段储层划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类储层,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ类储层在目前的技术条件下是增储上产的首选储层.     

Effect of Sulfur on the Performance of Three-Way Catalysts

Sulfur content is one of the fuel properties to be monitored. Sulfur dioxide, the major product derived from organic sulfur compounds in the exhaust gas emissions, is a poison to the three-way catalysts (TWC). A gas mixture was applied to simulate the exhaust gases used in the TWC aging procedure tests. Two types of the TWC, REX-ⅡC and REX-ⅡD, were tested in this study. The performance of both TWC‘s before and after the 100-hour sulfur aging program was compared. It was concluded that the Pt component in the TWC was apt to bepoisoned by sulfur much easily than Rh. The performance of the REX-ⅡD catalyst was generally better than thatof the REX-ⅡC catalyst.     

To Protect the Environment—the Bounden Duty of CNPC

Environmental Protection takes precedence during the production and operation
The idea of ＂humanistic, safety first and environmental protection prior＂ is the basic principle of environmental protection of CNPC. It is pointed out in the work report of CNPC that, ＂To strengthen the safety production, protect the environment and save energy resources is the inevitable requirement to thoroughly implement the scientific approach on development as well as an important aspect to transform the pattern of economic growth＂. To carry out environmental protection priority, the whole process of oil and gas production and the guarantee of national oil and gas supply as well as the sustainable development should be permeated with the work of environmental protection. Specifically speaking, CNPC guarantees the priority of environmental protection with ＂Six Priorities＂ in the process of production and operation.     

Kinetic Modeling of the Photocatalytic Reduction of Cr（VI） in the Presence of Dye Using Composite Photocatalyst

The photocatalytic properties of surface TiO2 supported zeolite in a semi batch reactor for the reduction of Cr（VI） in the presence of methyl orange dye were investigated. The prepared composite photocatalyst was characterized by SEM-EDS （scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy）. The effects of operating parameters such as the pH and concentration of Cr（VI） in the absence and presence of dye were evaluated. The Cr（VI） reduction was more efficient in the ternary system （Cr（VI）/dye/TiO2-zeolite） than that of the corresponding binary system （Cr（VI）/TiO2-zeolite）. The extent of metal reduction after 210 min of irradiation was 68% at pH = 3 for the ternary system. In order to optimize the effectiveness of the composite photocatalyst on the photocatalytic reduction of Cr（VI）, kinetics and isotherm models were applied. The kinetics of Cr（VI） in the presence of dye on TiO2/zeolite composite photocatalyst followed the pseudo-first-order model while the equilibrium data correlated reasonably well with Freundlich isotherm.     

Verification of the Effect of EVA’s Residues Addition and the Aging in Mechanical Properties of Asphalt Mixtures

The footwear industry discards residues in its most diverse phases of production, the ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) being one of them. This work proposes an evaluation of the use of EVA residue discarded by the footwear industry of Campina Grande city in asphalt mixtures. The EVA residue incorporated to petroleum asphalt cement through the wet process in percentages of 0%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% in mass. In the tests of tensile strength and resilient modulus, every mixture that used EVA residue in its composition fulfilled Department of Infrastructure of Transportation's criteria of resilience for usage in paving.     

In-depth Profile Control Technologies in China—A Review of the State of the Art

Abstract

In the process of waterflooding and polymer flooding, the oil displacement efficiency is poor because of the heterogeneity of reservoirs, the conventional profile control and water shutoff technology can no longer satisfy constantly production demand. So, in-depth profile control technology has been developed in recent years, and an obvious effect is obtained in improving development effects of waterflooding and polymer flooding in high water-cut stage. In this article, in-depth profile control technology is widely analyzed, and a development tendency of this technology is proposed; that is, a complete study of in-depth profile control and polymer flooding should be developed based on the sufficient understanding of reservoir status, advantage channels should be controlled and fluids diverted, and the oil displacement efficiency of waterflooding and polymer flooding for high water-cut stage could be improved.     

Faculty of Petroleum Engleering of the University of Petroleum (Beijng)

~~Faculty of Petroleum Engleering of the University of Petroleum (Beijng)     

Quantitative risk assessment of Campylobacter in broiler chickens – Assessing interventions to reduce the level of contamination at the end of the rearing period

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has estimated that a proportion ranging from 20% to 30% of campylobacteriosis in humans may be attributed to the consumption of broiler meat and a reduction in the numbers of Campylobacter in the intestines of infected birds at slaughter by 3 log units would reduce the public health risk by at least 90%. In this study, a stochastic model was implemented to reproduce the dynamics of Campylobacter transmission in broiler flocks and explore the effects of several management conditions and/or on-farm mitigation strategies on the estimated level of contamination of infected flocks at slaughter. Results were expressed as ‘proportion of highly contaminated flocks’ (%HCFs) and estimated as a function of the proportion of infected birds in the flock the day of final depopulation and the individual level of contamination in infected birds. The effects of the mitigation strategies aimed at reducing the level of contamination in infected birds were modelled assuming that those effects are exerted on the distribution describing the bacterial load in infected birds. The impact of management conditions such as the adoption of enhanced biosecurity measures (B+) and/or partial depopulation during the production cycle (T+) were quantified using results of an extensive epidemiological study conducted in UK. A standard broiler flock was reproduced and used as baseline to make comparisons and simulate the effects of the mitigation strategies of interest. The baseline model predicted 18.8% probability of HCFs at slaughter. A positive effect ranging from −32.44% to −4.78% was attributed to B+ while T+ had negative effect ranging from +17.55% to +86.70%. When both the effects were tested simultaneously (B+T+), results were not conclusive with %HCFs ranging from −20.21% to +77.65%. When mitigation strategies operating on Campylobacter concentration in intestine were tested, a reduction of 100% and 99.6% in %HFCs were estimated following a generic treatment with bacteriocins and bacteriophages. Reduction in %HCFs as a function of immunization measures were explored and a reduction of 15% in the rate of transmission led to a %HCFs at slaughter reduced by almost 50%. The model was developed to be flexible, easily reproducible, updatable and adaptable to several baseline scenarios. The main parameters and assumptions underlying the baseline model were tested and a sensitivity analysis was performed to identify and discuss the impact that the uncertainty in the baseline information might have on the outcomes.     

Empirical Analysis on the Influencing Factors of the Farmers＇ Willingness to Cooperate：Based on the Investigation of 838 Farm Households of Hebei

基于对河北省838个农户的调查数据,利用Logistic模型,从受访者个人特征、家庭特征、村庄特征等方面对农民合作意愿的影响因素进行了实证分析。研究表明：农民的年龄、文化程度、对农民合作组织的认知程度与其合作意愿存在正相关关系;村干部有着比普通农民更为强烈的合作意愿;农民人均纯收入与其合作意愿异向变化;收入主要来源于农业的农民合作意愿强于源于非农业农民;而农民性别以及以村庄地理位置、区域经济发展水平、村集体经济状况所体现的村庄特征变量对农民合作意愿影响不显著。基于上述结果,从宣传引导与典型示范、建设学习型农村、培育新型农民、改善农业劳动力结构、加强村干部队伍建设等方面提出相关政策建议。     

Biogenic oxidation of the high-viscosity oil of the Ashal’chinskoe field and its hetero compounds

Biodegradation of high-viscosity oil of the Ashal’chinskoe field by indigenous microflora of soil on the basis of fen peat and humus with a high concentration of nutrients and microorganisms has been studied under laboratory conditions on model soil systems. It has been shown that after the adaptation period of ten days, the total population of heterotrophic bacteria increases by two orders of magnitude and the activity of soil enzymes increases by a factor of 2–3.5. Oil utilization was 84% over 180 days of the experiment. During this period of time, all petroleum hydrocarbons: alkanes, naphthenes, and arenes, are oxidized by 68–99%; the total biodegradation of resins and asphaltenes making 85.6 and 55.2%, respectively; i.e., the resins are oxidized easier that the asphaltenes. It has been found that the biotransformation of the high-molecular-weight hetero compounds resins and asphaltenes results in partial degradation of saturated structures and accumulation of oxygen in the composition of average molecules, with the average size of the block decreasing and naphthene structures partially degrading.     

Chromatographic Analysis of Chemical Composition of the Genus Rhododendron Plants Growing on the Mountain of Evota （South Yakutia）

The data on chemical compounds of three Rododendron species （Rh. adamsii Rehd., Rh. aureum Georgi. and Rh. lapponicum subsp, parvifolium （Adams） T. Yamaz.） from the mountain of Evota top in South Yakutia are shown. Extracts of these plants was analyzed by method of planar chromatography in thin layers using different specific detectors to exposure of some groups of biologically active matters. During the researches, it was established that polyphenol compounds of different degree of condensment prevail in rhododendron composition; catechines, flavonoids, coumarins, saponins, essential oils, phenol carboxylic acids and arbutin are present too. Due to detected features, all the researched species of rhododendrons are perspective for practical using in food industry and as adaptogenes for maintenance of people health in the conditions of north.     

Protector of the “Heart” in the Central Asia Desert

Compressor station personnel: The compressor station is the ‘heart' of the natural gas pipeline; there are 11 compressor stations along the over 1800 km of C line that makes up the Central Asia natural gas pipeline. Only by continually providing power at compressor stations can clean natural gas from Central Asia be transported to inland China.