原油储罐涂层降耗措施的试验研究

在油气储存过程中,小呼吸损耗是固定顶储罐发生蒸发损耗的主要原因,而高温气候条件会大幅度增加储罐的小呼吸损耗,导致严重的资源浪费和经济损失。为此,在固定顶储罐小呼吸损耗的模拟试验基础上,通过对比分析两个模拟储罐的罐顶表面温度、油相温度、油气空间温度、罐内压力和损耗量,探讨隔热反射涂层的降温隔热效果及其对罐内油品蒸发损耗的影响规律。结果表明:隔热反射涂层能够显著降低模拟储罐各部位温度(降幅在10℃以上),从而使罐内压力、油气浓度以及呼吸阀开启频率明显降低,小呼吸损耗降低76%。因此可认为隔热反射涂层能够显著降低固定顶储罐的蒸发损耗,具有良好的经济效益。     

大型LNG储罐内压力及蒸发率的影响因素分析

LNG在储罐内的蒸发对LNG储罐的安全有着非常大的影响。为此,以3×104m3的LNG储罐为例,在分析研究的基础上,基于质量守恒及能量守恒原理,建立了预测LNG储罐内压力及蒸发率的模拟模型,经试验验证该模型的计算结果较为准确可靠。利用该模型分析了密闭LNG储罐内压力及蒸发率的影响因素。结果发现:密闭LNG储罐存在1个"最优直径"和"最优充满率";LNG储罐保温层导热系数越大,LNG储罐内压力上升得越快,LNG安全储存时间就越短;环境温度越高,密闭LNG储罐的压力上升得越快,LNG安全储存时间越短;LNG含氮量、外界大气压对LNG储罐内的压力影响不大;LNG含氮量越高其的蒸发率越低,向LNG储罐内充注氮气可以有效地降低LNG储罐内液体的蒸发率。该项成果将为LNG储罐的设计及运行提供技术支持。     

原油储存温度的优化

分别研究了原油储存温度对原油输送功率,罐区加热、维温、散热负荷,以及蒸馏装置冷、热公用工程消耗的影响;结合环境温度变化,建立了相关的能耗和能耗费用计算方程,并以此为基础提出了以总能耗或总能耗费用最小为目标函数的优化原油储存温度计算方法.实例应用表明该方法应用于实际操作,可较大幅度地降低原油罐区和蒸馏装置的相关能耗.     

原油油气冷凝回收工艺模拟与优化

我国每年都会进口大量原油作为战略储备,主要采用地下水封石油洞库进行原油储存。具有量大、种类多、高含硫等特点的原油在我国进行周转和储存,会产生大量油气。油气回收是防火防爆、保护环境的最优方法,而冷凝法为最常见的油气回收方法之一。通过Aspen Plus模拟软件对原油油气冷凝回收工艺模拟可知,加压后回收率明显提高,且出口浓度降低;高浓度油气回收率不一定高于低浓度油气回收率。冷凝温度达到-10℃,油气回收率出现上升趋势;冷凝温度为-110℃时,出口浓度低于1 g/m³的排放要求,再降低冷凝温度已不具有经济性,可采取加压冷凝或集成工艺后续进一步处理。随着气量的增大,能耗增加;在相同冷凝温度及压力下,相同气量、不同浓度的油气所需的压缩机功率相近。     

拱顶罐改为浮顶罐安全性分析

内浮顶罐具有降低产品的蒸发损耗、减少环境污染及保证安全等优点 ,根据一些公司将原固定拱顶罐改造为内浮顶罐的现象 ,通过对某公司将原固定拱顶式储油罐改为内浮顶式化工品储罐的安全性进行分析 ,提出了改造中应注意的问题。     

装配式铝制内浮顶的特点

内浮顶油罐是降低固定顶油罐油品蒸发损失的最简单经济的方法。装配式铝制内浮顶较其他内浮顶又具有许多优点。     

Calculation of Wax Precipitation Magnitude in Crude Oil Storage Tanks in Khark Island

During the different seasons of the year, the temperature of the oil tank goes up or down. The present work is composed of two parts, evaluation of the crude oil temperature and determining amount of wax precipitation. The numerical method has been developed for solving the energy equation and a thermodynamic model has been developed to predict wax precipitation based on average crude oil temperature. In the experimental investigation, a crude oil storage tank in Khark Island is selected as the case study and average crude oil temperature have been measured for two days and compared by the numerical result.     

混凝土水下油罐的传热分析与数模计算

本文研究混凝土水下油罐采用油水置换工艺贮存高凝原油的传热规律,它是工艺设计与结构设计的重要依据.这种传热过程比较复杂,本文基于对贮油罐进行模拟试验和温度场变化规律的大量实测数据,通过分析研究,建立油罐的分区传热模型,用有限差分法对不稳定传热的温度分布和散热量进行数模计算,求得高凝原油在贮存条件下的表观导热系数.为0.325T_i^1/2;相应原油的“临界导热温度”T_x为41℃,应用数模计算贮油罐内温度分布和随时间的变化规律,得到各节点的实测温度与计算值的平均偏差<±1℃,表明分区传热模型较清晰、合理地反映了贮罐内原油、海水、油水界面、罐壁砂套以及环境温度相互间的传热特征;数模还提供了热油通过罐顶、罐壁和油水界面分别的散热量随贮存时间的变化曲线,计算表明,原油通过油水界面的散热量仅占原油总散热量的2.1～3.1%,由此结果进一步论证了油水置换工艺贮存高凝原油的可行性.     

乙烯罐区原料油品损耗分析及控制措施

结合大庆石化公司乙烯罐区的实际情况,论述了油罐的自然通风损耗、静止油罐的"小呼吸"损耗、收发油品时的"大呼吸"损耗、清罐损失、脱水、跑冒损耗、油品储存温度损耗、储油罐内液面上方空间大小的损耗,及计算油品蒸发损耗量的方法,提出了加强储运管理、降低清罐损失、加强油罐脱水管理、控制气体放空损失的控制措施。     

新型浮顶储罐的节能效果与应用

介绍了储油罐新型浮盘即张氏浮盘的结构、特点、节能效果及应用情况,该浮盘设计科学,上下浮动平衡,不会出现卡盘现象,静电导出性能好,使油罐能安全运行,可减少油气的蒸发损失和环境污染,增加储油量,节能降耗效果显著,该新型浮盘是新罐建造和旧罐改造的理想方式。     

Modeling of true vapor pressure of petroleum products using ANFIS algorithm

The aim of this contribution was to develop a simple tool based on fuzzy logic concepts to predict true vapor pressure of volatile petroleum products. In this regard, the adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system was evolved to estimate the true vapor pressure of volatile petroleum products as function of temperature and Reid vapor pressure. In addition, to determine optimal membership function parameters, the particle swarm optimization as an amazing evolutionary algorithm was applied. This predictive tool is suggested as a precise technique to measure the true vapor pressures of typical liquefied petroleum gases, natural gasoline, and motor fuel components at broad ranges of temperatures. This technique was trained and tested by 156 set of data points collected from the reference. The temperature range is 253–373 K and the range of Reid vapor pressure is 35–250 KPa. Results obtained from the present tool found to be in acceptable agreement with the actual reported data in the literature. The values of root mean square error and regression coefficient obtained 5.34 and 0.9975, respectively.     

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��Recovering oil storage tank gas and redueing the evaporation loss in the storage and transfer of crude oil is one of the effective measures for saving energy.This article describes the research work in Daching oil field on the recovery equipment for oil tanks in the open pipeline system,the components of,the equipment,flowdiagram and control method.After conducting economic analysis,it is considered that remarkable economic result can be obtained and it is worthy of popularization.     

Investigation of factors affecting on viscosity reduction of sludge from Iranian crude oil storage tanks

Crude oil is a kind of water/oil emulsion, which the oil phase consists of organic molecules with different molecular weights such as alkanes, paraffin, asphaltene, and resins. Due to the change in physicochemical conditions during the production, transportation, storage, and refining, heavier molecules can precipitate from crude oil. Thus, viscous sludge formed at the bottom of storage tanks can cause many problems including reduction of storage capacity of tank, oil contamination, corrosion, repair costs, environmental pollution, etc. The reduction of sludge viscosity can be achieved by reduction of its interfacial tension. In this study, different chemical and physical factors, influencing prepared emulsions (made of sludge, water and surfactant), such as surfactants, solvents, temperature, pressure, and mixing conditions were investigated. Results showed that non-ionic surfactants (like bitumen emulsifier), and solvents (such as mixed xylene, AW-400, and AW-402), injection of additives, applying pressure, and mixing operations had a positive effect on reduction of emulsion viscosity. All experiments were carried out with sludge obtained from crude oil storage tanks at Kharg Island, Iran.     

ZC-11型原油阻降粘剂的工业应用

某单位加工的原油以涠洲、陆丰、西江等海洋油品为主,油品性质复杂,原油中的重质组分易在储罐底部沉积,随着生产周期的增长,罐底积累的油渣造成原油罐区有效库容下降、输送泵故障频发及检修清罐损失等生产难题.企业联合科研院所开发了1种用于防止原油沉降、降低原油粘度、凝固点的阻降粘剂(ZC-11型),工业应用表明,在正常工况下,该...     

溶剂再生新型釜式再沸器的工艺校核与性能评价

通过考察茂名石化公司近期加工的几种高含盐、高含水原油的电脱盐现状及存在问题,分析了脱盐效果对生产的影响,指出了影响电脱盐效果的主要因素是原油性质、电脱盐的注水量、破乳剂型号、油水混合强度、脱盐温度、电场强度等。结合理论和生产实际,提出了改善高含盐高含水原油脱盐效果的几点措施,即增加原油在原油罐内的停留时间、适当提高脱水温度以及在原油罐区注破乳剂进行低温破乳等措施优化原油预脱水操作;通过调整破乳剂注入点及注入流程,优化注水、注剂流程,进行双向破乳,解决脱水带油问题;通过定期清除罐底油污以及优化各工艺参数等措施提高脱盐率,改善脱盐效果。     

过火后大型原油储罐的强度评定

根据大型原油储罐在水压试验条件下的应力和变形的有限元分析,确定了大型原油储罐的关键部位。对其关键部位材料采用热处理的方式模拟火灾过程,得到过火后大型储罐材料的力学性能和过火温度之间的对应关系。对过火后的大型储罐进行强度评定的结果表明,过火后的大型原油储罐符合强度要求。     

甲烷液滴在其蒸气中自然对流的换热特性

LNG液舱喷雾预冷过程中,液滴在其蒸气中自然对流蒸发换热模型计算结果与实验数据之间存在着较大的差异。为此,采用计算流体力学的方法,建立了静止饱和LNG单液滴在其蒸气中自然对流蒸发模型,据此研究不同温差下液滴的蒸发传热特性,并与低温球模型进行对比,定量分析喷雾预冷过程中"吹拂效应"对液滴自然对流蒸发换热过程的影响。研究结果表明:①随着温差的增大,液滴表面蒸气喷发速度、温度边界层厚度、液滴换热量线性均增大,努塞尔数线性减小;②随着角度的增大,液滴局部蒸气喷发速度、局部努塞尔数逐渐减小,温度边界层厚度逐渐增大;③吹拂效应的影响与蒸气喷发速度呈正比;④因为吹拂效应,同等条件下液滴的换热量和努塞尔数相比于低温球要更小,温度边界层厚度相比于低温球要更厚,并且吹拂效应的影响随着温差的增大而线性增大。结论认为,该研究成果有助于更加准确地预测LNG液舱预冷过程,对完善液滴蒸发理论模型及指导LNG液舱预冷操作都具有重要的意义。     

用于外浮顶油罐的BSMF型二次密封

石油及其产品在储存过程中的蒸发损耗,不仅造成油品数量的损失和环境污染,还导致油品质量的下降和增加不安全因素,因此对储油罐的密封是人们一直关注的问题。用于外浮顶油罐的二次密封,可以弥补一次密封的不足而使油品蒸发降低,大大减轻油气对环境造成的污染和减小不安全因素,并可保护一次密封免受阳光、雨雪、风沙的影响,从而保证储存油品的质量。     

储油罐小呼吸损耗机理研究

造成油罐小呼吸损耗原因是多方面的，除与油品的挥发性强弱有关外，还与油罐所处的环境、油罐的储油状态、油罐的几何形状、油罐的保温措施、油罐的结构、热辐射方向和传热路线等多种影响因素有很大关系。文章从小呼吸损耗量的计算方法入手，通过对主要各物理量作用的详细分析，提出其对小呼吸损耗量所起的不同作用、主次地位及变化规律。这对进一步认识油品小呼吸损耗发生机理，从而对于指导储油罐的设计，减少油品损耗及提高油品储运过程的生产管理水平是非常有益的．     

Radial basis function (RBF) network for modeling gasoline properties

One of the important products of a crude oil refinery is gasoline which is greatly used as a liquid fuel. Hence, it is necessary to accurately specify its quality by measuring different properties of gasoline. In this study, radial basis function neural networks were utilized for estimation of different characteristics of gasoline including specific gravity (SG), Reid vapor pressure (RVP), research octane number (RON) and motor octane number (MON). The genetic algorithm was used as an optimization algorithm to optimize the maximum neuron number and spread of model. Results reveal that the developed GA-RBF model is effective and precise for estimating experimental data. Furthermore, comparison between the GA-RBF model and a previously reported LSSVM model in literature shows the superiority of GA-RBF model.