考虑渗流作用的套管错断口井壁围岩应力场分析

考虑井壁周围岩体中流体的渗流作用,建立了套管错断口井壁岩体的平衡微分方程。然后按照损伤程度的不同将错断口井壁岩体划分为不同的区域(失稳破坏区、损伤区、弹性区),考虑不同区域内岩石材料参数的不同,分析了错断口周围岩体各个区域内的应力分布规律,确定了失稳破坏区和损伤区的半径,并在此基础上得到了岩体发生失稳破坏和损伤时的临界应力条件,从而为套管错断后井壁稳定性的研究和错断口吐岩块现象的预防提供了理论依据。      

The Behavior of Acoustic Wave Velocity in Some Paleozoic Sandstone Samples

Abstract

Seismic properties of reservoir fluids are of greater importance and the elastic inversion is fast becoming a commodity data product that oil companies understand and use for risk reduction. This study is an attempt to determine the effect of some petrophysical parameters (porosity, permeability dry density, saturated density, and water saturation) on the behavior of both P-wave (compression wave velocity) and S-wave (shear wave velocity) in sandstone rock samples. Acoustic wave velocity has been carried out for 46 sandstone samples. The measurements have been done for both dry and fully saturated rock samples.     

Experimental Evaluation of the Petrophysical Algorithm in an Integrated Flow Model

Abstract

An experimental apparatus was designed to simultaneously measure fluid flow rates and high-frequency (ultrasonic) elastic wave velocities. The measured fluid production and elastic wave velocity data were compared to integrated flow model (IFM) calculations. An IFM is a flow simulator with a petrophysical model that can calculate seismic attributes using reservoir and fluid properties. The petrophysical algorithm is an extension of Gassmann's equation that lets moduli depend on effective pressure, porosity, and clay fraction. A new set of correlation coefficients for the petrophysical algorithm was obtained by matching high-frequency measurements.     

天然气水合物沉积物等效变弹性模量损伤本构模型

准确描述水合物沉积物的变形规律和力学性质是经济安全开发天然气水合物资源的重要前提。天然气水合物沉积物受到有效围压和水合物含量等多种因素的影响从而表现出应变软化和应变硬化两种力学特性。为精确描述其变形特性,基于复合材料细观力学混合率理论和岩石孔隙损伤理论,考虑岩石统计损伤,考虑水合物含量、围压和沉积物内部孔隙变化对天然气水合物沉积物力学性质的影响,结合水合物沉积物的微元强度统计分布规律,建立了天然气水合物沉积物等效变弹性模量损伤本构模型,并建立了全部参数的确定方法。与已有实验研究结果对比表明,该模型不仅可以很好描述水合物沉积物的变形规律和力学特性,且具有模型参数易于确定、便于使用的优点。所建模型可用于水合物沉积物破碎工艺选择中的破碎模拟和破碎成孔中的孔稳定性分析评估,对非成岩天然气水合物的经济安全开采具有一定推动作用。     

Analysis of Production Logging Data to Develop a Model to Predict Pressure Drop in Perforated Gas Condensate Wells

Abstract

Accurate prediction of pressure drop in perforated wells with a high fluid flow rate is a challenge in production engineering calculations. In this study, production logging data obtained from an Iranian gas condensate field were analyzed to develop a model to predict the pressure drop in perforated wells. To calculate the pressure drop due to the friction in the perforated section of the wall, a relation between perforation friction factor, pipe and wall Reynolds number, and Moody friction factor was developed by means of nonlinear regression. Perforation effects were also considered in total pressure drop, which occur due to the mixing of axial and radial momentum fluxes in the perforated section. The results predicted by our developed model showed good agreement with the measured production logging data from the studied field within 14% error. This model can be used to accurately estimate the well performance curve.     

马鞍塘组裂缝性灰岩地层井壁稳定性研究

马鞍塘组裂缝性灰岩地层的岩石力学特性是影响该地层井壁稳定性问题的重要因素.通过室内三轴力学实验,研究了马鞍塘组灰岩的岩石力学特性,分析了井壁渗流能力及井筒与地层间不同渗流情况的应力场变化规律.研究结果表明,马鞍塘组灰岩的岩石力学特性随取心角度的增加呈先上升后下降再上升的趋势,而钻井液浸泡效应对其影响不明显;裂缝走向与井...     

基于线性强化弹塑性疏松砂岩破裂模式

渤海油区疏松砂岩储层埋深较浅，地层天然压实作用较弱，在压裂充填过程中表现出明显的非线性塑性特征，分析和研究疏松砂岩地层压裂过程的破裂模式对于破裂压力的预测和压裂充填施工设计具有重要的实际意义。基于线性强化弹塑性岩石本构力学模型，考虑压裂液渗滤效应，建立了疏松砂岩地层弹性和塑性双区井周应力模型，通过理论分析验证了应力模型的正确性。基于岩石的拉伸破坏和剪切破坏准则，获得了疏松砂岩压裂充填过程中井壁破裂压力预测模型和4种破裂模式，并利用现场数据验证了模型的可靠性。研究结果表明：井壁屈服后塑性区呈椭圆型，且长轴在最大主应力方向；塑性模量系数越大，塑性半径越小，破裂压力越小；屈服应力越大，塑性半径越小，破裂模式由塑性拉伸破坏、塑性剪切破坏向弹性拉伸破坏变化；随内摩擦角和内聚力逐渐增加，破裂压力增加到一定值后不再变化，破裂模式由塑性剪切向塑性拉伸变化。在渤海油区常规疏松砂岩物性范围内，破裂模式主要为塑性剪切破坏。     

裂缝对致密碎屑岩储层弹性影响的数值分析

有效预测裂缝发育区是寻找致密气甜点区的关键,但目前海陆过渡相致密碎屑岩储层裂缝预测的效果较差。利用DEM理论模型获得岩石孔隙纵横比α及干岩石体积模量,探讨裂缝对致密碎屑岩地层岩石弹性的影响及不同尺度裂缝间的关联性。利用模型确定的α可以较好地识别出裂纹发育段,随着孔隙纵横比由1.0转变为0.01,地层岩石体积模量和剪切模量也逐渐降低,表明裂纹相比孔隙而言更容易引起岩石弹性发生改变。地层岩石由干岩石到饱和地层流体过程中,裂缝不发育地层的体积模量增加幅度为3.1%;对于裂缝发育地层段,孔隙度小于4.7%时其体积模量的增加幅度平均为7.0%,孔隙度大于4.7%时其体积模量增加幅度平均为23.0%,拐点处所对应岩石孔隙度可作为岩石内部裂纹发育程度的评价指标。对于裂缝不发育段地层,干岩石体积模量与剪切模量的比值和孔隙度具有较好的正相关性;对于裂缝发育段地层,干岩石体积模量与剪切模量的比值和孔隙度具有较好的负相关性。研究结果表明,利用岩石弹性性质可以定量表征碎屑岩地层裂缝的发育特征。      

煤系地层坍塌压力预测与井眼轨迹优化

由于煤岩割理交错发育,采用常规井眼坍塌压力预测模型不能准确指导钻井作业,甚至有可能引发井壁失稳事故。通过分析煤岩理化性能和微观结构,确定井壁失稳类型以力学失稳为主;结合弹性力学、岩石力学、单一弱面破坏准则等理论,建立了煤岩地层水平井坍塌压力计算模型;以DB-X01井、DB-X04井与红河油田煤层段为例,根据所建模型进行井眼轨迹优化,得出最佳钻进井斜角与方位角;结合DB-X01井J₂kz煤层,分析了割理产状、地应力机制以及井眼轨迹对坍塌压力的影响,为煤系地层水平井井眼轨迹优化研究提供参考。     

Evaluation studies on partial replacement of RDX by spherical NTO in HTPB-based insensitive sheet explosive formulation

ABSTRACT

Hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB)-based sheet explosive incorporating spherical 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) as a partial replacement of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) was investigated. The effect of incorporation of NTO on mechanical properties, sensitivity behavior, and velocity of detonation (VOD) was studied in comparison with a sheet explosive formulation containing 82 wt% RDX, both based on an HTPB-binder system. The replacement of 22 wt% of RDX by spherical NTO resulted in reduced vulnerability to shock as well as impact stimuli. The data demonstrated that the NTO-added formulation was found to be higher shock insensitive compared to the RDX-only formulation. However, ~5% decrease in VOD was observed on incorporation of NTO. Further, the sheet explosive formulations were found insensitive toward friction up to 360 N. Also, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to predict the elastic constants of RDX and NTO and the results revealed that the predicted trend correlated with the experimentally obtained mechanical properties of the formulations.     

储气库注采过程中有效应力变化模拟试验

储气库周期注采过程中有效应力变化会使储层发生应力敏感，为了了解应力敏感对储气库储层渗透率的影响程度，为优化储气库注采制度提供依据，开展了考虑与不考虑有效应力作用时间的碳酸盐岩应力敏感试验，测试了试验过程中岩样的渗透率，并运用扫描电镜等手段，观测了考虑有效应力作用时间试验前后岩样裂缝的壁面。试验结果表明:不考虑有效应力作用时间时，碳酸盐岩裂缝岩样和基块岩样的应力敏感程度分别为弱—中等偏弱和无；考虑有效应力作用时间时，碳酸盐岩裂缝岩样和基块岩样的应力敏感程度分别为中等偏强和弱；随着有效应力作用时间增长，岩石裂缝壁面微凸体的破碎与微裂纹的萌生和扩展会强化岩样的应力敏感性。研究表明，为了弱化储气库储层的应力敏感程度，应合理控制储气库的注采压力。      

基于多尺度均匀化理论的页岩强度表征

页岩强度是页岩油气开发所必需的基础技术参数,目前宏观室内实验和测井解释在制样、参数连续解释等方面存在困难。为实现页岩多尺度强度的有效评价,基于最大塑性耗散能原理,并结合微观多孔介质理论建立了页岩微/细观强度均匀化Π函数模型。根据页岩微观力学测试评价了纯黏土矿物的基本力学属性,开展了页岩微/细观力学测试的数值模拟,并通过量纲分析求解页岩微/细观硬度-强度模型。结果表明,微观尺度下的黏土堆积密度对强度参数影响显著,细观尺度下受非黏土夹杂相的影响,硬度和内聚系数的比值与摩擦系数正相关。开展了页岩细观力学实验,根据模型求解结果开展页岩宏观强度预测。以常规实验结果作为约定真值进行归一化比对分析的结果显示,页岩内摩擦角的归一化均值为1.12,内聚力的归一化均值为1.21。页岩强度表征新体系为有效解决页岩油气开发提供了依据。     

考虑渗流作用的套管错断口井壁围岩变形量计算

考虑岩体中流体的渗流作用,建立套管错断口井壁周围岩体的平衡微分方程.按照损伤程度不同将错断口井壁岩体划分成不同区域(失稳破坏区、损伤区和弹性区),结合不同区域内岩石材料参数的不同,导出错断口周围岩体各个区域内应力分布规律以及岩体发生失稳破坏和损伤的范围,在此基础上,根据弹塑性力学理论,得出套管错断后不同区域内岩体的变形...     

The Investigation of Vertical Wells' Optimum Two-phase Flow Empirical Correlation for the Ab-Teymour Reservoir

Abstract

There are different procedures for predicting pressure drop in two-phase flow pipelines. However, for each reservoir one or two correlations or mechanistic models give more accurate results. The authors investigated various correlations and mechanistic models in order to match fluid pressure losses considering all parameters such as friction, liquid holdup, superficial velocities, densities, viscosities, and interfacial tension. Commercial software, Pipesim, was used to simulate the fluid pressure losses. Drift flux modeling for predicting pressure profile was also investigated. A program for calculating pressure drops and average deviation of calculated pressures using this drift flux model was developed and the results were compared with other correlations.     

碳酸盐岩超压岩石物理模拟实验及超压预测理论模型

碳酸盐岩地层超压预测目前仍然是超压研究的难点问题，常用的碎屑岩地层超压预测方法是建立在Terzaghi有效应力理论基础上的、经验性的、且需要有明确响应超压的测井和地震参数（主要是纵波速度）。这些经验性的方法不适用于岩性致密且物性极不均一的碳酸盐岩地层的超压预测。通过碳酸盐岩样品超压岩石物理模拟实验剖析岩石弹性性质与孔隙流体压力和有效应力的关系，基于含流体岩石多孔介质弹性理论和广义胡克定律，从分析碳酸盐岩地层应力-应变-孔隙压力本构关系着手，建立表征孔隙压力与岩石弹性参数定量关系的超压预测理论模型（超压预测量化模型）。利用实测碳酸盐岩样品矿物组分含量并结合Voigt-Reuss-Hill模型计算岩石基质弹性模量，利用Wood模型和Patchy模型计算孔隙流体弹性模量，然后再利用碳酸盐岩样品岩石物理模拟实验得到的实际有效应力与岩石骨架弹性模量相关关系，根据Biot有效应力定律，计算得到岩石样品的等效骨架弹性模量。利用上述获得的碳酸盐岩样品各弹性参数，通过超压预测量化模型计算碳酸盐岩超压，并与碳酸盐岩样品岩石物理模拟实验加载的孔隙流体压力进行对比，验证了超压预测量化模型的合理性，提出了基于实测资料的模型校正方法。该超压预测理论模型所需的岩石弹性参数也可通过研究测井和地震资料计算获得，并可利用地震资料实现碳酸盐岩地层的超压钻前预测。     

An Investigation to Using a Pump for Gas Injection Into a Core

Abstract

Gas injection is one of the methods used in enhanced oil recovery. A pump is usually used for injection of gas into a core in the laboratory. For precision of the experimental results, it is important to keep experimental errors at the minimum value.

In this work, an approach for reduction of one of the most important and effective parameters in the generation of experimental errors during gas injection is presented. One of the main goals of this study is to increase the accuracy of gas injection into a core by using a pump at the experimental scale. In gas injection into a core, if the pump is adjusted to a constant rate, under some conditions, gas injection cannot be conducted with a constant rate and therefore deviation from the constant rate occurs. The value of deviation from the constant rate is different with respect to rock and fluid properties and operating conditions.

In this investigation, experiments were carried out on a carbonate core with low permeability. Experimental data and effective parameters on the error in using a pump for gas injection with a constant rate were studied.     

INVESTIGATION OF ELASTIC INVERSION ATTRIBUTES USING THE EXPANSIBLE CLAY MODEL FOR WATER SATURATION

Quantitative X‐ray diffraction has been used to characterize water saturation levels in complex shaly sand reservoirs (i.e. shaly sands with infrequent carbonates and minor proportions of iron‐rich minerals such as pyrite and siderite). The results led to the design of a total expansible clay model for water saturation, which is similar in form to the Dual Water model except that the excess effect of the clay minerals has been accounted for by a volume‐conductivity relationship, rather than one of the usual volume‐porosity translations, effectively reducing the uncertainties in estimating water saturation. Given the ambiguities associated with predicting these petrophysical properties from data on rock properties, such as mineralogy, an investigation of the relationship of estimated water saturation based on the total expansible clay model to independently determined rock properties was undertaken using well log inversion and forward modelling techniques. The results show that there is consistency in the relationship between water saturation estimates made from the total expansible clay model and known elastic parameters such as primary and shear‐wave sonic velocity (V_p, V_s), bulk density (ρ_b) and impedance (I), when the Raymer‐Gardner‐Hunt model is used. Use of the Raymer‐Gardner‐Hunt model to reconstruct the required rock‐physics relationship avoids the classic limitation of the more advanced Gassman model, which assumes that the dry shear modulus is equivalent to the wet shear modulus (μ_dry=μ_wet). The present work raises further questions on the application of the Voigt‐Reuss‐Hill (VRH) limits, or the Hashin Shtrikman bounds for averaging the effective shear modulus of the dry matrix in complex shaly sand reservoirs, where a two‐mineral matrix is normally assumed. The study shows the inapplicability of the VRH or Hashin‐Shtrikman averaging techniques but provides a minor adjustment to the averaging that solves the problems faced in reconstructing the relationships between directly measured elastic properties and derived petrophysical properties for this type of reservoir rock.     

Bayesian Network—A New Probabilistic Method for Petroleum Reservoir Production Prediction and History Matching

Abstract

Most reservoir volume rock properties are stated with some degree of error. The main source of this error can be traced to the estimating procedure of the rock properties throughout the reservoir volume. The main effect of those errors is a resulting uncertainty that will be associated with all reservoir characterization-related works. To treat this uncertainty, we will use a Bayesian network as a new probabilistic reasoning tool in reservoir production prediction and history matching procedures.     

Stratigraphy,Petrography, and Petrophysical Properties of the Subsurface Upper Cretaceous Sediments,Northwestern Desert,Egypt

Abstract

In this article, 33 core samples and 160 ditch samples of Upper Cretaceous age were studied at different depths from Horus well 1. Stratigraphic, petrographic, and petrophysical studies and well log analysis are used to study and evaluate the rock units. The studied core samples are dolomite (Abu Roash formation), shaly limestone, and argillaceous sandstone (Bahariya formation). The depositional environments of the studied rock units vary from deltaic to deltaic-marine. The effective porosity of the studied core samples is low and may be of secondary origin. The upper part of low Bahariya is considered a high category of reservoir. The stratigraphic significance of some benthonic foraminifera (Thomasinella, Nezzazata, and Nezzatine) furnishes new information on the age determination. Cenomanian-Santonian time is suggested for the studied interval (Bahariya and Abu Roash formations).     

Characteristics of fluid substitution in porous rocks

Analysis of the effect of changes in fluid properties of rocks on the compressional-wave velocity VP and shear-wave velocity Vs is very important for understanding the rock physical properties, especially in oilfield exploration and development. The fluid substitution process was analyzed by using ultrasonic measurement and theoretical calculations. The results showed that the effect of fluid substitution on the rock elastic modulus was mainly controlled by fluid properties, saturation, and confining pressure. For a rock with specific properties and porosity, the result of theoretical prediction for fluid substitution accorded with the experimental result under high confining pressure （higher than 60 MPa for our experimental data）, but failed to describe the trend of experimental result under low confining pressure and VP predicted by Gassmann＇s equation was higher than that measured by experiment. A higher porosity resulted in stronger sensitivity of the bulk modulus of saturated rocks to the change of fluid properties.