超高密度钻井液在官7井的应用

针对赤水官渡地区的地层压力规律性差、异常压力系数高、地层易垮塌、喷漏并存等复杂情况,分析了超高密度钻井液技术难点,在优选处理剂和控制合适的膨润土用量的基础上,确定出了密度大于2.5g/cm3的钻井液配方,即2%膨润土浆 0.2%CPS-2000 0.8%Siop-E 0.3%LV-CMC 3%SMC 3%SMP 2%聚合醇 5?T-1 (1%~3%)NCQ 2%KCl 1?Cl2,并对该钻井液的配制、维护提出了具体要求。室内实验表明,超高密度钻井液性能稳定,具有良好的抗盐水能力,沉降稳定性好,满足了超高压地层压井的需要。超高密度钻井液在官7井压井过程中,钻井液密度高达2.64g/cm3,钻井液沉降稳定性和流变性能良好,上下密度差不大于0.02g/cm3,未发生重晶石沉降现象,为压井安全施工提供了保障。超高密度钻井液配方简单,易于维护。     

A Geomechanical Wellbore Stability Assessment for Different Formations in Petroleum Fields

Wellbore stability problems make up huge over-costs worldwide. In recent years declining resource volumes and favorable oil prices are encouraging operators to drill deeper, and more complex well trajectories drilling for hydrocarbons have turned into a much more challenging task. Furthermore, the complexity and variations of those wells have added the weight to planning and problem anticipation at both drilling and production stages. This study describes the geomechanical wellbore stability analysis of different formations drilled in Ad?yaman region, Turkey. The analysis assumes validity of linear elastic theory for porous media and requires drilling reports, well logs, laboratory tests and core analysis. It was observed that with the assessment of geomechanical wellbore stability analysis mud weight window, which includes minimum mud weight and maximum mud weight, can be determined for the studied formations.     

A Mud Weight Window Investigation Based on the Mogi-Coulomb Failure Criterion and Elasto-Plastic Constitutive Model

Abstract

A successful stable borehole scheme results in saving time and money. To reach this aim many parameters such as bottom hole pressure, and stress distribution around the borehole must be considered in the design of a well. During drilling there are two main wellbore stability problems, namely, borehole collapse and fracture. These stability problems can lead to the need for fishing, stuck pipes, sidetracking, and lost circulation. These drilling problems can be mitigated or often eliminated by proper determination of the critical mud pressure.

The most common approach for these studies is a linear elastic and isotropic constitutive model in conjunction with linear failure criteria like Mohr-Coulomb. Numerous researchers have found situations in which the Mohr-Coulomb criterion was deficient because mid-principle geotechnical stress is not incorporated. In addition, the conventional mechanical model is based on the linear elasticity condition, while in reality, it is believed that the fluid barrier and a part of the bore hole wall behave plastically, which provides higher fracturing pressure than Kirsch's equation.

In this article, the mud window is estimated using Mogi-Coulomb failure criterion and the elasto-plastic model. This is based on a hypothesis that wellbore behavior indeed is not strictly elastic and intermediate principle stress plays an important role in rock strength. Therefore, an elasto-plastic model and the Mogi-Coulomb failure criterion should be incorporated. This hypothesis is verified and used in this article for the South Pars gas field (phases 6, 7, and 8) in the Persian Gulf. The results indicate that the newly developed model is more accurate than the conventional approach.     

北特鲁瓦地区裂缝性碳酸盐岩地层井壁稳定性研究

北特鲁瓦地区石炭系中统巴什基尔阶(KT-Ⅱ)碳酸盐岩地层裂缝发育,钻井过程中井壁垮塌问题严重.为提高钻井效率,研究了 KT-Ⅱ碳酸盐岩地层裂缝产状及缝间充填物质,测试了碳酸盐岩基质及缝间充填物组分,分析了裂缝发育对碳酸盐岩地层孔渗特性、力学强度的影响.同时,耦合地应力场、渗流场及裂缝力学弱面效应等因素,建立了裂缝性碳酸...     

用测井资料计算最大和最小水平应力剖面的新方法

提出了一种利用测井资料计算最小和最大水平应力剖面的新方法.新方法基于成像测井资料对井壁破坏形式的准确判别来约束反演地层应力大小,不仅可以得到最小水平应力剖面而且可以得到最大水平应力剖面,由此计算出地层破裂压力和坍塌压力剖面,有助于井眼稳定性分析和压裂设计.介绍了计算原理以及计算方法中的水平应力的计算模型、最大水平应力和最小水平应力值的确定.给出了应用实例的分析.     

盐层钻井过程中合理钻井液密度及含盐饱和度的确定

盐层钻井是钻井技术中的难题,准确确定钻井液密度及含盐欠饱和度是解决难题的关键。从力学和化学两方面着手,在通过试验确定盐层蠕变本构方程及盐溶解本构方程的基础上,确定出不同工程条件下的钻井液密度及含盐欠饱和度值,研究的方法和结果对盐层钻井技术思路和具体操作都具有指导意义。     

气藏水平井钻井液密度附加值研究

针对气藏特别是高产气藏水平井钻井过程中钻井液密度附加值是否需要提高的问题,在分析研究了气体侵入井筒后井底压力降低情况和钻井液密度变化对侵入井筒气体上升速度的影响后,从储层类型、井的类别、井型、井深等多方面探讨了气藏水平井钻井液密度附加值的确定方法和影响因素。结果表明,气藏过平衡钻井过程中是否会发生井喷主要取决于对地层压力的预测准确与否,而不在于钻井液密度附加值的大小,因此没有必要在气藏钻水平井就增大钻井液密度附加值;对于深井、超深井,钻井液密度的增加会引起气体上升速度的加快,反而缩短井控反应时间,因此钻井液密度附加值的确定应综合考虑储层类型、井的类别、井型、井深等多方面的因素。     

安全泥浆密度窗口的确立及应用

分析了井眼失稳的敏感因素,利用井眼稳定分析软件对港海３ １井的井眼稳定性进行了预测和分析,给出了该井的安全泥浆密度窗口,并据此设计了该井的钻井液密度和井身结构。施工结果表明,该井没有出现任何井眼失稳事故,平均井径扩大率在５％以内,最大井径扩大率为１０％,达到了优质井眼的标准。     

抗超高温高密度油基钻井液用新型降黏剂的性能

针对高温高密度油基钻井液黏度升高的问题,合成了3种降黏剂A、B和C,降黏剂A为缩聚脂肪酸,由十二羟基硬脂酸、聚羟基硬脂酸、硬脂酸、十二羟基硬脂酸与硬脂酸反应后的产物和硬脂酸的均聚物中一种或几种的组合共聚得到,降黏剂B是由脂肪酸或油与聚胺在100~200℃反应,再与马来酸、酸酐在80~150℃反应,用40%的油醇、脂肪酸或缩聚脂肪酸稀释得到,降黏剂C是由缩聚脂肪酸与醇铵、聚氨反应得到的衍生物,对他们的作用机理进行了探讨。以高密度油基钻井液（2.2 g/cm3）为基浆,加入劣质土污染或用重晶石将密度提高到2.4 g/cm3,考察3种降黏剂在此条件下的降黏效果。研究结果表明,降黏剂A和降黏剂C可以很好地降低由于劣质固相引起的流变性能超标,可以提高油基钻井液的重复使用次数,降低成本;降黏剂B能很好地调节由加重剂引起的高密度钻井液的增黏,降低对泵压的要求;降黏效率可达77%,抗温达225℃。      

利用测井资料确定安全钻井液密度窗口

钻井液密度是保持井眼稳定的关键参数。本文从直井井壁应力分布和岩石破坏准则出发,系统地阐述了利用测井资料确定安全钻井液密度窗口的方法。根据该方法,利用某油田一口井的资料进行实例验证,结果表明,利用测井资料能准确地确定安全钻井液的上限和下限,为钻井工程提供了科学的数据依据。     

A New Approach to Sand Production Onset Prediction Using Artificial Neural Networks

Abstract

Sand production prediction has always been an important issue when dealing with production phenomena. Knowing all significant consequences of precise sand production prediction, different methods were developed using a variety of criteria and material models were implemented to obtain more accurate results. Although sand rate prediction has become a prevalent challenge nowadays, it does not reduce sanding onset prediction. Dealing with different methods and knowing the disadvantages of each one will clarify the necessity of developing a technique having the exactness and accuracy of numerical and experimental methods and simplicity of analytical ones. There was an endeavor in this article to apply powerful tools of an artificial neural network to predict critical bottomhole flowing pressure inhibiting sand production. Comprehensive well data gathered from 38 wells distributed in three oilfields producing from the same source rock were investigated to find the main parameters causing sand production. After verifying the proposed model with test wells, it was evaluated against well-accepted analytical models. The final results illustrate a reliable and more exact method that can predict sand initiation with a high degree of accuracy.     

A Support Vector Machine Approach for the Prediction of Drilling Fluid Density at High Temperature and High Pressure

Abstract

A support vector machine (SVM) approach was presented for predicting the drilling fluid density at high temperature and high pressure (HTHP). It is a universal model for water-based, oil-based, and synthetic drilling fluids. Available experimental data in the literature were used to develop and test this SVM model. Good agreement between SVM predictions and measured drilling fluid density values confirmed that the developed SVM model had good predictive precision and extrapolative features. The SVM model was also compared with the most popular models such as the artificial neural network (ANN) model, empirical correlations, and analytical models. Results showed that the SVM approach outperformed the competing methods for the prediction of drilling fluid density at HTHP.     

一种计算射孔-砾石充填井表皮系数的新方法

在以往对砾石充填井压降分析的基础上，给出了一种以普通径向流方程为基础计算井筒附近收敛流动和射孔一砾石充填段的压降，再根据完善井与非完善井压降之间的关系，求出表皮系数的方法。通过实例计算，体现了孔深、孔径、孔密等不同射孔参数和地层参数对表皮系数的影响，验证了此方法的正确性与可靠性，同时对准确认识地层、评价油层伤害、优化油气井的增产措施提供了有益的指导。     

确定极限井网密度的新方法

在其他作者提出的计算极限井网密度单井极限控制储量方法的基础上，提出了一种计算极限井网密度的新方法（修正的单井极限控制储量法）。新方法不但考虑了开发总投资及其利息，而且考虑了主开发期内逐年原油销售收入及其利息、逐年操作费用及其利息。实例计算结果与其他方法对比结果表明，新方法是合理的。     

基于有效介质与等效岩石元素理论的特低渗透率储层饱和度模型

清水洼陷沙三段储层属于特低渗透率储层,具有含泥质、微孔隙发育、束缚水饱和度较高、孔隙结构复杂的特征。建立该区块饱和度模型时应考虑这些因素对岩石导电性的影响。将含泥特低渗透储层等效成孔隙大小和形状及所含流体性质和含量不变的纯岩石,利用等效岩石元素理论描述孔腔和喉道比对岩石导电性的影响,利用有效介质对称导电理论描述孔隙结构对岩石导电性的影响,分别建立等效纯岩石的导电方程,并联立求解得出等效混合流体介质电导率表达式;再利用有效介质对称导电理论描述泥质附加导电对岩石导电性的影响,将求得的等效混合流体介质电导率代入该方程中,从而建立基于等效岩石元素理论和有效介质对称导电理论的含泥特低渗透储层导电模型。利用清水洼陷沙三段储层的岩电实验测量数据对该模型进行精度分析,测量岩样电导率值与计算电导率值平均相对误差很小,说明提出的模型能很好地描述特低渗透储层岩石的导电规律。利用建立的模型及确定的模型参数值处理了清水洼陷沙三段储层实际井资料,结果表明,所建立的模型适用于清水洼陷沙三段特低渗透泥质砂岩储层评价。     

老油田经济合理井网密度确定方法探讨

根据《石油可采储量计算方法》,对技术可采储量、经济合理井网密度、经济极限井网密度、技术极限井网密度的相应概念进行了界定,分析了油田趋势性最大井数确定和加密井效果评价方法中存在的一些问题,并提出将废弃可采储量用于经济井网密度计算的简易方法.     

A New Approach to Explaining the Oscillatory Oxidation of Arsenites,Stibnites and Vismutinites Using Magnetic Method

Magnetic and relativistic effects in uranium catalysts, the movement of charged particles under the effect of a uniform electric field and uniform magnetic field were studied in the paper. We have considered various mechanisms oscillating reactions （Models Jabotinsky-Korzukhina, Brusselator, Oregonator and Advanced Oregonator）. The mechanisms of the motion of charged particles under the influence of an electric field and a uniform magnetic field were proposed.     

A Modified Approach to Predict Pore Pressure Using the D Exponent Method: An Example from an Oil Field,South of Iran

The methodology for pore pressure prediction known as D exponent is a function of an exponent of adjustment that was originally defined for the Gulf of Mexico (Jorden and Shirley, 1966 Jorden, J. R. and Shirley, O. J. 1966. Application of drilling performance data to overpressure detection. J. Pet. Technol., 18: 1387–1394.  [Google Scholar]; Eaton, 1972 Eaton, B. A. 1972. Graphical method predicts geopressures worldwide. World Oil, 7: 100–104.  [Google Scholar]). A limiting factor of this methodology is the definition of the Normal Compaction Trend, which needs to be interpreted from the data (Mouchet and Mitchell, 1989 Mouchet, J. P. and Mitchell, A. 1989. Abnormal pressure while drilling. Manuals techniques 2. Boussens, , France: Elf Aquitaine..  [Google Scholar]). In this study, the D exponent methodology was modified to make it applicable to the Gachsaran formation in an oil field of Ahvaz, Iran. The approach consisted of calculating the ratio between effective stress and the D exponent at each well, in order to find a robust NCT for the entire field, thus reducing subjectivity in the traditional D exponent methodology. Pore pressure determinations from Measured Direct Tests at one well confirm the predictive capability of the approach.