Transformation of Paraffins to Improve the Octane Number of the Cracked Naphtha Over Ni/HZSM-5 Catalyst

Abstract

Paraffins in the cracked naphtha can be transformed into aromatics and isoparaffin to improve the octane number. In this article, a series of Ni/HZSM-5 bifunctional catalysts were prepared and were characterized by temperature-programmed desorption of NH₃ (NH₃-TPD), FT-IR analysis with adsorbed pyridine as well as by x-ray powder diffraction analysis. The monolayer dispersion threshold value of Ni on HZSM-5 was determined and the cracking and aromatization activities of the catalysts were investigated in the transformation of n-heptane. The experimental results show that the catalyst with a monolayer dispersion threshold value of Ni shows the best aromatization and isomerization activity. The products selectivity of n-heptane over different catalysts was analyzed and it was revealed that low hydrogen pressure can reduce the conversion of n-heptane, but at the same time accelerate the production of aromatics. The aromatization activity of the catalysts increases with the elevation of the reaction temperature, and the incorporation of metal in HZSM-5 decreases the cracking reaction on the catalysts, while at the same time increases the reactions that may result in the production of aromatics.     

The Aromatization of Different FCC Naphtha Fractions over a P-Zn/HZSM-5 Catalyst

Abstract

The aromatization reaction performance of P-Zn/HZSM-5 catalyst was investigated on a fixed bed reactor using five fluid catalytic cracked (FCC) gasoline fractions (<100°C, 50°C–100°C, <120°C, 75°C–120°C, and full fraction) as feedstock, and the effect of feedstock on aromatization is discussed. The results showed that the activity and stability of P-Zn/HZSM-5 catalyst for the aromatization of the 50°C–100°C fraction were high in definite reaction conditions. After 16 hr, the content of olefin and aromatics in liquid product were 5.23 and 79.9%, respectively. The liquid product of low olefin and high aromatics was obtained. The distribution of benzene, toluene, and xylene in liquid product of 50°C–100°C fraction was investigated during aromatization, and the result showed that the toluene content was maximum among the three aromatics contents, the benzene content was minimum at the beginning of the reaction, xylene content became maximum, and benzene was still minimum after reacting for 20 hr. The content of C₉ ⁺ aromatics increased at the first stage of the reaction and then decreased with the increasing reaction time.     

Conversion of Syngas to LPG and Aromatics Over Commercial Fischer-Tropsch Catalyst and HZSM-5 in a Dual Bed Reactor

The commercial Co-based Fischer-Tropsch catalyst and HZSM-5 were tested in a single reactor process. FT catalyst was evaluated at 463 K, whereas HZSM-5 was evaluated at various temperatures (523, 573, and 623 K). The effect of syngas flow rate, HZSM-5 temperature and loading on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and aromatics selectivities were investigated. HZSM-5 addition suppressed the formation of CO₂ and CH₄, and remarkably enhanced the simultaneous formation of LPG and aromatics. The optimal operating conditions were identified as: T_HZM-5 = 623 K, HZSM-5 loading = 2.5 g, and GHSV = 4.8 L_syngas/(g_cat h).     

Effect of crystal size on the catalytic performance of HZSM-5 Zeolite in the methanol to aromatics reaction

The effect of crystal size on the lifetime and product distribution of HZSM-5 catalysts in methanol to aromatics reaction has been investigated. Increasing crystal size results in a reduction of the lifetime. Though the initial selectivity of total aromatics is approximately the same, larger crystal size favors the dealkylation reactions of polymethylbenzenes, cracking of C₅–C₉ non-aromatics and hydrogen transfer reaction, leading to different product distribution. The longer lifetime of HZSM-5 with smaller crystal size can be attributed to its larger specific surface area, pore volume and diameter and short residence time of the reaction products in the zeolite pores.     

Transformation of Cycloparaffin over Zeolite-Supported Metal Catalyst for Improving the Octane Number of Gasoline

Abstract

In order to improve the octane number of gasoline, Ni/HZSM-5 and NiMo/HZSM-5 catalysts were prepared by impregnation method, and their activities for hydrocracking, hydroisomerization, and aromatization were investigated by the transformation of cylcohexane. The experimental results show that the conversion of cyclohexane is affected greatly by the reaction temperature. The production of methyl-cyclopentane is the result of the hydroisomerization of cyclohexane. The olefin distribution reveals that the hydrocracking reaction of cyclohexane over acidic zeolite catalyst probably obeys the dimolecular mechanism and the C₅ and C₇ olefins come from the cracking of the dimer of cyclohexane. The activities of the presulfided Ni/HZSM-5 and NiMo/HZSM-5 catalyst for the transformation of cyclohexane were evaluated and the product selectivities for two presulfided catalysts are similar to those obtained over reduced Ni/HZSM-5 catalyst.     

DIRECT CATALYTIC CONVERSION OF METHANE TO HIGHER HYDROCARBONS

Abstract

Using a plug-flow reactor we have been able to demonstrate the conversion of pure methane gas to liquid hydrocarbons via the intermediate formation of methanol. The reaction Was carried out at an intermediate pressure (about 20 atm) and moderate temperature (about 400°C). In the first stage of the reactor methane and oxygen react to produce methanol. In the second stage the methanol was converted by HZSM-5 catalyst to a mixture of hydrocarbons. Analysis of the reaction products showed that all of the oxygen Was used in the reaction. Apart from the unconverted methane the product was composed of oxides of carboy water and C₃+ hydrocarbons. Interestingly, among the liquid hydrocarbons, aromatics were found to be the major constituents.     

Aromatization of n-Hexane Under Microwave Irradiation

Abstract

The aromatization of n-hexane over HZSM-5 and ZnNi/HZSM-5 catalysts has been investigated using two different heating methods: microwave irradiation (MW) and conventional heating (CH). The results indicate that the aromatics and BTX yields under MW are higher than those under CH. n-Hexane aromatization mechanism under MW was similar to that under CH at the temperature below 673 K. However, the mechanism of n-hexane aromatization was different at the temperature from 673 K to 753 K. The higher the reaction temperature is, the more condensed-nucli aromatics are produced. Therefore, MW requires the lower reaction temperature when equal yields of aromatics and BTX are obtained.     

C_9芳烃在不同结构分子筛催化剂上的反应

在C9芳烃轻质化的研究中,分别以1,2,4-三甲苯、邻甲乙苯及异丙苯为原料,对它们在不同结构分子筛(包括纳米HZSM-5,Hβ,HMOR沸石)催化剂上的反应进行了研究。实验结果表明,Hβ催化剂的初始活性最高并表现出较好的歧化能力,纳米HZSM-5催化剂则表现出较好的的脱烷基能力,HMOR催化剂的性能介于前两者之间。在C9芳烃的反应中,带有伯烷基、仲烷基和叔烷基的C9芳烃反应活性依次增加。随反应温度的升高,带有伯烷基和仲烷基的C9芳烃依次进行异构化、歧化和脱烷基反应;而带有叔烷基的C9芳烃则以脱烷基反应为主。各催化剂的酸性强弱顺序为:HMOR>Hβ>纳米HZSM-5,其活性高低顺序为:Hβ>纳米HZSM-5>HMOR,这说明分子筛催化剂的结构对C9芳烃反应的影响大于其酸性的影响。     

Influence of ZnO and P2O5 Content on Modified HZSM-5 on Aromatization of FCC Gasoline

Abstract

Catalytic properties of different content of ZnO and P₂O₅ supported on HZSM-5 zeolites were studied in the conversion of FCC gasoline (75°C–120°C) into aromatic hydrocarbons with a temperature of 430°C, a liquid hourly space velocity of 1.0 hr^?1, and a pressure of 0.1 MPa. In the reaction, when the contents of ZnO and P₂O₅ are 2% and 4%, respectively, Zn-P/HZSM-5 showed the highest selectivity and activity to aromatic hydrocarbons and conversion of olefins. The content of aromatics in the liquid product and the yield of aromatics reached as high as 94.53%, 68.87%, and 51.74%, respectively.     

A Study on Modified HZSM-5 Aromatization for FCC Light Gasoline

Abstract

In this article, the HZSM-5 type zeolite catalysts modified with zinc nitrate and calcium nitrate are prepared by impregnation method. The FCC gasoline (<75°C fraction) is observed and studied on the modified HZSM-5 type zeolite catalysts. The results are that the Z _x -HZSM-5 type zeolite catalysts have a high initial aromatic yield but a rapid deactivation. The C _y -HZSM-5 type zeolite catalysts have a lower aromatic yield and a familiar deactivation comparing to Z _x -HZSM-5. The HZSM-5 type zeolite catalysts modified with bimetal zinc nitrate and calcium nitrate have a rather low initial aromatic yield but a long catalyst life; among them, the C_3.5Z_2.0HZSM-5 has the best performance. And also, the C_3.5Z_2.0HZSM-5 type zeolite catalyst has demonstrated good regenerated performance. After regenerated three times, the catalyst still has a good stability. The reaction operational conditions are also observed and studied. The results are that the optimal reaction temperature is 450–490°C, the liquid hours space velocity (LHSV) is 1 h^?1 and the reaction pressure is 0.1 MPa.     

Aromatization of FCC Gasoline Over Modified HZSM-5 Catalyst

Abstract

Zinc and phosphorus incorporated HZSM-5 catalyst was prepared by adopting incipient wet co-impregnation (Zn-P/HZSM-5). Zn-P/HZSM-5 catalyst exhibited the lowest acidity but the highest aromatization activity with stable performance in the studied period of 16 hr. The process conditions on aromatization reaction and the coke deactivation mechanism of Zn-P/HZSM-5 catalyst were studied on a small-scale, fixed bed reactor using FCC naphtha (75–120°C). The weight contents of ZnO and P₂O₅ were 2% and 4%, respectively. Results showed that Zn-P/HZSM-5 catalyst under a temperature of 450°C, liquid hourly space velocity of 1.0 h^?1, and pressure of 0.1 MPa, the conversions of olefins and alkanes are 96.77% and 88.94%, respectively, the contents of olefins, aromatics in liquid product are 6.79% and 74.57%, respectively. Carbon deposition was the major reason for catalyst deactivation due to the catalyst's good performance as a fresh catalyst after regeneration. All of the blending products fitted the standards of Chinese gasoline.     

八氢菲在分子筛催化剂上的环烷环开环反应

在小型固定流化床(FFB)装置上,以Y与ZSM-5分子筛为催化剂进行八氢菲的催化裂化反应,考察了分子筛类型、反应温度、剂/油质量比对八氢菲裂化反应的影响。结果表明,八氢菲在分子筛催化剂上容易发生环烷环开环反应,生成丙烷、丙烯、丁烷、丁烯、甲基戊烷和环戊烷、环己烷类环烷烃以及苯、C₁~C₄烷基取代苯等,烷基苯再发生二次反应生成萘、烷基萘、联苯等;少量八氢菲通过脱氢缩合,生成菲、芘等三环以上多环芳烃,甚至焦炭。由于扩散和吸附性能的影响,八氢菲的环烷环开环反应与催化剂的孔径和B酸量有关;其环烷环开环反应选择性,在孔径和B酸量适宜的Y分子筛催化剂上比在ZSM-5催化剂上高。在Y分子筛催化剂上,当温度为450~525℃、剂/油质量比为3~9,随着反应温度的升高,或者剂/油质量比的增加,八氢菲脱氢缩合反应增强,而环烷环开环反应选择性降低。     

Transformation of Paraffins to Improve the Octane Number of the Cracked Naphtha Over Ni/HZSM-5 Catalyst

Paraffins in the cracked naphtha can be transformed into aromatics and isoparaffin to improve the octane number. In this article, a series of Ni/HZSM-5 bifunctional catalysts were prepared and were characterized by temperature-programmed desorption of NH₃ (NH₃-TPD), FT-IR analysis with adsorbed pyridine as well as by x-ray powder diffraction analysis. The monolayer dispersion threshold value of Ni on HZSM-5 was determined and the cracking and aromatization activities of the catalysts were investigated in the transformation of n-heptane. The experimental results show that the catalyst with a monolayer dispersion threshold value of Ni shows the best aromatization and isomerization activity. The products selectivity of n-heptane over different catalysts was analyzed and it was revealed that low hydrogen pressure can reduce the conversion of n-heptane, but at the same time accelerate the production of aromatics. The aromatization activity of the catalysts increases with the elevation of the reaction temperature, and the incorporation of metal in HZSM-5 decreases the cracking reaction on the catalysts, while at the same time increases the reactions that may result in the production of aromatics.     

磷改性HZSM-5催化剂甲醇芳构化反应条件研究

在固定床微反装置上,考察了高岭土、HZSM-5催化剂和磷(P)改性HZSM-5催化剂的甲醇反应性能,并研究了反应温度和空速(改变进料量或催化剂装填量)对P改性HZSM-5催化剂甲醇芳构化(MTA)反应的影响。结果表明,P改性HZSM-5催化剂表现出更高的芳烃收率和烯烃收率。就P改性HZSM-5催化剂的MTA反应而言,高温有利于汽油中芳烃选择性的增加,但汽油收率降低,芳烃总收率则基本保持恒定,适宜的反应温度为400℃;空速增大,甲醇反应的中间产物与催化剂接触机会减少,反应深度受到抑制,汽油和芳烃收率均降低。     

催化裂化与芳构化反应耦合多产优质汽油催化剂的研究

以NiO／HZSM-5为增强芳构化助剂，通过催化裂化与芳构化反应耦合，使催化裂化汽油和裂化气中的部分烯烃转化为芳烃，以降低汽油馏分中的烯烃含量，改善催化裂化汽油的组成。考察了助剂添加量对催化裂化催化剂降烯烃性能的影响，并与以CoAPO-11分子筛和HZSM-5与APO-11复合分子筛为助剂的催化裂化催化剂进行了对比。结果表明，NiO／HZSM-5的芳构化降烯烃效果最好，当添加量为5％时，汽油馏分中烯烃含量降低了5．8个百分点，而芳烃含量提高了9．7个百分点。并对催化裂化与芳构化反应耦合的机理进行了初步探讨。     

The Synthesis and Application of CuO-ZnO/HZSM-5 Catalyst With Core-shell Structure

Abstract

CuO-ZnO/HZSM-5 catalyst was prepared hydrothermally by CuO-ZnO as the core and HZSM-5 as the shell and used in hydrogenation of CO₂ to produce dimethyl ether. The morphologies, phase structure, and acid properties of this catalyst were investigated with transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and NH₃-temperature programmed desorption in detail. The experimental results showed that the catalyst exhibited higher catalytic activity compared with the catalysts prepared by traditional mechanically mixing method and impregnation method.     

The Effects of Weight Hour Space Velocity on the Products Distribution of Aromatization Reaction of Lanlian FCC Gasoline

Abstract

By using Lanlian fluid catalytic cracked (FCC) gasoline as a feedstock, the effects of weight hour space velocity (WHSV) on the product distribution, light oil compound, off-gas, and liquefied petroleum gas were researched in a confined fluidized bed reactor. The equation of off-gas yield, liquefied petroleum gas yield, coke yield, and light oil yield with increasing WHSV were established in the experimental data. The experimental result showed that with increasing WHSV, coke, off-gas, and liquefied petroleum gas yield decreased gradually, and light oil yield increased piece by piece; the amount of olefin was enhanced step by step, that of aromatics dropped slowly, and that of saturated hydrocarbon did not change. However, olefin conversion and increasing ratio of aromatics presented a slowly decreasing trend and increasing ratio of saturated hydrocarbon showed no change; hydrogen yield was low and did not change; i-butane and propane decreased, but n-butane increased gradually; C⁰ ₃/C⁼ ₃ and nC⁰ ₄/nC⁼ ₄ values did not change, iC⁰ ₄/iC⁼ ₄ variety had no order; C⁰ ₃/C⁼ ₃, C⁰ ₄/C⁼ ₄, and (C⁰ ₃ + C⁰ ₄)/(C⁼ ₃ + C⁼ ₄) values showed a decreasing trend.     

MoO_3/HZSM-5催化剂上重芳烃加氢脱烷基反应

采用等体积浸渍法制备了不同负载量的MoO3/HZSM-5催化剂,考察了MoO3/HZSM-5催化剂上MoO3负载量和工艺条件对重芳烃(C9+)加氢脱烷基反应的影响;并用X射线衍射、吡啶吸附红外光谱、氨程序升温脱附等技术对催化剂进行了表征。实验结果表明,重芳烃在MoO3/HZSM-5催化剂上的反应性能与HZSM-5分子筛上MoO3的分散状态、催化剂的酸性和酸量及工艺条件有关;当MoO3/HZSM-5催化剂中MoO3的负载量(质量分数)接近15%时,MoO3在HZSM-5分子筛表面呈单层分散。采用15%MoO3/HZSM-5催化剂,在550℃、3.0MPa、重时空速3.62h-1及V(H2)∶V(C9+)=800的反应条件下,重芳烃转化率达55.94%,苯、甲苯、二甲苯(BTX)收率大于50%,BTX总选择性达90%以上。     

FCC汽油不同馏分在P-Zn／HZSM-5上的芳构化研究

 在连续固定床反应器上考察了P-Zn/HZSM-5催化剂对FCC汽油不同馏分芳构化的反应性能，探讨了原料对芳构化反应的影响。结果表明，在一定的反应条件下，P-Zn/HZSM-5催化剂对50～100℃馏分芳构化反应具有很高的活性和稳定性。在反应16 h后，液相产品中烯烃及芳烃的质量分数分别为 5.23%和79.9%，得到了低烯烃、高芳烃的汽油调合产品。在50～100℃馏分芳构化反应中，液相产品中的苯、甲苯和二甲苯的含量分布会发生变化。反应进行4 h后，苯、甲苯和二甲苯的含量以甲苯、二甲苯、苯的顺序递减，而反应进行20 h后，由于催化剂积炭，改变为以二甲苯、甲苯、苯的顺序递减；C9+芳烃的含量则先增加后降低。     

Conditions for nonhydrodewaxing reaction of hydrocracking tail oil

Hydrocracking tail oil is used in hydrogenation modification in the hydrocracking process and is an ideal material to produce lube-based oil. Through investigating the effect of operation conditions on properties of dewaxing products under atmospheric pressure, the optimum operation conditions are that reaction temperature is 360°C, volume space velocity is 1.0 h^?1, and distillation temperature is 140°C. Under the optimum condition, the yield of liquid products is higher, and the flash point, pour point, and viscosity of white oil are stable and meet the factory product requirements. Especially, properties of alkane and white oil change little when reaction time is 20 h, which indicates that HZSM-5/Al₂O₃ has better stability. When HZSM-5 molecular sieve catalyst was loaded by pseudo-boehmite, HZSM-5/Al₂O₃ catalyst activity and stability improved and became more beneficial to nonhydrodewaxing reaction of hydrocracking tail oil.