Metal-organic frameworks derived FeS2@CoS2 heterostructure for efficient and stable bifunctional electrocatalytic water splitting

The exploration of efficient metal-based bifunctional catalysts for electrochemical water splitting is a promising approach for large-scale applications. In this work, we constructed a FeS₂@CoS₂ heterostructure electrocatalyst by a facile solution-dipping and hydrothermal method. The optimum FeS₂@CoS₂ heterostructure showed notable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performances, with overpotential values of 280 mV and 136 mV (10 mA cm⁻² current density), respectively. Additionally, the electrocatalyst exhibited a robust stability performance of 50 h at a current density of 10 mA cm⁻². The two-cell electrolyzer is assembled using FeS₂@CoS₂||FeS₂@CoS₂ and delivers a cell voltage of 1.62 V and 1.99 V at 10 and 50 mA cm⁻² current densities with excellent durability. The outstanding overall water-splitting activity of the obtained heterostructure can be attributed to effective electronic interactions, synergistic effects, and exposure of more reactive active sites in the electrocatalyst. This work presents a promising strategy for developing highly active and cost-effective metal sulfide-based bifunctional electrocatalysts for energy conversion technology.     

Hierarchical CoP3/NiMoO4 heterostructures on Ni foam as an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall water splitting

Controllable synthesis strategies of the cost-effective and high-active non-noble metal bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting are imperatively required. Herein, the hierarchical heterostructure CoP₃/NiMoO₄ nanosheets on Ni foam (CoP₃/NiMoO₄–NF) are synthesized by hydrothermal, annealing and phosphorization treatment. The synergistic effect between CoP₃ and NiMoO₄ remarkably promotes the HER intrinsic activity. Moreover, the Ni foam promotes the vertical growth of well-aligned nanosheet arrays, which expose more active sites for HER and OER. The CoP₃/NiMoO₄–NF-2 (Co/Mo = 1/1) electrocatalyst reveals a low overpotential of 92 mV for HER and 347 mV for OER at 10 mA cm⁻² in 1.0 M KOH. Especially, the CoP₃/NiMoO₄–NF-2 exhibits exceptional performance for overall water splitting which presents a low cell voltage of 1.57 V at 10 mA cm⁻², and outstanding durability which could maintain over 12 h. The design strategy and controllable synthesis of the hierarchical heterostructure bifunctional electrocatalyst will be beneficial for efficient overall water splitting.     

Surface Modulation of 3D Porous CoNiP Nanoarrays In Situ Grown on Nickel Foams for Robust Overall Water Splitting

The careful design of nanostructures and multi-compositions of non-noble metal-based electrocatalysts for highly efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen and oxygen evolution reaction (HER and OER) is of great significance to realize sustainable hydrogen release. Herein, bifunctional electrocatalysts of the three-dimensional (3D) cobalt-nickel phosphide nanoarray in situ grown on nickel foams (CoNiP NA/NF) were synthesized through a facile hydrothermal method followed by phosphorization. Due to the unique self-template nanoarray structure and tunable multicomponent system, the CoNiP NA/NF samples present exceptional activity and durability for HER and OER. The optimized sample of CoNiP NA/NF-2 afforded a current density of 10 mA cm⁻² at a low overpotential of 162 mV for HER and 499 mV for OER, corresponding with low Tafel slopes of 114.3 and 79.5 mV dec⁻¹, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that modulation active sites with appropriate electronic properties facilitate the interaction between the catalyst surface and intermediates, especially for the adsorption of absorbed H* and *OOH intermediates, resulting in an optimized energy barrier for HER and OER. The 3D nanoarray structure, with a large specific surface area and abundant ion channels, can enrich the electroactive sites and enhance mass transmission. This work provides novel strategies and insights for the design of robust non-precious metal catalysts.     

Hierarchical FeC/MnO2 composite with in-situ grown CNTs as an advanced trifunctional catalyst for water splitting and Metal−Air batteries

In high demand is developing trifunctional electrocatalysts to simultaneously drive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution/reduction reaction (OER/ORR) for metal-air batteries and water splitting. Here we develop the carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-grafted FeC/MnO₂ nanocomposite catalyst by carbonizing FeMn metal-organic frameworks. The synergistic effect between FeC and MnO₂ dominantly contributes the ORR, OER, and HER. The transition metal-mediated growth of CNTs by an in-situ catalysis mechanism enables high electrical conductivity, abundant active sites, as well as efficient reaction pathways. The optimized chemical composite and unique hierarchical structure endow the FeC/MnO₂ with low overpotentials for multiply electrochemical reactions. Consequently, the composite catalyst successfully serves as the bifunctional electrode for water splitting with a voltage of 1.66 V at 10 mA cm^?2 as well as the cathode for all-solid-state metal-air battery with Pt/C-comparable performance. The advanced transition metal composite presented in this work provides the guidance for rationally developing trifunctional electrocatalysts for efficient integrated energy conversion systems.     

Low-temperature synthesized amorphous quasi-high-entropy carbonate electrocatalyst with superior surface self-optimization for efficient water oxidation

Anionic High-entropy materials have seldom been reported as a new library of water oxidation electrocatalysts owing to great difficulty in uniformly distributing multiple elements with different physicochemical properties and harsh synthesis conditions. Herein, a series of amorphous quasi-high-entropy carbonates for the first time is prepared via a facile low-temperature hydrothermal route. The optimized CoCrFeMnMoCO₃ with hydrothermal treatment of 6 h can serve as a promising oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalyst for water splitting on account of amorphous structure rendering more exposed active sites, superior synergistic effect realizing surface component self-optimization, high-valence ferritic species (Fe^(3+δ)+) providing high catalytic activity and high-entropy stabilization guaranteeing long-term OER performance, thus exhibiting the low overpotentials of 302 and 355 mV at the current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm⁻², respectively, the small Tafel slope of 36.7 mV dec⁻¹, and excellent durability longer than 38 h, dramatically exceeding its corresponding crystalline counterpart and benchmark RuO₂ catalyst, as well as yielding the current density of 10 mA cm⁻² with impressive low voltage of 1.56 V while used as bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall water splitting. This study lights a broad avenue to design other anionic high-entropy materials as promising OER catalysts.     

Fabrication of Co doped MoS2 nanosheets with enlarged interlayer spacing as efficient and pH-Universal bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall water splitting

Exploring inexpensive and active bifunctional electrocatalysts to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water at all pHs is highly desirable. Herein, we report a facile one-step method to prepare vertically aligned Co doped MoS₂ nanosheets with extended interlayer distance on carbon cloth (Co–MoS₂@CC) for full hydrolysis in both alkaline and acidic medium. Co–MoS₂@CC exhibits long-term durability with overpotentials of 56.6 mV and 130 mV for hydrogen generation and 242 mV and 201 mV for oxygen production at 10 mA cm^?2 in basic and acidic conditions, respectively. Moreover, we achieve low voltages of 1.585 V and 1.55 V in basic and acidic conditions respectively for the overall water splitting. We assume that such excellent property of Co–MoS₂@CC may be ascribed to the uncovering of more active sites and high porosity resulted from Co doping, which boosts the conductivity and thus reduces MoS₂ hydrogen adsorption free energy in HER, as well as benefits to catalytic active sites in OER. This one-step doping approach opens up new ways to regulate the intrinsic catalytic activity to catalyze total hydrolysis at all PHs.     

Fabrication of efficient nanostructured Co3O4-Graphene bifunctional catalysts: Oxygen evolution,hydrogen evolution,and H2O2 sensing

Nanostructured Co₃O₄-graphene hybrid catalysts are fabricated by a one-step vacuum kinetic spray technique from microparticles of Co₃O₄ and graphite powders. The Co₃O₄-graphene hybrid catalysts with various Co₃O₄ contents are studied concerning the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in 1.0 M KOH, as well as, H₂O₂ sensing in 0.1 M NaOH. We find that increasing graphene content in the hybrid catalysts results in an overall improvement of the OER electrocatalytic activity due to the enhancement in the charge transfer kinetics. The hybrid catalyst with 25 wt% Co₃O₄ reveals the optimum electrocatalytic activity toward the OER with the lowest overpotential (η) of 283 mV@ 10 mA cm⁻² and superior reaction kinetics with a low Tafel slope of 25 mV dec⁻¹. Besides, the OER stability at 50 mA cm⁻² for 50 h in 1.0 M KOH was verified. The hybrid catalyst with 50 wt% Co₃O₄ revealed the highest activity toward the HER with η of 108 mV@ 10 mA cm⁻², Tafel slope of 90 mV.dec⁻¹, and stability at 50 mA cm⁻² for nearly 30 h. Moreover, it reveals ultrahigh H₂O₂ amperometric detection with superior sensitivity of 18,110 μA mM⁻¹ cm⁻², linear detection range from 20 μM to 1 mM, and a limit of detection of 0.14 μM.     

Trifunctional electrocatalysts based on feather-like NiCoP 3D architecture for hydrogen evolution,oxygen evolution,and urea oxidation reactions

Finding efficient and versatile catalysts that can both produce clean energy H₂ and treat wastewater is an important matter to solve energy shortages and wastewater pollution. Herein, a feather-like NiCoP supported on NF was synthesized via the two-step hydrothermal-phosphorization process. NiCoP/NF requires only overpotentials of 44 and 203 mV to reach 10 mA cm^?2 for HER and OER in 1 M KOH, respectively. Besides, NiCoP/NF requires only 1.13 V (vs RHE) to achieve 10 mA cm^?2 in 1 M KOH containing 0.33 M urea. DFT calculation shows that NiCoP exhibits enhanced DOS in the Fermi level attachment, which promotes charge transfer. Subsequently, the trifunctional NiCoP/NF, for overall water splitting, requires a lower potential of 1.48 V to gain 10 mA cm^?2 in 1 M KOH. For urea electrolysis, NiCoP/NF requires just 1.36 V to drive 10 mA cm^?2 in 1 M KOH with 0.33 M urea. This work provides extraordinary insights into electrolytic hydrogen production and wastewater treatment through simple preparative methods. The performance of the prepared catalyst is at a high level in non-noble metal.     

Metal oxide/carbon nanosheet arrays derivative of stacked metal organic frameworks for triggering oxygen evolution reaction

Numerous clean energy systems rely on the oxygen evolution process (OER), which takes place during water splitting reaction. For this purpose, transition-metal oxides have garnered considerable attentions as a prominent OER electrocatalysts. In present study, we fabricate the nanosheet arrays of metal oxide/carbon (MOx/C; M = Fe, Ag, and Mn) fabricated via hydrothermal route. As templates, this approach employs the covered 2-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (2D-MOFs), and these MOx/C arrays made from 2D MOFs exhibit significant electrocatalytic activity and durability. Among all, Ag₂O/C showed the overpotentials of 270 mV at a current density (j) of 10 mA cm^?2, while the tafel slope is 45 mV dec^?1, that is lower than other metal oxide-based catalysts like MnO/C, and Fe₂O₃/C. It also shows 48 h high stability due to the conductive nature, larger surface area and the presence of carbon cage for easy transfer of electrons. The conceptual framework and synthetic strategy employed in this study can be applied to create more multi-metal oxide anchoring Ag₂O carbon matrix-based electrocatalysts that are extremely efficient, affordable, and perform significantly better in OER and other future applications.     

MOF nanosheet array-derived NiS with Co,N-doped carbon layer: A highly efficient oxygen evolution electrocatalyst

The development of the hydrogen industry from electrolytic water is confined in great measure to the slow kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which means the rational design of a stabilized and efficient OER electrode is the key. The construction of easily accessible hydroxide ion (OH^?) adsorption sites can effectively accelerate the kinetics of the OER. Herein, the NiS/CoNC electrocatalysts, which can effectively adsorb OH^? and exhibited excellent OER performance in an alkaline environment, were obtained by pyrolysis and sulfidation of NiCo-MOF nanosheets on nickel foam (NF). In particular, the optimized NiS/CoNC electrocatalyst achieved an overpotential of 46/106 mV at 10/100 mA cm^?2 and Tafel slope of 57.41 mV dec^?1, which is superior to most reported materials. The outstanding function of OER results from the NiOOH/CoOOH active component generated by surface reconstruction after activation of the NiS/CoNC catalyst and the excellent charge transfer capability of the NiS component. This work offers a scheme to construct the electrocatalysts derived from MOF with excellent OER performance.     

Ultrathin amorphous MnO2 modified prawn shells-derived porous carbon towards robust oxygen electrocatalyst for rechargeable Zn-air battery

Precious metal-free bifunctional electrocatalysts with efficient performance to ORR (oxygen reduction reaction) and OER (oxygen evolution reaction) are the prerequisite to the commercialization of rechargeable Zn-air battery (RZAB). Here, ultrathin amorphous MnO₂ modified prawn shells-derived porous carbon (U–MnO₂/PSNC) is designed and synthesized via a self-template assisted pyrolysis coupling in-situ redox reaction strategy. In this composite, the ultrathin amorphous MnO₂ provides high surface defects and homogeneous catalytic active sites. The conductive prawn shells-derived porous carbon displays macro-meso-microporous structure, promoting electric conductivity and offering fast pathway for mass diffusion. With optimized composition, the U–MnO₂-0.01/PSNC delivers an excellent bifunctional to ORR/OER with a small ΔE (bifunctional activity parameter) value of 0.776 V. Moreover, the RZAB equipped with U–MnO₂-0.01/PSNC displays a considerable stability with narrow decay of battery efficiency (1.10%) for ～334 h (500 cycles) at 10 mA cm^?2. This work enlightens a new pathway to design cost-effective bifunctional electrocatalysts for metal-air battery.     

The Heterojunction of Ni and Co9S8 was Synthesized and Anchored on Carbon Nanotubes to Improve the Performance of Water Electrolysis

Developing durable, low-cost water electrolysis catalysts plays a critical role in solving clean energy problems. Herein, we synthesized Ni/Co₉S₈@CNT micro flower comprising Ni/Co₉S₈ mesoporous nanosheets and carbon nanotubes (CNT). HRTEM images indicate that the Ni/Co₉S₈@CNT micro flower contains abundant Ni/Co₉S₈ heterojunctions. The band structure and coupling effect of the Ni/Co₉S₈ heterostructure optimizes the transfer of electrons, thus the synergistic hybrid effectively improves conductivity and electrocatalytic performance. Therefore, Ni/Co₉S₈@CNT shows good evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance in an alkaline environment. Specifically, at a current density of 10 mA cm^?2, the overpotential of OER is 289 mV, and the overpotential of HER is 228 mV. The Tafel slope is 69 mV dec^?1. In addition, Ni/Co₉S₈@CNT in alkaline electrolyte only loses 10% of its activity after working for 10 h at a current density of 10 mA cm^?2. These results indicate that composite materials composed of transition metal sulfides and highly conductive carbon materials are a good choice for low-cost electrocatalysts.

Graphic abstract

Synthesize the heterojunction of metal Ni and Co9S8 and anchor it on the CNT to improve the performance of OER and HER.

     

In situ coupling of lignin-derived carbon-encapsulated CoFe-CoxN heterojunction for oxygen evolution reaction

Exploring highly active and stable electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial for developing water splitting and rechargeable metal-air batteries. In this study, a hybrid electrocatalyst of CoFe alloy and Co_xN heterojunction encapsulated and anchored in N-doped carbon support (CoFe-Co_xN@NC) was in situ coupled via the pyrolysis of a novel coordination polymer derived from lignin biomacromolecule. CoFe-Co_xN@NC exhibited outstanding OER activity with a low overpotential of 270 mV at 10 mA cm⁻² and stability with an increment of 20 mV, comparable to commercial Ir/C. DFT calculations showed that Co_xN and N-doped graphitic encapsulation can reduce the binding strength between *O and CoFe alloy, limit metal leaching and agglomeration, and improve electron transfer efficiency, considerably enhancing the OER activity and stability. In situ coupling approach for preparing alloy and nitride heterojunctions on N-doped lignin-derived carbon offers a promising and universal catalyst design for developing renewable energy conversion technologies.     

Anion doped bimetallic selenide as efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction

The development of highly efficient and low-cost electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of great importance in advancing the practical applications of green and sustainable hydrogen energy. Doping with either cations or non-metallic anions is a typical strategy used to improve the electrocatalytic activity for OER catalysts. In this study, an anion doped bimetallic selenide Co_0.75Fe_0.25(S_0.2Se_0.8)₂ solid solution is prepared via the simultaneous sulfuration and selenylation of a scalably produced CoFe-layered double hydroxide (CoFe-LDH) precursor, using commercially available sulfur and selenium powders as S and Se sources, respectively. Electrocatalytic test shows that the anion doped bimetallic selenide Co_0.75Fe_0.25(S_0.2Se_0.8)₂ electrode requires an overpotential of 293 mV and a low Tafel slope of 77 mV dec⁻¹ at a current density of 10 mA cm⁻² in an alkaline media, and it exhibits the significantly enhanced electrocatalytic performance for the OER compared with its counterparts of Co_0.75Fe_0.25S₂ and Co_0.75Fe_0.25Se₂. The enhanced electrocatalytic performance is supported experimentally by the results of charge-transfer resistance and electrochemically active surface area. Our LDH precursor-based protocol can provide a strategy to prepare non-metallic anion doped bimetallic selenides as efficient electrocatalysts for water splitting.     

Hierarchical nanoarchitecture of vanadium disulfide decorated 3D porous carbon skeleton with improved electrochemical performance toward Li ion battery and supercapacitor

Vanadium disulfide (VS₂) is deemed to be a competitive active material in electrochemical energy storage field in both lithium-ion battery and supercapacitor owing to its unique chemical and physical property. Nevertheless, serious aggregation and structure damage in continuous charge-discharges would result in a decreased capacity, an inferior cycling stability and a poor rate capability, which severly limits the practical application of VS₂. In this current work, a hierarchical porous nanostructured composite composed of VS₂ nanoparticles confined in gelatin-derived nitrogen-doped carbon network (VS₂-NC) was successfully designed and synthesized via a simple freeze drying plus an annealing method. In this VS₂-NC composite, porous architecture is conductive to providing high active surface areas, facilitating the access of electrolyte into active materials and ion diffusion. The confinement of carbon matrix on VS₂ nanoparticles is beneficial to inhibition of the volume change, reinforcement of the structural stability and improvement of the overall electrical conductivity of composite. Benefitting from the advantages mentioned above, the as-prepared VS₂-NC electrode demonstrates outstanding electrochemical performances. Employed as an anode for lithium ion battery, VS₂-NC delivers a relatively high reversible capacity about ～1061 mA h g^?1 in 200-cycle test at 100 mA g^?1. When applied in supercapacitor, VS₂-NC electrode manifests a large pseudocapacitance of 407.3 F g^?1 at a current density of 10 A g^?1 and superior cycling stability.     

Dual role of Fe boost lattice oxygen oxidation of Mo-based materials from kinetics and thermodynamics

High-valent Mo-based oxides are easily dissolved in alkaline electrolyte resulting in complete surface reconstruction of catalyst. Therefore, there are few researches on the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) process of this material, especially the reaction mechanism. Herein, Fe-Mo₂C@CN was synthesized by introducing 3d metal Fe into the Mo-based catalyst, which inhibited the complete dissolution of Mo. The overpotential is only 226 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm⁻². Experimental and density functional theory (DFT) results demonstrate that excellent electrocatalytic performance derives from the dual role of Fe and the thermodynamically favorable single-site lattice oxygen oxidation mechanism (LOM). Electronic-rich pure Fe inhibits the molybdenum dissolution while enhancing the reaction kinetics. And the doped Fe decreases the d‐band center, weakens the M-O (metal-oxygen) bond, and promotes the involvement of lattice oxygen in the OER process. This work provides theoretical basis for the engagement of Mo-based catalysts in water splitting.     

Boosting the electrocatalytic activity of lanthanum cobaltite ceramic through Zn doping for the oxygen evolution reaction

The development of economical and highly efficient electrocatalysts is crucial for the oxygen evolution reaction in water electrolysis, which is associated with producing clean and sustainable hydrogen fuel. For this purpose, we successfully elaborated a new series of LaCo_1-xZn_xO₃ oxides (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4) via a facile sol-gel route and investigated their structural, morphological and electrochemical properties for a possible use as electrocatalysts toward oxygen evolution reaction in a basic solution. Among the developed materials, the LaCo_0.9Zn_0.1O₃ electrocatalyst displays a remarkable performance; an overpotential of merely 327 mV is needed to generate a specified current density of 10 mA.cm⁻²_geo; a current density of around 73.41 mA cm⁻² at 450 mV, almost twice as high compared to the pristine electrocatalyst; a faster reaction kinetic with a lower Tafel slope of ∼92 mV.dec⁻¹ and an activity loss of less than 4% after 24 h of utilization.     

Interface engineering of copper-cobalt based heterostructure as bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting

It is of great significance to develop highly active and cost-effective electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline solution. Herein, we report an interface engineering strategy to fabricate 3D hierarchical CuCo₂O₄@CuCo₂S₄ heterostructure catalysts with efficient synergistic effects for water splitting. Owing to the special nano-architectures with abundant active interfaces, the as-prepared CuCo₂O₄@CuCo₂S₄ catalysts exhibit superior electrochemical activity and prominent electrochemical stability, with a small overpotential of 240 and 101 mV for oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions to deliver a current density of 10 mA cm⁻², respectively. Remarkably, the CuCo₂O₄@CuCo₂S₄ materials directly applied as both anode and cathode electrode demonstrate excellent water splitting performance, achieving 10 mA cm⁻² at a low cell voltage of only 1.53 V, outperforming the integrated state-of-the-art RuO₂||Pt/C couple (1.56 V). Moreover, density functional theory calculations suggest that the excellent overall water splitting property of CuCo₂O₄@CuCo₂S₄ is attributed to a large amount of hierarchical hetero-interfaces, giving rise to effective adsorption and cleavage of H₂O molecules on the catalyst surface. This work represents a general strategy to exploit efficient and stable hybrid electrocatalysts for renewable energy applications by rational catalyst interface engineering.     

Spinel CoFe2O4 /carbon nanotube composites as efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reaction

In the development of fuel cells, it is the key to large-scale commercialization of fuel cells to rationally design and synthesize efficient and non-noble metals-based bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In this paper, spinel CoFe₂O₄/carbon nanotube composites (CoFe₂O₄/CNTs/FA) were synthesized by solvothermal and calcination method. XRD, TEM, XPS and BET characterizations indicate that the addition of complexing agent fumaric acid can improve the crystal growth kinetics and morphology of CoFe₂O₄/CNTs nanohybirds. The as-synthesized CoFe₂O₄/CNTs/FA pyrolyzed at 500 °C have an outstanding bifunctional catalytic activity for ORR and OER with the potential of 1.62V (vs. RHE) at a current density of 10 mA/cm² and half-wave potential E_1/2 = 0.808V (vs. RHE) in alkaline electrolyte, respectively. It is obviously better than unloaded CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles and commercial CNTs. CoFe₂O₄/CNTs/FA also exhibit better methanol tolerance ability and durability than commercial Pt/C and RuO₂ catalyst. This investigation broadens an idea of simple compounding of spinel with carbon-based materials to improve electrochemical properties.     

富氧空位Co3O4纳米线的制备及其电解水性能研究

在室温下利用NaBH₄溶液还原Co₃O₄纳米线获得富含氧空位（V_O）的三维自支撑纳米线阵列用作全水解电催化剂,其中NaBH₄处理10 min的Co₃O₄/NF在碱性介质中对析氧反应（OER）和析氢反应（HER）表现出很高的活性,在10 mA·cm^-2电流密度下分别仅需240和132 mV的过电位。V_O-Co₃O₄/NF同时作为阴极和阳极电催化剂时,在10 mA·cm^-2下电解水槽电压仅为1.63 V,其耐久性可达60 h以上。该工作为富含氧空位结构的过渡金属氧化物双功能电催化剂的制备提供了新的方法和思路。