考虑暂态稳定约束的发电再调度研究

提出了一种暂态稳定的发电机有功调度新算法.通过求取暂态稳定约束下的发电机有功输出极限,将暂态稳定约束转化为最优潮流中的发电机有功出力约束,从而将暂态稳定约束下的发电机有功调度问题转化为常规最优潮流问题进行求解.介绍了电力系统角半径的概念,通过仿真计算轨迹灵敏度,在此基础上可得到系统角半径对各发电机有功输出的灵敏度,该灵敏度信息可用于计算发电机有功输出的调整量.算法实现简单,可处理多个预想故障.在10机新英格兰典型电力系统上的算例分析验证了新方法的有效性和合理性.     

含VSC-HVDC的暂态稳定约束最优潮流

提出运用轨迹灵敏度法将含电压源换流器的高压直流(voltage source converter-high voltage direct current, VSC-HVDC)输电的暂态稳定约束最优潮流问题转化为含VSC-HVDC 最优潮流和含 VSC-HVDC 暂态稳定2个子问题,避免直接求解混杂系统暂态稳定约束最优潮流所带来的困难。根据暂态稳定计算结果,求出连续系统状态量相对于发电机机械输入功率的轨迹灵敏度,据此求取最领先机和最落后机之间转移的有功功率,修改最优潮流有功出力的上下限,从而实现2个子问题的交替求解。在求得的转移功率满足系统暂态稳定约束后,通过二分法求得系统的最优转移功率。以IEEE39节点系统为算例,验证了轨迹灵敏度法对于求解含VSC-HVDC的暂态稳定约束最优潮流的有效性和合理性,算法实现简单,可处理多个预想故障。     

多故障暂态稳定约束最优潮流的轨迹灵敏度法

将暂态稳定约束最优潮流(transient stability constrained optimal power flow,TSC-OPF)计算过程分解为潮流、暂态稳定及轨迹灵敏度、降阶二次规划最优潮流3个子问题的交替求解。在迭代过程中,根据潮流和暂态稳定计算得到状态变量和代数变量时变轨迹;由此判断系统的稳定性,并计算失稳时刻状态变量和初始时刻代数变量对发电机有功和无功功率的轨迹灵敏度;据此将暂态稳定约束最优潮流问题转化以发电机有功和无功功率增量为独立变量的降阶二次规划最优潮流问题;求解这个二次规划模型得到发电机有功和无功功率增量。通过这种交替求解,最终能寻找到满足暂态稳定约束的最优潮流解。以此为基础,提出了不受故障类型和模式影响的多故障处理方法。新英格兰10机39节点和UK 20机100节点系统的计算结果表明,所提方法在计算精度和速度方面具有一定优势。     

基于轨迹灵敏度的暂态稳定约束最优潮流计算

为将暂态稳定约束最优潮流问题转化为最优潮流和暂态稳定两个子问题,根据暂态稳定计算结果求出发电机转角及转速相对于机械输入功率的轨迹灵敏度。基于轨迹灵敏度,计算出在最领先发电机和最落后发电机之间转移的有功功率,据此修改其在最优潮流模型中的有功功率上下限,从而实现两个子问题的交替求解。并且推导出准确的轨迹灵敏度及初值计算公式,利用上述公式,得更小的转移功率值,从而使功率转移后系统的优化程度更高。同时在惯性中心坐标下采用最大转角判据找出最领先机和最落后机,并以3机9节点和10机39节点系统为例,验证了该方法的可行性。     

基于2阶轨迹灵敏度的暂态稳定约束最优潮流计算

针对现有基于轨迹灵敏度技术的暂态稳定约束潮流计算中存在的问题,计算出发电机转角对控制变量的2阶轨迹灵敏度,并利用1阶和2阶轨迹灵敏度更精确地描述发电机转角与所有发电机有功和无功出力之间的2阶泰勒展开表达式。此外,根据时域仿真,将多机系统等值为单机无穷大母线系统,并根据等值系统的临界功角轨迹建立严格的暂态稳定判据。据此可建立更为合理的暂态稳定约束最优潮流模型。新英格兰10机39节点和英国20机100节点系统的仿真结果验证了该方法的准确性和有效性。     

含暂态能量裕度约束多故障最优潮流计算

借助暂态能量裕度对发电机有功和无功出力的解析灵敏度，将暂态能量裕度约束直接加入最优潮流模型中，建立含暂态能量裕度约束多故障最优潮流逐次线性规划模型，采用单纯形法求解，取得了较好的效果。此外，还提出了根据大步长单故障最优潮流近似计算获得的暂态能量裕度进行故障扫描方法，并寻找到同一失稳模式下影响系统稳定的关键故障，验证了满足关键故障稳定性要求的最优潮流解可以同时满足同失稳模式下的其它故障的稳定约束。新英格兰10机39节点系统的最优潮流及暂态稳定计算验证了所提方法的有效性。所有优化结果均用一个在电力系统中广泛使用的暂态稳定仿真程序进行了验证。     

基于暂态能量裕度灵敏度计及暂态稳定约束的优化潮流计算

提出了一种基于暂态能量裕度灵敏度的含有暂态稳定约束的优化潮流算法.它用时域仿真法对系统进行暂态稳定分析,提前滤除不失稳故障,并结合混合法计算失稳故障的能量裕度.依据最严重故障的能量裕度与发电机有功出力变化量的近似线性关系及能量裕度对发电机有功出力的灵敏度来调整发电机的有功出力.在计算程序中充分运用变步长搜索策略提高了计算效率,对考虑多个预想故障的含有暂态稳定约束的优化潮流问题具有良好的全局收敛性.最后通过IEEE 30节点系统和IEEE 57节点系统验证了该方法的有效性.     

基于BCU法的多故障暂态稳定约束最优潮流计算

基于稳定域边界的主导不稳定平衡点（BCU）方法,求解暂态能量裕度对发电机有功和无功出力的解析灵敏度,再将暂态能量裕度约束直接加入最优潮流模型中,建立含多故障暂态能量裕度约束的最优潮流逐次线性规划模型。通过常规潮流计算、基于BCU法的暂态稳定及暂态能量裕度灵敏度计算、基于单纯形法的线性规划算法的交替求解,获得最优解。并对BCU方法和故障模式法进行了比较,在上述的交替求解过程中,故障模式法并不能保证能求出主导不稳定平衡点,但BCU方法能够给出可靠结果。新英格兰10机39节点系统的计算结果验证了所提方法的有效性。     

基于BCU法的多故障暂态稳定约束最优潮流计算

基于稳定域边界的主导不稳定平衡点(BCU)方法,求解暂态能量裕度对发电机有功和无功出力的解析灵敏度,再将暂态能量裕度约束直接加入最优潮流模型中,建立含多故障暂态能量裕度约束的最优潮流逐次线性规划模型.通过常规潮流计算、基于BCU法的暂态稳定及暂态能量裕度灵敏度计算、基于单纯形法的线性规划算法的交替求解,获得最优解.并对BCU方法和故障模式法进行了比较,在上述的交替求解过程中,故障模式法并不能保证能求出主导不稳定平衡点,但BCU方法能够给出可靠结果.新英格兰10机39节点系统的计算结果验证了所提方法的有效性.     

基于一维卷积神经网络的电力系统暂态稳定在线评估

传统电力系统暂态稳定评估基于时域仿真计算,计算复杂度高,难以在线应用。提出一种基于一维卷积神经网络的电力系统暂态稳定在线评估,可极大提升暂态稳定在线评估速度。通过马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛抽样算法进行电力系统运行状态模拟,生成大规模运行数据。通过电力系统时域仿真计算确定发电机最大功角差。将电力系统运行数据作为一维卷积神经网络的输入,发电机最大功角差作为输出,训练一维卷积神经网络。在线应用场景下,一维卷积神经网络可基于当前运行数据快速计算发电机最大功角差,实现暂态稳定性在线评估。新英格兰39节点系统验证了所提在线评估算法的可行性。     

基于最优控制原理的暂态稳定预防控制模型

基于时域仿真得到系统受扰轨迹,给出了暂态稳定预防控制的非线性规划模型。该模型把功角在末端时刻不大于预先设定的门槛值作为暂态稳定约束条件。通过引入最优控制原理,把微分-代数方程所描述的电力系统预防控制转化为以各发电机有功输出为控制量的最优控制问题:重新调整控制量控制各发电机的转子相对角度,使其在末端时刻都不大于设定的门槛值,从而实现了非线性系统的状态转移。所提出的暂态稳定预防控制模型与时域仿真具有同等的模型适应性。经IEEE 39节点测试系统的数值分析结果表明该算法的有效性,估计的精度能够满足实际工程的需要。     

考虑暂态稳定的风电穿透功率极限计算模型

为保证风电并网系统的稳定性,建立考虑暂态稳定的模糊随机机会约束规划模型计算风电穿透功率极限。针对风电出力和负荷的不确定性,模型中将两者作为模糊随机变量处理;模型中考虑暂态稳定约束时,根据发电机有功出力和转角的关系,通过时域仿真分析将系统的暂态稳定约束转化为发电机的出力限制约束。采用数学优化方法和时域仿真法相结合来求解所提模型。最后通过在IEEE14节点上仿真分析,证明了暂态稳定约束是风电穿透功率极限的关键约束条件之一。     

Coordinated preventive control of transient stability with multi-contingency in power systems using trajectory sensitivities

In this paper, the challenging multi-contingency transient stability constrained optimal power flow problem is partitioned into two sub-problems, namely optimal power flow (OPF) and transient stability control, solved in turn with conventional well trusted power system analysis tools instead of tackling it directly using a complicated integrated approach. Preventive multi-contingency transient stability control is carried out with generation rescheduling based on trajectory sensitivities using results obtained from a conventional transient stability simulation. A new iterative approach is proposed to optimally redistribute the generation from the critical machines to noncritical machines with the help of conventional OPF. Results on the New England 10-machine 39-bus systems demonstrate that the proposed method is capable of handling multiple contingencies and complex power system models effectively with solution quantity and time comparable with conventional integrated approaches.     

A generation rescheduling method to increase the dynamic securityof power systems

In this paper, a new method is proposed for dynamic security dispatch. The idea of coherent behavior of generators is used to find a new generation configuration with better transient stability behavior. Rescheduling the generation in the power system improves system security by increasing the critical clearing time or the transient energy margin without changing total generation. The calculation in the proposed method is simple and direct; the generation rescheduling depends only on the original generation and inertia constants of the machines, and their rotor speeds at the fault clearing time. In this work, the transient energy function (TEF) method is used to check the dynamic security of the system by analyzing all credible three phase faults with single line outages. If the worst energy margin is not acceptable, the proposed rescheduling is done, and the security is checked again. The method has been tested on the Ontario Hydro 55-bus 11-generator system, the IEEE 145-bus 50-generator system and the IEEE 162-bus 17-generator system. Results on several loading levels of the 162-bus 17-generator system are also shown     

Preventive and corrective control applications in power systems via Big Bang–Big Crunch optimization

This paper proposes a new method of optimization, the Big Bang–Big Crunch (BB–BC) method, for the optimization of preventive and corrective control actions to enhance the dynamic security of a power system against transient instabilities. The control actions, generation rescheduling and load shedding, are considered as constrained optimization problems with static and dynamic security constraints. These optimization problems are solved through the BB–BC method to minimize some operational costs related to the control actions. To reduce the size of the search spaces and the computational burden, decision trees and correlation coefficients are used as feature selection tools, which determine the most effective generators and loads for shaping the system’s transient stability. The proposed method is applied to a test system and compared with genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimization, differential evolution and active set method. The BB–BC method is promising since it gives comparable results with the other population based optimization methods.     

Transient stability simulation of wind generator expressed by two‐mass model

Recently, wind power generation is increasing worldwide. In wind power stations, induction machines are mostly used as generators. Since induction generators have a stability problem similar to the transient stability of synchronous machines, it is important to analyze the transient stability of power systems including wind generators. Although there have been some reports analyzing the transient stability problem, wind turbine and wind generator are, in most cases, modeled as a one‐mass shaft system having total inertia constant. This paper presents simulation analyses of transient stability of power system including induction generator which is expressed by a two‐mass shaft model and analyzes an effect of shaft system modeling on the transient stability characteristics. Simulations are performed by PSCAD/EMTDC in this study. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 162(3): 27–37, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20394     

大电网发电机联合进相运行在线辅助决策计算

为了解决低负荷时段电网电压偏高问题,提出了基于系统中多台发电机联合进相运行的2阶段在线辅助决策方法。该方法计及了厂用电压低限约束和系统暂态稳定性约束。首先基于综合无功灵敏度调节指标获得的机组调控序列,利用启发式方法分组迭代求解不计及暂态稳定性约束的辅助决策策略;然后对获得的策略进行暂态稳定性校核,若校核不通过,则根据机组影响因子获得回调的机组及回调量,进行一次性再校核,综合校核结果得出缓解电压问题的策略。实际电网数据的算例验证了所提方法的有效性。     

考虑联络线暂态稳定性约束的最优潮流计算

提出了一种考虑联络线暂态稳定性约束的最优潮流计算方法,利用等微增率准则及其近似线性的特性,通过寻找发电机有功出力变化量与联络线输送有功变化量之间的关系快速确定联络线输送功率的极限,并用此极限值作为最优潮流中的不等式约束.该方法较好地解决了考虑暂态稳定约束后计算负担过重的问题.在一个简化的系统上对文中提出的方法进行了验证,证明了其有效性.     

Two approaches to transient stability-constrained optimal power flow

Formulation of transient stability-constrained optimal power flow (TSC-OPF) and finding a practical solution for the problem have gained much attention recently. In this paper, two approaches to include transient stability constraints in the OPF problem considering detailed dynamic models for generators and their controls are introduced. The first method is based on the maximum relative rotor angle deviation (MRRAD) of generators which suits systems that have specific requirements on MRRAD. The second method represents the transient stability margin of the system based on generators output power (GOP) and hence does not rely on MRRADs. The transient stability boundary can be represented by a nonlinear function of GOP. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) curve-fitting tool is used to derive a mathematical formulation for the transient stability boundary (TSB). The closed form representation of the TSB is then inserted in the OPF problem as a new constraint. The proposed method is examined using the WSCC 9-bus, the New England 39-bus and the IEEE 300-bus test systems. The results indicate that the proposed methods lead to lower computational time in solving TSC-OPF which has been a serious challenge for this problem.