基于数字移相锁相技术的扬声器故障检测

该文为改善3种传统锁相检测法相位差不可控的缺点,通过对互相关锁相检测原理的改进,提出一种新型数字移相锁相检测法。在核电环境长距离传输条件下,结合对模拟前端电路的相位误差分析,该检测法将两路具有频率固定延时的数字移相信号代替两路正相关模拟信号,对强噪声中的微弱信号进行相敏检测,根据相关函数的差异性利用低通滤波器实现有用信号信息的提取。在核电厂区90 dB的强噪声环境中,对扬声器进行故障试验测试。结果表明:该数字移相锁相检测法可稳定检测的最低信噪比为-40 dB,最大检测误差为2.1%,可有效克服前端模拟移相误差不可控的缺点,完成扬声器工作状态的检测。     

Intensity range extension method for three-dimensional shape measurement in phase-measuring profilometry using a digital micromirror device camera

Phase-measuring profilometry is an accurate and effective technique for performing three-dimensional (3D) shape and deformation measurements of diffuse objects by fringe projection. However, phase analysis cannot be performed in underexposed or overexposed areas of the detector when an object with wide reflectance is measured. A novel intensity range extension method using a digital micromirror device (DMD) camera is proposed. In the optics of the DMD camera, each pixel of the CCD corresponds exactly to each mirror of the DMD. The phase-shifted fringe patterns with high contrast can be easily captured by programming an inverse intensity pattern that depends on the reflectance of the object. Our method can provide a wider intensity range and higher accuracy for 3D shape measurement than other conventional methods in both underexposed and overexposed areas. The measurements of a replica of a metallic art object and a flat plane are analyzed experimentally to verify the effectiveness of our method. In the experiment, the percentage of invalid points due to underexposure and overexposure can be reduced from 20% to 1%.     

Portable digital micromirror device projector using a prism

A newly designed ultrasmall total internal reflection prism with a size of 29 mm x 22 mm x 24 mm and weight of 19.5 g is proposed for use in a pocket-sized Digital Micromirror Device projector. The entire projector, including an arc lamp illumination, relay, and projection system, has a height of 48 mm and a footprint of 80 mm x 132 mm. By using an overdriving f/2.0 projection lens, the geometric efficiency of the projection system, eta(geo-pro), can be enhanced from 80% to 92%. Although, at the same time, the contrast decreased from 1200:1 to 500:1, this can be enhanced using an off-axis stop. By tuning the position of the stop, the contrast can be as high as 3700:1 for a eta(geo-pro) equal to 90%. Using what we believe to be a novel prism design, we can get a very compact optical system with a high efficiency and good contrast ratio.     

Edge enhancement of color images using a digital micromirror device

A method for orientation-selective enhancement of edges in color images is proposed. The method utilizes the capacity of digital micromirror devices to generate a positive and a negative color replica of the image used as input. When both images are slightly displaced and imagined together, one obtains an image with enhanced edges. The proposed technique does not require a coherent light source or precise alignment. The proposed method could be potentially useful for processing large image sequences in real time. Validation experiments are presented.     

Fully reconfigurable photonic microwave transversal filter based on digital micromirror device and continuous-wave, incoherent supercontinuum source

The combined use of a programmable, digital micromirror device (DMD) and an ultrabroadband, cw, incoherent supercontinuum (SC) source is experimentally demonstrated to fully explore various aspects on the reconfiguration of a microwave filter transfer function by creating a range of multiwavelength optical filter shapes. Owing to both the unique characteristic of the DMD that an arbitrary optical filter shape can be readily produced and the ultrabroad bandwidth of the cw SC source that is 3 times larger than that of Er-amplified spontaneous emission, a multiwavelength optical beam pattern can be generated with a large number of wavelength filter taps apodized by an arbitrary amplitude window. Therefore various types of high-quality microwave filter can be readily achieved through the spectrum slicing-based photonic microwave transversal filter scheme. The experimental demonstration is performed in three aspects: the tuning of a filter resonance bandwidth at a fixed resonance frequency, filter resonance frequency tuning at a fixed resonance frequency, and flexible microwave filter shape reconstruction.     

Fault-tolerant dense multiwavelength add-drop filter with a two-dimensional digital micromirror device

A two-dimensional digital micromirror device- (DMD-) based add-drop filter is introduced for dense wavelength-division multiplexed applications. Features of the filter include polarization-insensitive operation, low interchannel cross talk parallel processing, and a fault-tolerant design. Experiments include evaluation of a parallel-beam-fed interchannel cross-talk with a 25-beam mask and a three-color (red, green, blue) filter operational test that indicates output-port average switching optical signal-to-noise and multiwavelength cross-talk ratios of 24 dB. The DMD-based average optical loss for the filter is -2.85 dB for visible-light free-space operation, whereas a -8.88-dB optical loss is measured for a fiber-coupled filter operating at 1319 nm.     

Intensity-ratio error compensation for triangular-pattern phase-shifting profilometry

We present an intensity-ratio error-compensation method to decrease the measurement error caused by projector gamma nonlinearity and image defocus in triangular-pattern phase-shifting profilometry. The intensity-ratio measurement error is first determined by simulating the measurement with the triangular-pattern phase-shifting method with ideal and real captured triangular-pattern images based on the ideal and real gamma nonlinearity functions. A lookup table that stores the intensity-ratio measurement error corresponding to the measured intensity ratio is constructed and used for intensity-ratio error compensation. Experiments demonstrated that the intensity-ratio error compensation method significantly reduced the measurement error in the triangular-pattern phase-shifting method by 28.5%.     

Regularized multiframe phase-shifting algorithm for three-dimensional profilometry

In many industrial inspection systems, it is required to have a high-precision three-dimensional measurement of an object under test. A popular technique is phase-measuring profilometry. In this paper, we develop some phase-shifting algorithms (PSAs). We propose a novel smoothness constraint in a regularization framework; we call this the R-PSA method and show how to obtain the desired phase measure with an iterative procedure. Both the simulation and experimental results verify the efficacy of our algorithm compared with current multiframe PSAs for interferometric measurements.     

Digital programmable light spectrum synthesis system using a digital micromirror device

We present a digital programmable light spectrum synthesis system based on a digital micromirror device (DMD) from Texas Instruments. A DMD pattern-scanning calibration method is developed and applied to the synthesis of various infrared C-band (1530-1565 nm) spectral profiles, including a fast programmable tunable light source with a bandwidth of approximately 3.8 nm, a square profile, a sawtooth waveform, and a triangular spectrum profile. The experimental results show that the wavelength resolution of the DMD spectrum synthesis system is approximately 0.076 nm/pixel. The proposed spectrum synthesis system has a number of key advantages, including a rapid and stable performance and multichannel compatibility. The spectrum synthesis system is suitable for various applications, including pulse shaping for coherent control and harmonic generation, a tunable light source, an equalizer for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, and a wavelength scanner.     

Whole-field fluorescence microscope with digital micromirror device: imaging of biological samples

We have developed a whole-field fluorescence microscope equipped with a Digital Micromirror Device to acquire optically sectioned images by using the fringe-projection technique and the phase-shift method. This system allows free control of optical sectioning strength through computer-controlled alteration of the fringe period projected onto a sample. We have employed this system to image viable cells expressing fluorescent proteins and discussed its biological applications.     

An algorithm for profilometry by white-light phase-shifting interferometry

Abstract

In the case of white-light interferometry, the usual phase shifting methods cannot be used because the modulation in the interference intensity is due to both the phase variation and to the coherence envelope. We propose a practical approach in which the coherence envelope is considered as locally linear. The classical four-point calculation algorithm is adapted to a set of seven intensities which are weighted with adapted coefficients in order to compensate for the effect of the coherence envelope. The capabilities of this method are described theoretically.     

High-resolution 3D profilometry with binary phase-shifting methods

This paper presents a novel pixel-level resolution 3D profilometry technique that only needs binary phase-shifted structured patterns. This technique uses four sets of three phase-shifted binary patterns to achieve the phase error of less than 0.2%, and only requires two sets to reach similar quality if the projector is slightly defocused. Theoretical analysis, simulations, and experiments will be presented to verify the performance of the proposed technique.     

Simple multifrequency and phase-shifting fringe-projection system based on two-wavelength lateral shearing interferometry for three-dimensional profilometry

We propose a simple multifrequency spatial-carrier and phase-shifting fringe-projection system based on two-wavelength lateral shearing interferometry (LSI). In this system a wedge-shaped plate lateral shearing interferometer is used and, owing to the presence of tilt, a finite number of fringes parallel to the direction of the shear appears; hence a significant spatial-carrier frequency is generated at the focus position. We further enhance the spatial-carrier frequency either by changing the wavelength of the laser light or by slight defocusing. A synthetic interferogram with low spatial-carrier frequency is obtained by use of laser light of two wavelengths simultaneously in the lateral shear interferometer. We obtain the phase-shifted fringe patterns from the same setup by simply moving the wedge plate in an in-plane parallel direction, using a linear translator. The fringe projection system was tested for measurement of the three-dimensional shape of a discontinuous object. The present system has many advantages; e.g., it is a common-path interferometry and hence is insensitive to external vibrations, is compact in size, and is relatively inexpensive.     

Effect of the modulation transfer function of a digital image-acquisition device on phase-measuring profilometry

Systematic errors in phase-measuring profilometry that are introduced by the modulation transfer function of a digital image-acquisition device are analyzed. New phase expressions and phase-deviation formulas are given. The results for simulations and experiments demonstrate that the algorithm of phase-measuring profilometry cannot be regarded as a point-to-point operation. To obtain precise results, an optimum scheme for setting the measurement system is also proposed.     

Two-step phase-shifting fringe projection profilometry: intensity derivative approach

A new two-step phase-shifting fringe projection profilometry is proposed. The slowly variable background intensity of fringe patterns is removed by the use of an intensity differential algorithm. The high-resolution differential algorithm is achieved based on global interpolation of fringe gray level on a subpixel scale. Compared with the traditional three- or four-step phase-shifting method, the profile measurement is sped up with this approach. Computer simulation and experimental performance are evaluated to demonstrate the validity of the proposed measurement method. The experimental results compared with those of the four-step phase-shifting method are presented.     

Potential for using a digital micromirror device as a signal multiplexer in visible spectroscopy

A digital micromirror device (DMD) was tested to demonstrate its potential as a multiplexing device for the simultaneous detection of visible electromagnetic radiation. Using a Visual Basic program, four sections of the DMD were illuminated by a light source and each region of mirrors was modulated at different low frequencies (14.92, 20.00, 25.00, and 34.48 Hz). A time-domain, multiplexed signal was collected from the sectors and a Fourier transform was performed on these data. The resulting frequency-domain spectrum showed that signal intensities correlated well with what was expected. Three different times were used to establish the best frequency resolution. Using this calculated frequency resolution, a 16 s scan could allow simultaneous detection of up to 240 emission/absorption wavelengths. Data collected also shows the selectivity of micromirror regions and the ability to choose specific regions of the micromirror plane, which could be valuable for a number of spectroscopic techniques.     

Parallel two-step phase-shifting digital holograph microscopy based on a grating pair

An optical configuration for parallel two-step phase-shifting digital holographic microscopy (DHM) based on a grating pair is proposed for the purpose of real-time phase microscopy. Orthogonally circularly polarized object and reference waves are diffracted twice by a pair of gratings, and two parallel copies for each beams come into being. Combined with polarization elements, parallel two-step phase-shifting holograms are obtained. Based on the proposed configuration, two schemes of DHM, i.e., slightly off-axis and on-axis DHM, have been implemented. The slightly off-axis DHM suppresses the dc term by subtracting the two phase-shifting holograms from each other, thus the requirement on the off-axis angle and sampling power of the CCD camera is reduced greatly. The on-axis DHM has the least requirement on the resolving power of the CCD camera, while it requires that the reference wave is premeasured and its intensity is no less than 2 times the maximal intensity of the object wave.     

Encryption of digital hologram based on phase-shifting interferometry and virtual optics

A new information encryption system is presented, based on phase-shifting interferometry and virtual optics. Three-step phase-shifting interferometry is used to record a digital hologram of the input data and a virtual optical system based on the scaled optical fractional Fourier transform is used for encryption of the recorded digital hologram. In the virtual optical system, the digital hologram to be encrypted is fractional Fourier transformed two times, and a random phase mask is placed at the output plane of the first fractional Fourier transform. Both the encryption and decryption processes are performed digitally. The encrypted data and the keys for decryption can be stored and transmitted in a conventional communication channel. Numerical simulations are presented to verify validity and efficiency.     

Multi-spatial-frequency and phase-shifting profilometry using a liquid crystal phase modulator

Optical profilometry is widely applied for measuring the morphology of objects by projecting predetermined patterns on them. In this technique, the compact size is one of the interesting issues for practical applications. The generation of pattern by the interference of coherent light sources has a potential to reduce the dimension of the illumination part. Moreover, this method can make fine patterns without projection optics, and the illumination part is free of restriction from the numerical aperture of the projection optics. In this paper, a phase-shifting profilometry is implemented by using a single liquid crystal (LC) cell. The LC phase modulator is designed to generate the interference patterns with several different spatial frequencies by changing selection of the spacing between the micro-pinholes. We manufactured the LC phase modulator and calibrated it by measuring the phase modulation amount depending on an applied voltage. Our optical profilometry using the single LC cell can generate multi-spatial frequency patterns as well as four steps of the phase-shifted patterns. This method can be implemented compactly, and the reconstructed depth profile is obtained without a phase-unwrapping algorithm.     

Nontranslational three-dimensional profilometry by chromatic confocal microscopy with dynamically configurable micromirror scanning

A confocal microscope profilometer, which incorporates chromatic depth scanning with a diffractive optical element and a digital micromirror device for configurable transverse scanning, provides three-dimensional (3D) quantitative measurements without mechanical translation of either the sample or the microscope. We used a microscope with various objective lenses (e.g., 40x, 60x, and 100x) to achieve different system characteristics. With a 100x objective, the microscope acquires stable measurements over a 320 mum x 240 mum surface area with a depth resolution of 0.39 mum at a 3-Hz scan rate. The total longitudinal field of view is 26.4 mum for a wavelength tuning range of 48.3 nm. The FWHM value of the longitudinal point-spread function is measured to be 0.99 mum. We present 3D measurements of a four-phase-level diffractive element and an integrated-circuit chip. The resolution and the accuracy are shown to be equivalent to those found with use of conventional mechanical scanning.